scholarly journals Assessing the accumulated stickiness magnitude from fabric–skin friction: effect of wetness level of various fabrics

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (8) ◽  
pp. 180860 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ka-Po Maggie Tang ◽  
Kam-Hong Chau ◽  
Chi-Wai Kan ◽  
Jin-tu Fan
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
Cotton Fabrics ◽  
Surface Geometry ◽  
Intimate Apparel ◽  
Fixed Stimulus ◽  
Skin Wetness ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Relationship

Increasing skin wetness tends to increase fabric–skin adhesion and friction, resulting in wear discomfort or skin injuries. Here, the magnitude estimation approach was used to assess the stickiness sensation perceived in fabrics. Seven fabric types were wetted by putting onto wet ‘skin’ surface and dried for different durations to achieve different wetness levels, simulating wearing conditions during the recovery period after sweating. Results showed that the relationship between magnitude estimates of stickiness and amount of water present in fabric demonstrated a power function. The exponents and constant from power regression show the growth rate of stickiness sensation with moisture intensity and the perceived stickiness under fixed stimulus intensity, respectively. A novel parameter, accumulated stickiness magnitude (ASM), describing how much discomfort a wetted fabric offered throughout the drying period, was developed. Thin cotton fabrics (fabric W01 and W03), having higher saturation level after contacting with wetted skin surface, arouse stronger stickiness feeling and their ASM is remarkably higher. The difference in stickiness estimates is due to the difference in chemical composition and surface geometry. This study suggests us the way to predict perceived stickiness in fabrics with different wetness levels which is useful for applications like sportswear, intimate apparel or healthcare products.

scholarly journals DAMPAK KEPENDUDUKAN TERHADAP PEMUKIMAN

Populasi ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhadjir Darwin
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Population Growth Rate ◽  
Economic Condition ◽  
Housing Stock ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Household Members ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Human Problem

Housing and its sanitation has been widely recognized as a global human problem. Apart of the sources of problem is population, i.e high rate of population growth and over urbanization. Using the Indonesian case, this paper discusses the relationship between population and housing. The population growth rate of Indonesia declined from 2.3 annually during the decade of 1971- 1980 to 1.97 annually during the next decade. However, the average number of household members declined from 4.9 to 4.5 during the same period. As a result, the number of households increased substantially than the number of population. This phenomenon will affect the increase of the need of housing. In the meantime, the economic condition of Indonesian households could not compete with the soaring prices of housing. In addition, government capabilities to provide housing for the society are still very limited. The data available shows the evidence onthe scarcity of housing,where the number of housing stock is smaller than the number of households. However, The number of housing stock has increased substantially, whereas the difference between the number of households and the number of housing stock decreased consistently. These data indicate that productivity of housing market, particularly the informalone, isconsiderably high, even thoughinreality the qualityof suchhousing is, ingeneral, low.

The performance of short scrotum and wether lambs born in winter or spring and run at pasture in northern Tasmania

1990 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 165 ◽  
Author(s):  
DL Hopkins ◽  
KD Gilbert ◽  
KL Saunders
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Research Station ◽  
High Fat ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Fat Score ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Poor Relationship

Summary. The growth of short scrotum and wether lambs was studied in 3 experiments over 2 years, at the Elliott Research Station in northern Tasmania. Short scrotum lambs born in winter grew significantly (P<0.05) faster than wethers from birth to slaughter at 137 days of age. For spring born, short scrotum lambs, the growth advantage was less because of the quality and quantity of pasture available during summer and autumn. Wether lambs were fatter than short scrotum lambs in all experiments, with the slope of the relationship between GR and carcass weight being 0.57 � 0.02 I! 0.42 � 0.01 mmkg (experiment 1); 1.13 � 0.1 1 v. 0.68 � 0.09 mm/kg (experiment 2); and 0.91 � 0.16 v. 0.63 � 0.08 mm/kg (experiment 3) respectively. As carcass weight increased, the difference in carcass fatness increased. There was a shift in the distribution of carcasses according to fat score, with more wether carcasses being allocated high fat scores. Testes weight in the short scrotum lambs showed considerable variation within and between experiments and in all cases the testes were located in a subcutaneous position. There was a poor relationship between testes weight and growth rate. The level of testes development in a proportion of animals indicated that the animals could be fertile.

Recovery of binocular function in kitten visual cortex

1982 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 1336-1346 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. B. Levitt ◽  
R. C. Van Sluyters
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Striate Cortex ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Receptive Fields ◽  
Cortical Input ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Group 5 ◽  
Comparison Of The Results ◽  
The Relationship

1. This paper describes the results of an experiment designed to examine the ability of cells in the kitten's visual cortex to regain functional binocular connections following exposure to a brief period of visual deprivation. 2. Normal 4-wk-old kittens were exposed to a total of 12 h of optically induced strabismus over a period of 2 days, and single-unit recordings made the following day indicated that the proportion of striate cortex cells with binocular receptive fields had decreased sharply as a result of this episode of strabismic vision. 3. When these kittens were revived and allowed to experience a recovery period of normal binocular vision lasting either 3 or 7 wk, cortical binocularity returned to a normal level. 4. Statistical analysis revealed that the difference in the level of binocularity observed before and after the period of binocular recovery was highly significant, and comparison of the results from kittens allowed only a 3-wk recovery period with those from kittens allowed a 7-wk period indicated that a similar level of recovery was obtained in each group. 5. Histological reconstruction of electrode penetrations indicated that the recovery of binocular receptive fields occurred uniformly across all cortical laminae. 6. These data are discussed in terms of the results from previous recovery experiments, the relationship between cortical binocularity and the ability to maintain binocular fixation, and the possibility that subliminal cortical input plays a role in the recovery of functional binocular cells.

scholarly journals Unemployment and Growth in the Tourism Sector in Mexico: Revisiting the Growth-Rate Version of Okun’s Law

Economies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 83
Author(s):  
Sánchez López
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Okun’S Law ◽  
Okun's Law ◽  
Tourism Sector ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Relationship

In this paper, we analyze, by means of the difference version of Okun’s law, the relationship between tourism sector growth and unemployment in Mexico during the period 2000Q2–2018Q4. The results show that tourism growth is a palliative for unemployment, whereas unemployment reduces the growth of the tourism sector. The results also show that the relationship between the mentioned variables becomes stronger during an economic crisis and weaker during expansion periods.

Données préliminaires sur la taille, la croissance et la longévité du varan du Nil (Varanus niloticus) dans la région du lac Tchad

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 262-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vivian de Buffrénil ◽  
Claire Chabanet ◽  
Jaques Castanet
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Age Structure ◽  
General Model ◽  
Tail Length ◽  
Large Species ◽  
Age Classes ◽  
Total Length ◽  
Asymptotic Size ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Relationship

A sample of 288 Nile varanids, including only adults and subadults (153 males and 135 females), was collected in the Tchadian part of Lake Tchad where the species is regularly exploited. Each animal was measured (L, total length; MC, snout–vent length) and weighed, and its age was determined by the skeletochronological technique. No information of this sort, collected on a wide sample, was hitherto available. For the age-classes studied, the most representative sizes in the population (the medians being considered) were close to 155 cm for males and 134 cm for females, with respective masses of about 5 and 3 kg. The difference between sexes was highly significant. Conversely, age structure in the samples were not significantly different among sexes (except for one age-class: 4 years). The longevity of these lizards is about 8 years in the Lake Tchad region. The relationship between tail length and snout–vent length shows similar tendencies in both sexes (Q = 1.06MC + 21.48). The tail becomes proportionally shorter with growth. Both sexes also display similar tendencies for the relationship between total length and mass (M = 8.131E − 9L3.992 − 8.131E − 9(213..992) + 0.034). Body growth in the Nile varanids corresponds to a model derived from Von Bertalanffy's general model: L = K(1 − e−b(age)) + a. Growth of males is faster and steadier than that of females. Males reach their asymptotic size (207 cm) at a later age (9 years) than the females (154.8 cm reached at age 6 years). Though comparative data are very scarce, the growth rate in the animals examined seems high compared with that of other large species of varanids, especially Varanus komodoensis.

The influence of season and nutrition on the sulphur content of wool from Merino and Cheviot sheep

1968 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Doney ◽  
C. C. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Nutrient Intake ◽  
Sulphur Content ◽  
Nutrient Cycle ◽  
Wool Growth ◽  
Seasonal Depression ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Cycle Group ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Annual Amount

SUMMARYSulphur content, expressed as a percentage of clean dry wool weight, was measured at monthly intervals in two breeds of sheep, Cheviot and Merino x Cheviot backcross (¾ Merino, ¼ Cheviot), offered an equivalent annual amount of feed in three ways—constant level, natural grazing cycle and reversed grazing cycle. The relationships between S content and wool growth rate or nutrient intake differed with both breed and nutrient cycle, but all the results could be explained satisfactorily on the basis of a constant optimum composition for each individual with sulphur impoverishment related to lack of balance between follicle activity rate and high-S substrate availability.The difference in mean maximum S content between breeds (3·87% and 3·81% for Cheviot and ‘Merino’ respectively) was much smaller than the difference between individuals within the breeds (4·05·3·72% and 3·92·3·66%). The seasonal depression within individuals varied with nutrition and wool growth rate, Cheviot sheep showing the greatest depression and lowest values (2·89 and 3·28% for Cheviot and 'Merino, respectively in the reversed cycle group). There was no consistent seasonal trend in the relationship between clean and unscoured wool weight.

scholarly journals Shared Prosperity: Concepts, Data, and Some Policy Examples

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco H. G. Ferreira ◽  
Emanuela Galasso ◽  
Mario Negre
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Social Welfare ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Operational Definition ◽  
Track Record ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Relationship

“Shared prosperity” is a common phrase in current development policy discourse. Its most widely used operational definition—the growth rate in the average income of the poorest 40% of a country’s population—is a truncated measure of change in social welfare. A related concept, the shared prosperity premium—the difference between the growth rate of the mean for the bottom 40% and the growth rate in the overall mean—is similarly analogous to a measure of change in inequality. This article reviews the relationship between these concepts and the more established ideas of social welfare, poverty, inequality, and mobility. Household survey data can be used to shed light on recent progress in terms of this indicator globally. During 2008–2013, mean incomes for the poorest 40% rose in 60 of the 83 countries for which we have data. In 49 of them, accounting for 65% of the sampled population, it rose faster than overall average incomes, thus narrowing the income gap. In the policy space, there are examples both of “pre-distribution” policies (which promote human capital investment among the poor) and “re-distribution” policies (such as targeted safety nets), which when well-designed have a sound empirical track record of both raising productivity and improving well-being among the poor.

Testing the effect of crystal growth rate on foraminiferal calcite microchemistry using Sr/Ca of individual day/night bands

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisa Bonnin ◽  
Howard Spero ◽  
Alexander Gagnon
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Crystal Growth ◽  
Crystal Growth Rate ◽  
Planktic Foraminifera ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Rate Effects ◽  
Orbulina Universa ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Kinetic Effects ◽  
The Relationship

&lt;p&gt;The Mg/Ca paleotemperature proxy in planktic foraminifera is one of the most widely-used proxies for sea surface temperature. However, this ratio is not constant throughout the test, varying systematically by several fold independent of temperature between faster and slower growing diurnal bands. This phenomenon has yet to be explained mechanistically, however, changing calcification rates may be a contributing factor. Observing the relationship between calcification rate and trace metal incorporation for multiple proxies at the scale of this banding will allow us to better understand the contribution of kinetic effects to heterogeneity. In this study, we examine Me/Ca ratios on a diurnal cycle in Orbulina universa, utilizing a novel approach based on multiple isotopic spikes that allows us to measure Sr/Ca, Li/Ca and Mg/Ca with the precision of isotope dilution while still maintaining the time resolution of microanalytical techniques. Using independently measured growth rates derived from NanoSIMS measurements of diurnal Mg/Ca heterogeneity, we examine the effect of crystal growth rate on foraminiferal Sr/Ca and Li/Ca. &amp;#160;We observe that Sr/Ca ratios in foraminifera are ~3% higher during the night than during the day, which initially appears opposite to the expected signal based on growth rate. However, we also observe a positive correlation between Sr and Mg in foraminiferal calcite, which falls on the same mineralogical line as the Sr/Ca and Mg/Ca of other biogenic and inorganic calcites. We attribute offsets in calcite composition from this mineralogical relationship to kinetics. Interpreted within that framework, day Sr/Ca ratios appear more affected by kinetics than night Sr/Ca ratios, which is consistent with observed calcification rates. The difference between any given data point and the mineralogical line can be explained by kinetic processes, and correlates with oceanographic properties in cultured foraminifera, which could help separate temperature from growth rate effects in the paleorecord.&lt;/p&gt;

Comparison of In-the-Ear and Over-the-Ear Hearing Aid Fittings

1986 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 362-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donna M. Risberg ◽  
Robyn M. Cox
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Aids ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Comparative Evaluation ◽  
Speech Intelligibility ◽  
Hearing Aid ◽  
Hearing Aid Fitting ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Functional Gain ◽  
The Relationship

A custom in-the-ear (ITE) hearing aid fitting was compared to two over-the-ear (OTE) hearing aid fittings for each of 9 subjects with mild to moderately severe hearing losses. Speech intelligibility via the three instruments was compared using the Speech Intelligibility Rating (SIR) test. The relationship between functional gain and coupler gain was compared for the ITE and the higher rated OTE instruments. The difference in input received at the microphone locations of the two types of hearing aids was measured for 10 different subjects and compared to the functional gain data. It was concluded that (a) for persons with mild to moderately severe hearing losses, appropriately adjusted custom ITE fittings typically yield speech intelligibility that is equal to the better OTE fitting identified in a comparative evaluation; and (b) gain prescriptions for ITE hearing aids should be adjusted to account for the high-frequency emphasis associated with in-the-concha microphone placement.

Relationship between total plasma homocysteine and the risk of aneurysms – a meta-analysis

VASA ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Hanji Zhang ◽  
Dexin Yin ◽  
Yue Zhao ◽  
Yezhou Li ◽  
Dejiang Yao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Total Plasma ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Randomized Controlled Studies ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Healthy Participants

Summary: Our meta-analysis focused on the relationship between homocysteine (Hcy) level and the incidence of aneurysms and looked at the relationship between smoking, hypertension and aneurysms. A systematic literature search of Pubmed, Web of Science, and Embase databases (up to March 31, 2020) resulted in the identification of 19 studies, including 2,629 aneurysm patients and 6,497 healthy participants. Combined analysis of the included studies showed that number of smoking, hypertension and hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) in aneurysm patients was higher than that in the control groups, and the total plasma Hcy level in aneurysm patients was also higher. These findings suggest that smoking, hypertension and HHcy may be risk factors for the development and progression of aneurysms. Although the heterogeneity of meta-analysis was significant, it was found that the heterogeneity might come from the difference between race and disease species through subgroup analysis. Large-scale randomized controlled studies of single species and single disease species are needed in the future to supplement the accuracy of the results.

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