scholarly journals The shark-tuna dichotomy: why tuna lay tiny eggs but sharks produce large offspring

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (8) ◽  
pp. 180453 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard M. Sibly ◽  
Astrid Kodric-Brown ◽  
Susan M. Luna ◽  
James H. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Offspring Size ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Adult Body Mass ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Adult Body ◽  
Intermediate Size ◽  
Log Linear ◽  
Type 3 ◽  
The Relationship

Teleosts such as tunas and billfish lay millions of tiny eggs weighing on the order of 0.001 g, whereas chondrichthyes such as sharks and rays produce a few eggs or live offspring weighing about 2% of adult body mass, as much as 10 000 g in some species. Why are the strategies so extreme, and why are intermediate ones absent? Building on previous work, we show quantitatively how offspring size reflects the relationship between growth and death rates. We construct fitness contours as functions of offspring size and number, and show how these can be derived from juvenile growth and survivorship curves. Convex contours, corresponding to Pearl Type 1 and 2 survivorship curves, select for extremes, either miniscule or large offspring; concave contours select for offspring of intermediate size. Of particular interest are what we call critical straight-line fitness contours, corresponding to log-linear Pearl Type 3 survivorship curves, which separate regimes that select for opposite optimal offspring sizes.

Comparing the Arrangements of Governance and Sustainable Development in OECD Countries: Coupled or Decoupled?

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-117
Author(s):  
Huh Taewook
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
The Other ◽  
Type Analysis ◽  
Ideal Types ◽  
Type 3 ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

This study attempts to analyze to what extent governance and sustainable development (SD) empirically appear compatible in the thirtyfive OECD countries through the fuzzy-set ideal type analysis, and identify which ideal types appear coupled or decoupled, and then reveal which countries belong to the coupled types or to the decoupled types. In short, twenty-two countries (including Sweden (fuzzy score, 0.953), Denmark (0.920), Finland (0.914), Norway (0.911) in Type 1 (G*S, ‘strong G-S coupled countries’); and Turkey (0.906), Greece (0.833), Mexico (0.828) in Type 4 (g*s, ‘lite g-s coupled countries’) are in line with the accepted conventions regarding the compatible relationship between governance and SD. On the other hand, the rest of thirteen countries (including USA (fuzzy score, 0.815), Luxembourg (0.721), Australia (0.660) in Type 2 (G*s, ‘G-s decoupled countries’); and Slovenia (0.728), France (0.644), Czech Rep. (0.625) in Type 3 (g*S, ‘g-S decoupled countries’) may indicate that the relationship of governance and SD is in fact experiencing tensions in the national contexts. These findings are characterized by the substance (of SD) and procedure (of governance) divide. Considering the results, this study focuses on the idea of reflexivity or reflexive capacity.

scholarly journals Honor-Based Abuse in England and Wales: Who Does What to Whom?

2020 ◽  
pp. 107780122095216
Author(s):  
Lis Bates
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Abuse ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Victim Services ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
Type 3 ◽  
Family Abuse ◽  
The Relationship

Key findings are presented from an empirical study profiling 1,474 cases of honor-based abuse (HBA) known to police and victim services in England and Wales. Thematic and quantitative (regression) analyses were used to investigate whether and how HBA differed from other forms of domestic abuse and forced marriage. A new typology of HBA is proposed, based principally on the relationship(s) between victim and perpetrator(s). Interpreted within an overarching lens of gender-based violence, it is argued that Type 1 (partner abuse) and Type 3 (partner plus family abuse) are culturally specific forms of domestic abuse, whereas Type 2 (family abuse) is distinct.

Comparison of six types of rough approximations based on j-neighborhood space and j-adhesion neighborhood space

2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 4515-4531 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed Atef ◽  
Ahmed Mostafa Khalil ◽  
Sheng-Gang Li ◽  
A.A. Azzam ◽  
Abd El Fattah El Atik
Keyword(s):  
Rough Set ◽  
Basic Properties ◽  
Fundamental Properties ◽  
Approximation Operators ◽  
Neighborhood Rough Set ◽  
Type 3 ◽  
The Relationship

In this paper, we generalize three types of rough set models based on j-neighborhood space (i.e, type 1 j-neighborhood rough set, type 2 j-neighborhood rough set, and type 3 j-neighborhood rough set), and investigate some of their basic properties. Also, we present another three types of rough set models based on j-adhesion neighborhood space (i.e, type 4 j-adhesion neighborhood rough set, type 5 j-adhesion neighborhood rough set, and type 6 j-adhesion neighborhood rough set). The fundamental properties of approximation operators based on j-adhesion neighborhood space are established. The relationship between the properties of these types is explained. Finally, according to j-adhesion neighborhood space, we give a comparison between the Yao’s approach and our approach.

scholarly journals Effect of obstructive sleep apnea on immunity in cases of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyp

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dong-Kyu Kim ◽  
Byeong Chan Lee ◽  
Ki Joon Park ◽  
Gil Myeong Son
Keyword(s):  
Obstructive Sleep Apnea ◽  
Sleep Apnea ◽  
Chronic Rhinosinusitis ◽  
Nasal Polyp ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Obstructive Sleep ◽  
Type 3 ◽  
The Relationship

Objective: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) with nasal polyp (wNP) is a more severe inflammatory form of CRS that often coexists with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). However, little is known the relationship between OSA and immunologic profile on patients with CRSwNP. We aimed to investigate the immune profile of patients with CRSwNP according to OSA severity.Methods: This study included 63 patients with CRSwNP and nine control subjects. Protein levels of inflammatory mediators were determined using multiplex immunoassay. All patients underwent standard polysomnography.Results: We found that, in patients with eosinophilic CRSwNP (ECRSwNP), IL-6 and CXCL-1 (type 1 immune-related markers) were upregulated in cases of moderate-to-severe OSA. Additionally, IL-4, IL-13, CCL-11, CCL-24 (type 2 immune-related markers), and IL-17A (type 3 immune-related marker) were increased in patients with moderate-to-severe OSA. Though there were no significant differences in type 1, 2, or 3 immune-related markers among patients with non-eosinophilic CRSwNP (NECRSwNP) according to the severity of OSA, TGF-

scholarly journals Effect of aging on the configurational change of the aortic arch

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Atsuhiro Kojima ◽  
Isako Saga
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Aortic Arch ◽  
Computed Tomography Angiography ◽  
Smoking Habit ◽  
Patient Characteristics ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Type 3 ◽  
The Relationship

We explored the relationship between aging and the configuration of the aortic arch using computed tomography angiography (CTA). We retrospectively reviewed CTA obtained in 140 cases. The configuration of the aortic arch was categorized into three types based on the criteria mentioned by Madhwal <em>et al</em>., and the relationships between each configuration and patient characteristics were analyzed. Anomalies of the aortic arch were also explored. Twenty patients had a type-1 aortic arch (mean age, 56.1 years), 30 patients had a type-2 aortic arch (mean age, 66.3 years), and 89 patients had a type-3 aortic arch (mean age, 71.7 years). The mean age of patients with a type-3 aortic arch was significantly higher than that of patients with a type-1 aortic arch. No significant correlations between the type of aortic arch and other factors, such as smoking habit, were seen. The configuration of the aortic arch in our study appears to be significantly affected by the age of the patients.

Morphology of the Cementoenamel Junction in Permanent Teeth of Dogs: A Scanning Electron Microscopic Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 159-166
Author(s):  
Sabás Z. Hernández ◽  
Viviana B. Negro ◽  
Georgina de Puch ◽  
Daniela M. Saccomanno
Keyword(s):  
Permanent Teeth ◽  
Single Individual ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Human Teeth ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopic Study ◽  
Type 3 ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Relationship

In human teeth, the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) can have different morphologies, known as Choquet cases or types: in type 1, the cementum overlaps the enamel; in type 2, the enamel overlaps the cementum; in type 3, the relationship between the cementum and enamel is edge-to-edge; and in type 4, there is a gap between the enamel and the cementum, with exposed dentin. Since little is known on the morphology of the CEJ in animals, the aim of this study was to characterize the structure of the CEJ of dog teeth by SEM. We studied 82 permanent teeth extracted from 4 dogs of similar size, aged from 7 months to 2 years. Teeth were grouped according to their size, sectioned and prepared for SEM. The teeth evaluated showed the 4 CEJ types. Type 3 was the most prevalent, being present, either alone or in combination, in 90.79% of the samples, followed by type 4 (present in 31.58% of the samples). Of the samples, 65.13% showed only one type, while 34.87% presented a combination of them. Types 3 and 4 were the only ones present alone (in 55.92% and 9.21% of the samples respectively), whereas the combinations between types 3 and 4 (20.40%) and types 1 and 3 (9.87%) were the most frequent. In all combinations, type 3 was predominant. The CEJ of the dogs evaluated showed a high degree of variability in the different types of teeth, within a same tooth, within the dentition of a single individual, and among individuals.

Assessing the Impact of Suicide Exclusion Periods on Life Insurance

Crisis ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 217-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Yip ◽  
David Pitt ◽  
Yan Wang ◽  
Xueyuan Wu ◽  
Ray Watson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Insurance ◽  
Accidental Death ◽  
Insurance Policy ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Insurance Policies ◽  
Suicidal Death ◽  
Insured Individual ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Insurance Data ◽  
The Relationship

Background: We study the impact of suicide-exclusion periods, common in life insurance policies in Australia, on suicide and accidental death rates for life-insured individuals. If a life-insured individual dies by suicide during the period of suicide exclusion, commonly 13 months, the sum insured is not paid. Aims: We examine whether a suicide-exclusion period affects the timing of suicides. We also analyze whether accidental deaths are more prevalent during the suicide-exclusion period as life-insured individuals disguise their death by suicide. We assess the relationship between the insured sum and suicidal death rates. Methods: Crude and age-standardized rates of suicide, accidental death, and overall death, split by duration since the insured first bought their insurance policy, were computed. Results: There were significantly fewer suicides and no significant spike in the number of accidental deaths in the exclusion period for Australian life insurance data. More suicides, however, were detected for the first 2 years after the exclusion period. Higher insured sums are associated with higher rates of suicide. Conclusions: Adverse selection in Australian life insurance is exacerbated by including a suicide-exclusion period. Extension of the suicide-exclusion period to 3 years may prevent some “insurance-induced” suicides – a rationale for this conclusion is given.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document