scholarly journals On the lack of a universal pattern associated with mammalian domestication: differences in skull growth trajectories across phylogeny

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (10) ◽  
pp. 170876 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcelo R. Sánchez-Villagra ◽  
Valentina Segura ◽  
Madeleine Geiger ◽  
Laura Heck ◽  
Kristof Veitschegger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Diversity ◽  
Postnatal Growth ◽  
Growth Trajectories ◽  
Allometric Growth ◽  
Linear Measurements ◽  
Global Pattern ◽  
Morphological Diversification ◽  
Skull Shape ◽  
Skull Growth ◽  
Universal Pattern

As shown in a taxonomically broad study, domestication modifies postnatal growth. Skull shape across 1128 individuals was characterized by 14 linear measurements, comparing 13 pairs of wild versus domesticated forms. Among wild forms, the boar, the rabbit and the wolf have the highest proportion of allometric growth, explaining in part the great morphological diversity of the domesticated forms of these species. Wild forms exhibit more isometric growth than their domesticated counterparts. Multivariate comparisons show that dogs and llamas exhibit the greatest amount of differences in trajectories with their wild counterparts. The least amount is recorded in the pig–boar, and camel and horse pairs. Bivariate analyses reveal that most domesticated forms have growth trajectories different from their respective wild counterparts with regard to the slopes. In pigs and camels slopes are shared and intercepts are different. There is a trajectory extension in most domesticated herbivores and the contrary pattern in carnivorous forms. However, there is no single, universal and global pattern of paedomorphosis or any other kind of heterochrony behind the morphological diversification that accompanies domestication.

scholarly journals Pattern and pace of morphological change due to variable human impact: the case of Japanese macaques

Primates ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madeleine Geiger
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Human Impact ◽  
Morphological Variation ◽  
Japanese Macaques ◽  
Linear Measurements ◽  
Skull Shape ◽  
Rates Of Change ◽  
Animal Populations ◽  
Captive Populations ◽  
In Captivity

AbstractHuman impact influences morphological variation in animals, as documented in many captive and domestic animal populations. However, there are different levels of human impact, and their influence on the pattern and rate of morphological variation remains unclear. This study contributes to the ongoing debate via the examination of cranial and mandibular shape and size variation and pace of change in Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata). This species is ideal for tackling such questions because different wild, wild-provisioned, and captive populations have been monitored and collected over seven decades. Linear measurements were taken on 70 skulls from five populations, grouped into three ‘human impact groups’ (wild, wild-provisioned, and captive). This made it possible to investigate the pattern and pace of skull form changes among the human impact groups as well as over time within the populations. It was found that the overall skull shape tends to differ among the human impact groups, with captive macaques having relatively longer rostra than wild ones. Whether these differences are a result of geographic variation or variable human impact, related to nutritional supply and mechanical properties of the diet, is unclear. However, this pattern of directed changes did not seem to hold when the single captive populations were examined in detail. Although environmental conditions have probably been similar for the two examined captive populations (same captive locality), skull shape changes over the first generations in captivity were mostly different. This varying pattern, together with a consistent decrease in body size in the captive populations over generations, points to genetic drift playing a role in shaping skull shape and body size in captivity. In the captive groups investigated here, the rates of change were found to be high compared to literature records from settings featuring different degrees of human impact in different species, although they still lie in the range of field studies in a natural context. This adds to the view that human impact might not necessarily lead to particularly fast rates of change.

scholarly journals Morphological diversity in tenrecs (Afrosoricida, Tenrecidae): comparing tenrec skull diversity to their closest relatives

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sive Finlay ◽  
Natalie Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Morphological Diversity ◽  
Lateral View ◽  
Ecological Niches ◽  
Diverse Group ◽  
Geometric Morphometric ◽  
Skull Shape ◽  
Morphometric Analyses ◽  
The Family

Morphological diversity is often studied qualitatively. However, to truly understand the evolution of exceptional diversity, it is important to take a quantitative approach instead of relying on subjective, qualitative assessments. Here, we present a quantitative analysis of morphological diversity in a Family of small mammals, the tenrecs (Afrosoricida, Tenrecidae). Tenrecs are often cited as an example of an exceptionally morphologically diverse group. However, this assumption has not been tested quantitatively. We use geometric morphometric analyses of skull shape to test whether tenrecs are more morphologically diverse than their closest relatives, the golden moles (Afrosoricida, Chrysochloridae). Tenrecs occupy a wider range of ecological niches than golden moles so we predict that they will be more morphologically diverse. Contrary to our expectations, We find that tenrec skulls are only more morphologically diverse than golden moles when measured in lateral view. Furthermore, similarities among the species-rich Microgale tenrec Genus appear to mask higher morphological diversity in the rest of the Family. These results reveal new insights into the morphological diversity of tenrecs and highlight the importance of using quantitative methods to test qualitative assumptions about patterns of morphological diversity.

scholarly journals Patterns of morphological diversification in giant Berberomeloe blister beetles (Coleoptera: Meloidae) reveal an unexpected taxonomic diversity concordant with mtDNA phylogenetic structure

2020 ◽  
Vol 189 (4) ◽  
pp. 1249-1312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Sánchez-Vialas ◽  
Mario García-París ◽  
José L Ruiz ◽  
Ernesto Recuero
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Phenotypic Variability ◽  
Morphological Diversity ◽  
Taxonomic Diversity ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Species Boundaries ◽  
Congeneric Species ◽  
Phylogenetic Structure ◽  
Morphological Diversification

Abstract Delimiting species boundaries is a complex challenge usually hindered by overlooked morphological diversification or misinterpretation of geographically structured phenotypic variability. Independent molecular data are extremely useful to characterize and understand such morphological diversity. Morphological and molecular variability of the non-phoretic and apterous, widely distributed, giant blister beetles of the genus Berberomeloe, were investigated within and between lineages across most of the distributional range of the genus. We used two mtDNA gene fragments to characterize genetic variability and to produce a time-calibrated phylogeny of the genus. Our results reveal several mitochondrial lineages, allopatrically, parapatrically and sympatrically distributed. Most clades are not distinguishable between each other based on morphometrics. However, no morphometric overlap is observed between two closely related clades, one of them occurring in sympatry with a distantly congeneric species (B. insignis), suggesting that sympatry could trigger morphological diversification. Although most species share a morphometric space, they can be morphologically identified by a combination of easily observed characteristic qualitative features. Based on the concordance between mtDNA clades and morphological units, we describe six new species of Berberomeloe (B. castuo sp. nov., B. comunero sp. nov., B. indalo sp. nov, B. yebli sp. nov., B. payoyo sp. nov. and B. tenebrosus sp. nov.), revalidate two taxa (B. maculifrons comb. nov. and B. laevigatus comb. nov.) and redefine B. majalis.

P1-27 The definition of postnatal growth trajectories

2007 ◽  
Vol 83 ◽  
pp. S90
Author(s):  
R.C. Huang ◽  
T.A. Mori ◽  
J.P. Newnham ◽  
G. Kendall ◽  
D. Doherty ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Postnatal Growth ◽  
Growth Trajectories ◽  
Definition Of

scholarly journals Control of growth and gut maturation by HoxD genes and the associated lncRNA Haglr

2017 ◽  
Vol 114 (44) ◽  
pp. E9290-E9299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jozsef Zakany ◽  
Fabrice Darbellay ◽  
Bénédicte Mascrez ◽  
Anamaria Necsulea ◽  
Denis Duboule
Keyword(s):  
Noncoding Rna ◽  
Digestive System ◽  
Postnatal Growth ◽  
Dominant Negative ◽  
Dominant Negative Effect ◽  
Growth Trajectories ◽  
Genetic Rescue ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Essential Function ◽  
Delayed Growth

During embryonic development, Hox genes participate in the building of a functional digestive system in metazoans, and genetic conditions involving these genes lead to important, sometimes lethal, growth retardation. Recently, this phenotype was obtained after deletion of Haglr, the Hoxd antisense growth-associated long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) located between Hoxd1 and Hoxd3. In this study, we have analyzed the function of Hoxd genes in delayed growth trajectories by looking at several nested targeted deficiencies of the mouse HoxD cluster. Mutant pups were severely stunted during the suckling period, but many recovered after weaning. After comparing seven distinct HoxD alleles, including CRISPR/Cas9 deletions involving Haglr, we identified Hoxd3 as the critical component for the gut to maintain milk-digestive competence. This essential function could be abrogated by the dominant-negative effect of HOXD10 as shown by a genetic rescue approach, thus further illustrating the importance of posterior prevalence in Hox gene function. A role for the lncRNA Haglr in the control of postnatal growth could not be corroborated.

scholarly journals Individualized Postnatal Growth Trajectories for Preterm Infants

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 1084-1092 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin Landau-Crangle ◽  
Niels Rochow ◽  
Tanis R. Fenton ◽  
Kai Liu ◽  
Anaam Ali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Postnatal Growth ◽  
Growth Trajectories

scholarly journals Functional coupling in the evolution of suction feeding and gill ventilation of sculpins (Perciformes: Cottoidei)

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 394-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
S C Farina ◽  
M L Knope ◽  
K A Corn ◽  
A P Summers ◽  
W E Bemis
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Evolution ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Generalized Least Squares ◽  
Morphological Integration ◽  
Functional Coupling ◽  
Ecological Data ◽  
Suction Feeding ◽  
Linear Measurements ◽  
Morphological Diversification ◽  
Gill Ventilation

Abstract Suction feeding and gill ventilation in teleosts are functionally coupled, meaning that there is an overlap in the structures involved with both functions. Functional coupling is one type of morphological integration, a term that broadly refers to any covariation, correlation, or coordination among structures. Suction feeding and gill ventilation exhibit other types of morphological integration, including functional coordination (a tendency of structures to work together to perform a function) and evolutionary integration (a tendency of structures to covary in size or shape across evolutionary history). Functional coupling, functional coordination, and evolutionary integration have each been proposed to limit morphological diversification to some extent. Yet teleosts show extraordinary cranial diversity, suggesting that there are mechanisms within some teleost clades that promote morphological diversification, even within the highly integrated suction feeding and gill ventilatory systems. To investigate this, we quantified evolutionary integration among four mechanical units associated with suction feeding and gill ventilation in a diverse clade of benthic, primarily suction-feeding fishes (Cottoidei; sculpins and relatives). We reconstructed cottoid phylogeny using molecular data from 108 species, and obtained 24 linear measurements of four mechanical units (jaws, hyoid, opercular bones, and branchiostegal rays) from micro-CT reconstructions of 44 cottoids and 1 outgroup taxon. We tested for evolutionary correlation and covariation among the four mechanical units using phylogenetically corrected principal component analysis to reduce the dimensionality of measurements for each unit, followed by correlating phylogenetically independent contrasts and computing phylogenetic generalized least squares models from the first principle component axis of each of the four mechanical units. The jaws, opercular bones, and branchiostegal rays show evolutionary integration, but the hyoid is not positively integrated with these units. To examine these results in an ecomorphological context, we used published ecological data in phylogenetic ANOVA models to demonstrate that the jaw is larger in fishes that eat elusive or grasping prey (e.g., prey that can easily escape or cling to the substrate) and that the hyoid is smaller in intertidal and hypoxia-tolerant sculpins. Within Cottoidei, the relatively independent evolution of the hyoid likely has reduced limitations on morphological evolution within the highly morphologically integrated suction feeding and gill ventilatory systems.

scholarly journals Is conception by in vitro fertilization associated with altered antenatal and postnatal growth trajectories?

2020 ◽  
Vol 114 (6) ◽  
pp. 1216-1224
Author(s):  
Steve Turner ◽  
Eilidh Maclean ◽  
Smita Dick ◽  
Lorna Aucott ◽  
Abha Maheshwari
Keyword(s):  
In Vitro Fertilization ◽  
Postnatal Growth ◽  
Growth Trajectories ◽  
Vitro Fertilization

Morphological Diversity In The Evolutionary Radiation Of Paleozoic and Post-Paleozoic Crinoids

Paleobiology ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 25 (S2) ◽  
pp. 1-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mike Foote
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Morphological Diversity ◽  
Ecological Strategies ◽  
Developmental Systems ◽  
Morphological Disparity ◽  
Morphological Diversification ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Evolutionary Radiation ◽  
Discrete Character

The Paleozoic and post-Paleozoic radiations of crinoids present an opportunity to explore genomic and ecological explanations for patterns of morphologic diversification. Analysis of discrete-character data that cover the principal features of the crinoid skeleton shows that both Paleozoic and post-Paleozoic increases in morphological disparity were abrupt; this is consistent with rapid exploitation of open ecological opportunities in both cases. For the post-Paleozoic, this result is sensitive to some aspects of data analysis and sampling, so it cannot be regarded as unequivocal. The deceleration in morphological diversification within each radiation is consistent with an observed decline in rates of taxonomic origination as well as with the attainment of functional or structural limits. Despite these similarities in the two radiations, Paleozoic crinoids exploited a wider range of morphological designs than did their post-Paleozoic successors. Post-Paleozoic crinoids exploited a wide range of ecological strategies despite being stereotyped in many aspects of form. This difference between the radiations is consistent with an increase in the rigidity of genetic and developmental systems. The range of post-Paleozoic designs is not in essence a subset of the Paleozoic spectrum. The two radiations resulted in morphological distributions that are largely nonoverlapping, perhaps reflecting a different range of ecological strategies.

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