scholarly journals Culturally transmitted song exchange between humpback whales ( Megaptera novaeangliae ) in the southeast Atlantic and southwest Indian Ocean basins

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (11) ◽  
pp. 172305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melinda L. Rekdahl ◽  
Ellen C. Garland ◽  
Gabriella A. Carvajal ◽  
Carissa D. King ◽  
Tim Collins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Southern Hemisphere ◽  
Similarity Index ◽  
Marine Species ◽  
Population Connectivity ◽  
Humpback Whales ◽  
Levenshtein Distance ◽  
Song Type ◽  
Southwest Indian Ocean ◽  
Acoustic Contact ◽  
High Degree

In migratory marine species, investigating population connectivity and structure can be challenging given barriers to dispersal are less evident and multiple factors may influence individual movement patterns. Male humpback whales sing a song display that can provide insights into contemporary connectivity patterns, as there can be a cultural exchange of a single, population-wide shared song type with neighbouring populations in acoustic contact. Here, we investigated song exchange between populations located on the east and west coasts of Africa using 5 years of concurrent data (2001–2005). Songs were qualitatively and quantitatively transcribed by measuring acoustic features of all song units and then compared using both Dice’s similarity index and the Levenshtein distance similarity index (LSI) to quantitatively calculate song similarity. Song similarity varied among individuals and potentially between populations depending on the year (Dice: 36–100%, LSI: 21–100%), suggesting varying levels of population connectivity and/or interchange among years. The high degree of song sharing indicated in this study further supports genetic studies that demonstrate interchange between these two populations and reinforces the emerging picture of broad-scale connectivity in Southern Hemisphere populations. Further research incorporating additional populations and years would be invaluable for better understanding of fine-scale, song interchange patterns between Southern Hemisphere male humpback whales.

scholarly journals Stirred but not shaken: population and recruitment genetics of the scallop (Pecten fumatus) in Bass Strait, Australia

2016 ◽  
Vol 73 (9) ◽  
pp. 2333-2341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer R. Ovenden ◽  
Bree J. Tillett ◽  
Michael Macbeth ◽  
Damien Broderick ◽  
Fiona Filardo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Population Genetic Structure ◽  
Population Genetic ◽  
Allelic Variation ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Marine Species ◽  
Population Connectivity ◽  
Valuable Insight ◽  
Fine Scale ◽  
Scale Population

Abstract We report population genetic structure and fine-scale recruitment processes for the scallop beds (Pecten fumatus) in Bass Strait and the eastern coastline of Tasmania in southern Australia. Conventional population pairwise FST analyses are compared with novel discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) to assess population genetic structure using allelic variation in 11 microsatellite loci. Fine-scale population connectivity was compared with oceanic features of the sampled area. Disjunct scallop beds were genetically distinct, but there was little population genetic structure between beds connected by tides and oceanic currents. To identify recruitment patterns among and within beds, pedigree analyses determined the distribution of parent–offspring and sibling relationships in the sampled populations. Beds in northeastern Bass Strait were genetically distinct to adjacent beds (FST 0.003–0.005) and may not contribute to wider recruitment based on biophysical models of larval movement. Unfortunately, pedigree analyses lacked power to further dissect fine-scale recruitment processes including self-recruitment. Our results support the management of disjunct populations as separate stocks and the protection of source populations among open water beds. The application of DAPC and parentage analyses in the current study provided valuable insight into their potential power to determine population connectivity in marine species with larval dispersal.

scholarly journals Does AFTA Create More Trade for Thailand? An Investigation of Some Key Trade Indicators

2010 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piriya Pholphirul
Keyword(s):  
Free Trade Agreement ◽  
Similarity Index ◽  
Rank Correlation ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Trade Diversion ◽  
Trade Creation ◽  
Market Penetration ◽  
Future Extension ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Degree Of Similarity

This paper examines whether the ASEAN Free Trade Agreement (“AFTA”) creates trade for Thailand or actually diverts it away from the country. It does this by analyzing various trade indicators: the Export Similarity Index, the Intra-Industry Trade Index, and Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) rank correlation. By examining the patterns of trade between Thailand and other members of ASEAN, it reveals a high degree of similarity regarding the trade structure between Thailand and AFTA, which indicates that there will be fewer trade-creation benefits from AFTA and a greater likelihood of trade diversion once the AFTA scheme has been fully implemented. This similarity pattern explains the reasons for future collaboration among member countries and supportive arguments for the future extension of ASEAN (“ASEAN+”). Market-penetration and development strategies should be employed by Thai exporters when accessing the ASEAN market.

Barotropic and Baroclinic Annular Variability in the Southern Hemisphere

2014 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 1480-1493 ◽  
Author(s):  
David W. J. Thompson ◽  
Jonathan D. Woodworth
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Energy ◽  
Climate Variability ◽  
Southern Hemisphere ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Southern Annular Mode ◽  
Eddy Kinetic Energy ◽  
Propagating Waves ◽  
Vertically Propagating ◽  
High Degree

Abstract The leading patterns of large-scale climate variability in the Southern Hemisphere are examined in the context of extratropical kinetic energy. It is argued that variability in the Southern Hemisphere extratropical flow can be viewed in the context of two distinct and largely independent structures, both of which exhibit a high degree of annularity: 1) a barotropic structure that dominates the variance in the zonal-mean kinetic energy and 2) a baroclinic structure that dominates the variance in the eddy kinetic energy. The former structure corresponds to the southern annular mode (SAM) and has been extensively examined in the literature. The latter structure emerges as the leading principal component time series of eddy kinetic energy and has received seemingly little attention in previous work. The two structures play very different roles in cycling energy through the extratropical troposphere. The SAM is associated primarily with variability in the meridional propagation of wave activity, has a surprisingly weak signature in the eddy fluxes of heat, and can be modeled as Gaussian red noise with an e-folding time scale of approximately 10 days. The baroclinic annular structure is associated primarily with variations in the amplitude of vertically propagating waves, has a very weak signature in the wave fluxes of momentum, and exhibits marked quasi periodicity on time scales of approximately 25–30 days. Implications for large-scale climate variability are discussed.

scholarly journals Monolíngues? Uma investigação sobre o reconhecimento de palavras cognatas português-inglês / Monolinguals? An Investigation on the Recognition of Cognate Words From Portuguese-English

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 155
Author(s):  
Maylton Silva Fernandes ◽  
Gustavo Lopez Estivalet ◽  
Márcio Martins Leitão
Keyword(s):  
Mental Lexicon ◽  
Levenshtein Distance ◽  
Orthographic Similarity ◽  
Low Degree ◽  
De Se ◽  
Formal Relationship ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Degree Of Similarity ◽  
Acceptability Judgment

Resumo: Palavras cognatas são conhecidas por dividirem semelhanças formais e semânticas entre duas ou mais línguas, possivelmente dividindo representações no léxico mental. Nesse sentido, as palavras cognatas possuem diferentes graus de semelhança, como por exemplo pares do português-inglês: cognatos perfeitos “banana”, cognatos de alto grau “momento-moment” e cognatas de baixo grau “noite-night”. Focalizando a relação formal e independentemente do conhecimento bilíngue, como as palavras cognatas do português-inglês são reconhecidas por monolíngues? O presente artigo tem o objetivo de investigar o reconhecimento de palavras cognatas do português-inglês por monolíngues através do grau de semelhança ortográfica. Para tanto, aplicamos um experimento de julgamento de aceitabilidade entre pares de palavras cognatas. Com o objetivo de se pesquisar o grau de similaridade, utilizou-se a Distância de Levenshtein Normalizada entre as palavras cognatas. Os resultados apontaram uma correlação significativa entre o julgamento de aceitabilidade e este coeficiente. Portanto, os resultados indicaram que mesmo participantes não-bilíngues são capazes de reconhecer a granularidade da semelhança ortográfica. Ainda, de forma exploratória, foi possível determinar o coeficiente a partir do qual as palavras podem ser consideradas pares cognatos. Enfim, espera-se que o presente estudo permita uma melhor compreensão das palavras cognatas assim como provoque uma reflexão do monolinguismo. Palavras-chave: Cognatas; distância de Levenshtein; julgamento de aceitabilidade; bilinguismo.Abstract: Cognate words are known to share formal and semantic similarities between two or more languages, possibly dividing representations in the mental lexicon. In this sense, cognate words have different degrees of similarity, as for example PortugueseEnglish pairs: perfect cognates “banana”, high degree cognates “momento-moment” and low degree cognates “noite-night”. Focusing on the formal relationship and regardless of bilingual knowledge, how are cognate words in Portuguese-English recognized by monolinguals? This article aims to investigate the recognition of cognate words in Portuguese-English by monolinguals through the degree of orthographic similarity. For that, we applied an acceptability judgment experiment between cognate word pairs. In order to investigate the degree of similarity, the Normalized Levenshtein Distance was used between cognate words. The results showed a significant correlation between the acceptability judgment and this coefficient. Therefore, the results indicated that even non-bilingual participants are able to recognize the granularity of orthographic similarity. Still, in an exploratory way, it was possible to determine the coefficient from which words can be considered cognate pairs. Therefore, it is hoped that the present study allows a better understanding of cognate words as well as provoking a reflection of monolinguals.Keywords: cognate; Levenshtein distance; acceptability judgement task; bilingualism.

scholarly journals Population Genomics and Lagrangian Modeling Shed Light on Dispersal Events in the Mediterranean Endemic Ericaria zosteroides (=Cystoseira zosteroides) (Fucales)

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauric Reynes ◽  
Didier Aurelle ◽  
Cristele Chevalier ◽  
Christel Pinazo ◽  
Myriam Valero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Population Genomics ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Seawater Temperature ◽  
Marine Species ◽  
Population Connectivity ◽  
Central Process ◽  
Lagrangian Modeling ◽  
Dispersal Events

Dispersal is a central process that affects population growth, gene flow, and ultimately species persistence. Here we investigate the extent to which gene flow occurs between fragmented populations of the deep-water brown algae Ericaria zosteroides (Turner) Greville (Sargassaceae, Fucales). These investigations were performed at different spatial scales from the bay of Marseille (western Provence) to Corsica. As dispersal of zygotes is shown to be limited over distances beyond a few meters, we used a multidisciplinary approach, based on Lagrangian modeling and population genomics to test the hypothesis that drifting of fertile parts of thallus (eggs on fertile branches), mediated by ocean currents, enable occasional gene flow between populations. Therefore we assessed the respective contribution of oceanographic connectivity, geographical isolation, and seawater temperatures to the genetic structure of this species. The genetic structure was assessed using 10,755 neutral SNPs and 12 outlier SNPs genotyped by dd-RAD sequencing in 261 individuals of E. zosteroides. We find that oceanographic connectivity is the best predictor of genetic structure, while differentiation in outlier SNPs can be explained by the depth of populations, as emphasized by the minimum seawater temperature predictor. However, further investigations will be necessary for clarifying how depth drives adaptive genetic differentiation in E. zosteroides. Our analyses revealed that local hydrodynamic conditions are correlated with the very high divergence of one population in the Bay of Marseille. Overall, the levels of gene flow mediated by drifting were certainly not sufficient to counteract differentiation by local genetic drift, but enough to allow colonization several kilometers away. This study stresses the need to consider secondary dispersal mechanisms of presumed low dispersal marine species to improve inference of population connectivity.

scholarly journals Analisis Keragaman Genetik Acremonium yang Berasosiasi dengan Tanaman Gaharu Menggunakan Teknik Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD)

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 65
Author(s):  
Dewi Rahmawati ◽  
Nurita Toruan-Mathius
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Genetic Similarity ◽  
Random Amplified Polymorphic Dna ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Similarity Index ◽  
Similarity Coefficients ◽  
West Sumatra ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Geographical Locations

<p>Agarwood<br />or gaharu is a plant that has a high economic value in Asia,<br />due to its use for production of incense and traditional<br />medicines. The agarwood formation occurs in the trunk and<br />roots of trees that have been infected by a fungus, such as<br />Acremonium spp. Various fungi were associated with the<br />agarwood formation. Acremonium is generally considered as<br />highly polyphyletic, contains distantly related fungi. A study<br />was done to identify genetic diversities in 10 isolates of<br />Acremonium spp. from four different areas in Indonesia that<br />are associated with Aquilaria and Gyrinops verstigii using the<br />Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique.<br />Eight RAPD primers, i.e., OPA 02, OPB 04, OPB 07, OPB 17,<br />OPC 11, OPD 03, OPD 05, and OPE 07 were used in the<br />analyses. The results indicated that similarity index values of<br />the genetic variation ranged from 0.21 to 0.97. Based on the<br />Nei and Li’s similarity coefficients, these values indicating<br />the presence of high degree of genetic variability. The lowest<br />degree of genetic similarity were found between isolates F<br />(Acremonium spp., which is associated with G. verstigii from<br />Mataram, Nusa Tenggara Barat), and LM2 from south coastal<br />area of West Sumatra. The highest genetic similarity value<br />(0.97) was found between isolates Sr2 and Sr4 from Sorong,<br />Papua. Results from the cluster analysis indicated that the<br />isolates could be grouped into two major clusters that were<br />associated with their geographical locations.</p>

scholarly journals Migratory convergence facilitates cultural transmission of humpback whale song

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (9) ◽  
pp. 190337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clare Owen ◽  
Luke Rendell ◽  
Rochelle Constantine ◽  
Michael J. Noad ◽  
Jenny Allen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Transmission ◽  
New Caledonia ◽  
Vocal Learning ◽  
South Pacific ◽  
Humpback Whales ◽  
Wintering Grounds ◽  
Migration Patterns ◽  
Acoustic Contact ◽  
Migratory Routes ◽  
And Migration

Cultural transmission of behaviour is important in a wide variety of vertebrate taxa from birds to humans. Vocal traditions and vocal learning provide a strong foundation for studying culture and its transmission in both humans and cetaceans. Male humpback whales ( Megaptera novaeangliae ) perform complex, culturally transmitted song displays that can change both evolutionarily (through accumulations of small changes) or revolutionarily (where a population rapidly adopts a novel song). The degree of coordination and conformity underlying song revolutions makes their study of particular interest. Acoustic contact on migratory routes may provide a mechanism for cultural revolutions of song, yet these areas of contact remain uncertain. Here, we compared songs recorded from the Kermadec Islands, a recently discovered migratory stopover, to multiple South Pacific wintering grounds. Similarities in song themes from the Kermadec Islands and multiple wintering locations (from New Caledonia across to the Cook Islands) suggest a location allowing cultural transmission of song eastward across the South Pacific, active song learning (hybrid songs) and the potential for cultural convergence after acoustic isolation at the wintering grounds. As with the correlations in humans between genes, communication and migration, the migration patterns of humpback whales are written into their songs.

scholarly journals Interannual variability in the lipid and fatty acid profiles of east Australia-migrating humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) across a 10-year timeline

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jasmin Groß ◽  
Patti Virtue ◽  
Peter D. Nichols ◽  
Pascale Eisenmann ◽  
Courtney A. Waugh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Interannual Variability ◽  
Prey Item ◽  
Antarctic Krill ◽  
East Coast ◽  
Southern Annular Mode ◽  
Humpback Whales ◽  
Climate Indices ◽  
Fatty Acid Profiles ◽  
High Degree

Abstract Southern hemisphere humpback whales are classified as high-fidelity Antarctic krill consumers and as such are vulnerable to variability and long-term changes in krill biomass. Evidence of heterogeneous feeding patterns of east coast of Australia migrating humpback whales has been observed, warranting a comprehensive assessment of interannual variability in their diet. We examined the lipid and fatty acid profiles of individuals of the east coast of Australia migrating stock sampled between 2008 and 2018. The use of live-sampled blubber biopsies showed that fatty acid profiles varied significantly among all years. The two trophic indicator fatty acids for Antarctic krill, 20:5ω3 and 22:6ω3 remained largely unchanged across the 10-year period, suggesting that Antarctic krill is the principal prey item. A distance-based linear model showed that 33% of the total variation in fatty acid profiles was explained by environmental variables and climate indices. Most of the variation was explained by the Southern Annular Mode (23.7%). The high degree of variability observed in this study was unexpected for a species that is thought to feed primarily on one prey item. We propose that the observed variability likely arises from changes in the diet of Antarctic krill rather than changes in the whale’s diet.

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