scholarly journals Atypical experiences of captive chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes ) are associated with higher hair cortisol concentrations as adults

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (12) ◽  
pp. 170932 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. L. Jacobson ◽  
H. D. Freeman ◽  
R. M. Santymire ◽  
S. R. Ross
Keyword(s):  
Human Interaction ◽  
Continuous Measure ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Social Deficits ◽  
Hair Cortisol ◽  
Hair Samples ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Insight Into

Experiences during early development are influential on the lives of human and non-human primates into adulthood. The population of captive chimpanzees in the USA can provide insight into this relationship, as collectively they have experienced a wide range of exposure to both conspecifics (those raised in natal groups) and humans (those raised as personal pets or performers). Our study investigated chimpanzee exposure to humans using a continuous measure of categorization, the chimpanzee–human interaction index, and the relationship between this experience and cortisol concentrations in adulthood. Historical records and hair samples were collected from 60 chimpanzees which were socially housed in 13 zoos and sanctuaries. We found that more human exposure throughout the life of a chimpanzee was associated with higher hair cortisol concentrations in adulthood. Sex was also a significant factor affecting cortisol concentration, with male chimpanzees having higher cortisol concentrations than female chimpanzees. These results build upon the extensive literature about aversive effects of atypical social histories for chimpanzees and emphasize to managers the importance of monitoring potential negative health consequences and social deficits these individuals may exhibit.

scholarly journals Examining the Relationship Between Hair Cortisol With Stress-Related and Transdiagnostic Subclinical Measures

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pilar Torrecilla ◽  
Neus Barrantes-Vidal
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Hair Cortisol ◽  
Stress Buffering ◽  
Hair Samples ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
As Stress ◽  
The Relationship

Background: Hair cortisol concentrations (HCC) provide a retrospective examination of long-term cortisol production as a measure of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis functioning, one of the major neural systems implicated in mediating the effects of stress on mental illness. However, evidence about the relationship between HCC with stressors and symptoms is scattered. In the present study, we aimed to examine the association between HCC and a wide range of stress-related and transdiagnostic subclinical measures in a sample of non-clinical young adults with a wide distribution of schizotypy.Methods: A total sample of 132 non-clinical young adults recruited at college and technical schools oversampled for schizotypy scores were assessed on distal and proximal stressful experiences, appraisals of stress, traits and symptoms of the affective, psychosis and dissociation spectrums, as well as stress-buffering measures, and provided 3 cm-hair samples.Results: No significant associations were found between HCC and any of the stress-related and subclinical measures. Only suspiciousness and disorganization showed a trend for a positive association with HCC but the magnitude was small.Conclusions: The present findings support previous studies indicating an overall lack of concordance between a broad range of stress-related and (sub)clinical phenotypic measures with hair cortisol. This study examined for the first time the relationship of HCC with the non-clinical expression of the psychosis spectrum, that is, schizotypy, which complements previous studies on clinical high risk and established psychosis and offers a promising strategy for studying possible HPA dysfunctions characterizing the subclinical psychosis continuum without the confounds associated to clinical psychosis.

scholarly journals Cultural Tourism and Community Engagement: Insight from Montenegro

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 164-178
Author(s):  
Ilija Moric ◽  
Sanja Pekovic ◽  
Jovana Janinovic ◽  
Đurđica Perovic ◽  
Michaela Griesbeck
Keyword(s):  
Community Engagement ◽  
Heritage Tourism ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Cultural Tourism ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Heritage Sites ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Management Issues

Abstract Background: Cultural tourism in Montenegro is growing, mostly due to the integral growth and development of tourism products. However, an in-depth insight into the relationship between cultural tourism and community engagement is missing. Objectives: The paper aims to examine the relationship between cultural tourism development and community engagement in Montenegro. Methods/Approach: Using the extensive literature, available secondary data, and an analysis of relevant policies, the paper explores new possibilities for diversifying tourism offer at heritage sites, by engaging volunteers, enhancing understanding of the socio-historical background, promoting the usage of digital tools, partnering with relevant stakeholders, introducing innovative funding tools and schemes. Results: Several management issues associated with heritage tourism and community participation are acknowledged. Conclusions: Key findings indicate the need for a systemic, dynamic, and innovative framework for sustainable and highly impactful heritage tourism in Montenegro, which policymakers, heritage ventures, and other stakeholders might use to strengthen community engagement and development at the heritage sites.

Trade-offs in the relationship between competition and audit quality

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nam Ho
Keyword(s):  
Audit Quality ◽  
Metropolitan Statistical Area ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Big 4 ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Level Data ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Insight Into

Purpose Fears over public accounting becoming increasingly concentrated have inspired several attempts to study the relationship between competition and audit quality. These studies have yielded conflicting results without a clear reason as to why. This paper aims to propose a new approach and empirically demonstrate a non-monotonic association between competition and audit quality. Design/methodology/approach Using metropolitan statistical area level data from the USA over the period of 2000–2014, the author shows that the effect that changes in the competition will have on audit quality depends upon the current competitive state of the market. Findings Audit quality is at its highest level when competition is neither too high nor too low. In addition, the point of inflection at which competition turns from being helpful to harmful is influenced by the saturation of the Big 4 auditors in the market. Practical implications These findings can help explain the mixed results of the literature and provide insight into the role that regulators can play in modulating competition. Originality/value This is the first paper to document a non-monotonic relationship between competition and audit quality. By introducing and exploring the validity of a non-monotonic component in the audit quality equation, the authors can better determine, which competitive structures generate desired levels of audit quality.

scholarly journals Hair Cortisol, Testosterone, Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate and Their Ratios in Stallions as a Retrospective Measure of Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal and Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Gonadal Axes Activity: Exploring the Influence of Seasonality

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 2202
Author(s):  
Sergi Olvera-Maneu ◽  
Anaïs Carbajal ◽  
Jaume Gardela ◽  
Manel Lopez-Bejar
Keyword(s):  
Influencing Factor ◽  
Stress Hormones ◽  
Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate ◽  
Stress Physiology ◽  
Hair Cortisol ◽  
Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulphate ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal ◽  
Hair Samples ◽  
Wide Range

The monitoring of stress physiology includes studying a wide range of endocrinological mechanisms, which can be assessed using multiple tissue samples. This study aimed to evaluate the seasonal variations of hair C, T and DHEA-S in horses for a whole year, as well as to assess the variations between seasons of C/DHEA-S and T/C ratios as a retrospective measure of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal and hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis activity. Ten pure-breed Menorca stallions were included in the study. The hair samples were collected approximately every two months following the shave-reshave method caudally to the sternum. After a methanol-based extraction, samples were analyzed by enzyme immunoassay for cortisol, testosterone, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate. Following our findings, we detected that cortisol, testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate were significantly affected by seasonality, with the highest values of cortisol during summer and the lowest values of testosterone during spring. Dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate concentrations were increased in autumn compared to the other studied periods. Additionally, the studied hormone ratios showed variations between seasons. To conclude, season should, therefore, be considered when assessing sexual and stress hormones in stallion hair, since this variable can be a potential influencing factor and led to misinterpretations.

Broader Implications

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Vogel
Keyword(s):  
Political Institutions ◽  
Public Perception ◽  
Environmental Regulations ◽  
The United States ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Policy Convergence ◽  
The Public ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter explores some of the broader implications of studying the dynamics of policy convergence and divergence, the relationship between political institutions and policy styles, and the public perception of risks. The extensive literature on policy convergence addresses two issues: the extent of policy convergence and direction of policy convergence. A second body of literature addresses the impact of convergence on the direction of public policy. Much of this literature focuses on the impact of increased economic integration and global competition on the stringency of environmental regulation. The fact that both the United States and the EU have adopted a wide range of comprehensive consumer and environmental regulations suggests that powerful political and economic states enjoy substantial discretion in responding to domestic pressures for more stringent consumer and environmental regulations.

scholarly journals Hair and Salivary Testosterone, Hair Cortisol, and Externalizing Behaviors in Adolescents

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 688-699 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew D. Grotzinger ◽  
Frank D. Mann ◽  
Megan W. Patterson ◽  
Jennifer L. Tackett ◽  
Elliot M. Tucker-Drob ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parental Monitoring ◽  
Externalizing Behaviors ◽  
Hair Cortisol ◽  
Popular Imagination ◽  
Salivary Testosterone ◽  
Callous Unemotional ◽  
Callous Unemotional Traits ◽  
Hair Samples ◽  
Adolescent Sample ◽  
The Relationship

Although testosterone is associated with aggression in the popular imagination, previous research on the links between testosterone and human aggression has been inconsistent. This inconsistency might be because testosterone’s effects on aggression depend on other moderators. In a large adolescent sample ( N = 984, of whom 460 provided hair samples), we examined associations between aggression and salivary testosterone, hair testosterone, and hair cortisol. Callous-unemotional traits, parental monitoring, and peer environment were examined as potential moderators of hormone-behavior associations. Salivary testosterone was not associated with aggression. Hair testosterone significantly predicted increased aggression, particularly at low levels of hair cortisol (i.e., Testosterone × Cortisol interaction). This study is the first to examine the relationship between hair hormones and externalizing behaviors and adds to the growing literature that indicates that androgenic effects on human behavior are contingent on aspects of the broader endocrine environment—in particular, levels of cortisol.

Perovskite from the Dutoitspan kimberlite, Kimberley, South Africa: implications for magmatic processes

2009 ◽  
Vol 73 (6) ◽  
pp. 915-928 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Ogilvie-Harris ◽  
M. Field ◽  
R. S. J. Sparks ◽  
M. J. Walter
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Magma Mixing ◽  
Mineral Chemistry ◽  
Minor Components ◽  
Sharp Boundary ◽  
Volatile Content ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Diamondiferous Kimberlite ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractPerovskite compositions are used to investigate the relationship between the minor components (i.e. LREE, Fe3+ and Nb) and the oxygen fugacity (fo2) of perovskite in four different kimberlite lithofacies from the Dutoitspan pipe, Kimberley, South Africa, which range from diamondiferous to barren. The perovskite textures and chemical variations provide insight into magmatic and eruptive processes. Some crystals display cores with rims separated by a sharp boundary. The cores contain larger Na and LREE contents relative to the rims, which show a large increase in Fe3+ and Al. The mid-grade and barren kimberlites have bi-modal cores, reflected in the mineral chemistry, signifying multiple batches of magma and magma mixing. The fo2 of the magma is determined by an Fe-Nb oxygen barometer. The most diamondiferous kimberlite has the greatest Fe3+ content and highest fo2 (NNO –3.6 to –1.1). The kimberlite containing large diamonds has the smallest Fe3+ content and lowest fo2 (NNO –5.2 to –3.0). The barren and mid-grade kimberlites display a wide range of fo2,(NNO –5.3 to –1.5) as a result of perovskites forming in different melts and subsequently mixing together. Chemical and petrological evidence suggests that the volatile content, degassing, decompression and rate of crystallization can influence the rate at which the magma is erupted. One possibility is that the most oxidized magma, containing the highest volatile content, is therefore erupted much more rapidly, preserving diamond as a consequence.

scholarly journals Hair Cortisol Is a Potential Indicator of Adrenal Insufficiency in Individuals with Sickle Cell Disease

Blood ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 134 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 3573-3573
Author(s):  
Brittany Hollister ◽  
Mihail Zilbermint ◽  
Caterina P. Minniti ◽  
Ashley Buscetta ◽  
Khadijah Abdallah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Research Funding ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Serum Cortisol ◽  
Hair Cortisol ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Cell Disease ◽  
Hemoglobin S ◽  
Hair Samples ◽  
The Relationship

Background: Sickle cell disease (SCD) is the most commonly inherited blood disorder in the U.S., affecting 100,000 individuals there, and more than 250 million individuals globally. It is not clear what leads to variation in phenotype among individuals with the disease. Differences in experiences such as stress may be a contributing factor to variation in disease severity. Hair cortisol content (HCC) has been used to study stress levels. Our objective is to determine the relationship between HCC and other clinical measures in individuals with SCD. Methods: We collected hair samples from individuals with SCD as a part of the Insights into Microbiome and Environmental Contributions to SCD and Leg Ulcers (INSIGHTS) study (NCT02156102). Study participants received a comprehensive history and physical exam. Hair samples were collected from the base of scalp and analyzed for cortisol by enzyme immunoassay. Blood samples were collected for analysis of hemoglobin variants and steroids. Linear regression models were used to assess which factors were associated with HCC. Results: We collected hair samples from 73 subjects with SCD (mean age:39 ± 12 years, 63% female). Most individuals were homozygous genotype HbSS (81%). The average HCC per individual was 17.1 pg/mg, with a large range of 0.4 pg/mg to 280.10 pg/mg. In linear regression models, higher hemoglobin S levels were associated with lower HCC (β=-5.18, SE=-3.07, p=0.003). We also observed that HCC was lower among individuals who had greater than 30% hemoglobin S, compared with those who had less than 30% hemoglobin S (W = 272.5, p-value = 0.01). Lower HCC was also associated with report of not being on a chronic transfusion program (β=48.34, SE=14.09, p=0.001) and higher ferritin levels (β=-0.006, SE=0.002, p=0.02). Furthermore, HCC was significantly correlated with serum cortisol (rs=0.26, p=0.03) and corticosterone (rs=0.29, p=0.01). We also observed a consistent pattern of low steroid values among our population (Figure 1). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that individuals with higher hemoglobin S and ferritin, both markers of severe SCD, may have decreased cortisol levels as indicated by their lower hair cortisol values. This is consistent with the relationship we observed between higher hair cortisol levels among individuals who are on a chronic blood transfusion program, which typically increases quality of life and reduces hemoglobin S levels. Previous studies have observed a higher prevalence of adrenal insufficiency (AI), which is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, among individuals with SCD when compared with the general population (Makino et al., 2013 Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes and Chabre et al., 2017 Ann Endocrinol). As AI may be more prevalent in SCD, we recommend that clinicians treating patients with SCD follow the Endocrine Society guidelines for testing for AI, assessed by serum cortisol,11-deoxycorticosterone, and corticosterone, and treat accordingly (Bornstein et al. 2016 J Clin Endocrinol Metab). Future studies should continue to examine the prevalence and effects of AI in SCD. Hair cortisol may be a useful tool in evaluating patients with SCD who could be at risk for developing AI. Figure 1 Disclosures Minniti: Doris Duke Foundation: Research Funding. Stratakis:Pfizer: Consultancy, Research Funding.

Skeletal elements of crinoid echinoderms: High-resolution structural and microanalytical results

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 194-195
Author(s):  
D. F. Blake ◽  
L. F. Allard ◽  
D. R. Peacor
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Sea Urchins ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Sea Stars ◽  
High Resolution Tem ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Insight Into

Echinodermata is a phylum of marine invertebrates which has been extant since Cambrian time (c.a. 500 m.y. before the present). Modern examples of echinoderms include sea urchins, sea stars, and sea lilies (crinoids). The endoskeletons of echinoderms are composed of plates or ossicles (Fig. 1) which are with few exceptions, porous, single crystals of high-magnesian calcite. Despite their single crystal nature, fracture surfaces do not exhibit the near-perfect {10.4} cleavage characteristic of inorganic calcite. This paradoxical mix of biogenic and inorganic features has prompted much recent work on echinoderm skeletal crystallography. Furthermore, fossil echinoderm hard parts comprise a volumetrically significant portion of some marine limestones sequences. The ultrastructural and microchemical characterization of modern skeletal material should lend insight into: 1). The nature of the biogenic processes involved, for example, the relationship of Mg heterogeneity to morphological and structural features in modern echinoderm material, and 2). The nature of the diagenetic changes undergone by their ancient, fossilized counterparts. In this study, high resolution TEM (HRTEM), high voltage TEM (HVTEM), and STEM microanalysis are used to characterize tha ultrastructural and microchemical composition of skeletal elements of the modern crinoid Neocrinus blakei.

Sentence-Based Experience Logging in New Hearing Aid Users

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (3S) ◽  
pp. 631-637
Author(s):  
Katja Lund ◽  
Rodrigo Ordoñez ◽  
Jens Bo Nielsen ◽  
Dorte Hammershøi
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Aid ◽  
Patient Experiences ◽  
Online Tool ◽  
Rehabilitation Process ◽  
Hearing Rehabilitation ◽  
Clinical Observations ◽  
Hearing Aid Use ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Shed Light

Purpose The aim of this study was to develop a tool to gain insight into the daily experiences of new hearing aid users and to shed light on aspects of aided performance that may not be unveiled through standard questionnaires. Method The tool is developed based on clinical observations, patient experiences, expert involvement, and existing validated hearing rehabilitation questionnaires. Results An online tool for collecting data related to hearing aid use was developed. The tool is based on 453 prefabricated sentences representing experiences within 13 categories related to hearing aid use. Conclusions The tool has the potential to reflect a wide range of individual experiences with hearing aid use, including auditory and nonauditory aspects. These experiences may hold important knowledge for both the patient and the professional in the hearing rehabilitation process.

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