scholarly journals Modelling personality, plasticity and predictability in shelter dogs

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (9) ◽  
pp. 170618 ◽  
Author(s):  
Conor Goold ◽  
Ruth C. Newberry
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Predictive Validity ◽  
Standardized Test ◽  
Predictive Accuracy ◽  
Canis Lupus Familiaris ◽  
Considerable Uncertainty ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Behavioural Reaction ◽  
Shelter Dogs ◽  
The Individual

Behavioural assessments of shelter dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) typically comprise standardized test batteries conducted at one time point, but test batteries have shown inconsistent predictive validity. Longitudinal behavioural assessments offer an alternative. We modelled longitudinal observational data on shelter dog behaviour using the framework of behavioural reaction norms, partitioning variance into personality (i.e. inter-individual differences in behaviour), plasticity (i.e. inter-individual differences in average behaviour) and predictability (i.e. individual differences in residual intra-individual variation). We analysed data on interactions of 3263 dogs (n = 19 281) with unfamiliar people during their first month after arrival at the shelter. Accounting for personality, plasticity (linear and quadratic trends) and predictability improved the predictive accuracy of the analyses compared to models quantifying personality and/or plasticity only. While dogs were, on average, highly sociable with unfamiliar people and sociability increased over days since arrival, group averages were unrepresentative of all dogs and predictions made at the individual level entailed considerable uncertainty. Effects of demographic variables (e.g. age) on personality, plasticity and predictability were observed. Behavioural repeatability was higher one week after arrival compared to arrival day. Our results highlight the value of longitudinal assessments on shelter dogs and identify measures that could improve the predictive validity of behavioural assessments in shelters.

scholarly journals Modelling personality, plasticity and predictability in shelter dogs

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Conor Goold ◽  
Ruth C. Newberry
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Predictive Validity ◽  
Predictive Accuracy ◽  
Behavioural Change ◽  
Canis Lupus Familiaris ◽  
Considerable Uncertainty ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Behavioural Reaction ◽  
Shelter Dogs ◽  
The Individual

AbstractBehavioural assessments of shelter dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) typically comprise standardised test batteries conducted at one time point but test batteries have shown inconsistent predictive validity. Longitudinal behavioural assessments offer an alternative. We modelled longitudinal observational data on shelter dog behaviour using the framework of behavioural reaction norms, partitioning variance into personality (i.e. inter-individual differences in behaviour), plasticity (i.e. individual differences in behavioural change) and predictability (i.e. individual differences in residual intra-individual variation). We analysed data on 3,263 dogs’ interactions (N = 19,281) with unfamiliar people during their first month after arrival at the shelter. Accounting for personality, plasticity (linear and quadratic trends) and predictability improved the predictive accuracy of the analyses compared to models quantifying personality and/or plasticity only. While dogs were, on average, highly sociable with unfamiliar people and sociability increased over days since arrival, group averages were unrepresentative of all dogs and predictions made at the individual level entailed considerable uncertainty. Effects of demographic variables (e.g. age) on personality, plasticity and predictability were observed. Behavioural repeatability was higher one week after arrival compared to arrival day. Our results highlight the value of longitudinal assessments on shelter dogs and identify measures that could improve the predictive validity of behavioural assessments in shelters.

scholarly journals Can education be personalised using pupils’ genetic data?

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim T Morris ◽  
Neil M Davies ◽  
George Davey Smith
Keyword(s):  
Predictive Power ◽  
Predictive Accuracy ◽  
Educational Performance ◽  
Phenotypic Data ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Polygenic Scores ◽  
Prior Achievement ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Potential Tool

AbstractThe increasing predictive power of polygenic scores for education has led to their promotion by some as a potential tool for genetically informed policy. How well polygenic scores predict educational performance conditional on other phenotypic data is however not well understood. Using data from a UK cohort study, we investigated how well polygenic scores for education predicted pupils’ realised achievement over and above phenotypic data that are available to schools. Across our sample, prediction of educational outcomes from polygenic scores were inferior to those from parental socioeconomic factors. There was high overlap between the polygenic score and achievement distributions, leading to weak predictive accuracy at the individual level. Furthermore, conditional on prior achievement polygenic scores were not predictive of later achievement. Our results suggest that while polygenic scores can be informative for identifying group level differences, they currently have limited use for predicting individual educational performance or for personalised education.

Justice in Teams

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincente Martínez-Tur ◽  
Carolina Moliner
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Organizational Context ◽  
Single Group ◽  
Team Members ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Successful Model ◽  
Shared Experiences ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Justice Climate

Traditionally, justice in teams refers to a specific climate—called justice climate—describing shared perceptions about how the team as a whole is treated. Justice at the individual level has been a successful model from which to build the concept of justice in teams. Accordingly, there is a parallelism between the individual and team levels in the investigation of justice, where scholars’ concerns and responses have been very similar, despite studying different levels of construct. However, the specific particularities of teams are increasingly considered in research. There are three concepts (faultlines, subgrouping, and intergroup justice) that contribute to knowledge by focusing on particularities of teams that are not present at the individual level. The shift toward team-based structures provides an opportunity to observe the existence of dividing lines that may split a team into subgroups (faultlines) and the difficulty, in many cases, of conceiving of the team members as part of a single group. This perspective about teams also stimulates the study of the subgroup as a source of justice and the focus on intergroup justice within the team. In sum, the organizational context facilitates shared experiences and perceptions of justice beyond individual differences but also can result in potential conflicts and discrepancies among subgroups within the team in their interpretation of fairness.

Validation of a Trainability Test for Young Apprentices

2004 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Aramburu-Zabala Higuera ◽  
Marina Casals Riera
Keyword(s):  
Predictive Validity ◽  
Vocational Training ◽  
Standardized Test ◽  
Prior Experience ◽  
Test Validation ◽  
Predictive Test ◽  
Learning Potential ◽  
Validation Data ◽  
Predicting Success ◽  
The Individual

Predictive test validation data were collected to analyze the usefulness of a content-valid trainability test of carpentry for predicting success at a full-scale course. Results supported the effectiveness of the standardized test CAR-1 to predict the individual job-learning potential in a sample of 109 young unemployed persons. Several advantages of structured trainability tests as predictors of job learning are indicated. These include greater standardization, the content and predictive validity, and the possibility of assessing the potential of candidates with no prior experience. The high and significant coefficients obtained in this study suggest that the trainability testing methodology may provide useful guidelines for developing job learning predictors in other areas of vocational training.

scholarly journals Individual response to exercise training - a statistical perspective

2015 ◽  
Vol 118 (12) ◽  
pp. 1450-1459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Hecksteden ◽  
Jochen Kraushaar ◽  
Friederike Scharhag-Rosenberger ◽  
Daniel Theisen ◽  
Stephen Senn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Training ◽  
Predictive Accuracy ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Individual Response ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Exercise Training Program ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Response To Exercise

In the era of personalized medicine, interindividual differences in the magnitude of response to an exercise training program (subject-by-training interaction; “individual response”) have received increasing scientific interest. However, standard approaches for quantification and prediction remain to be established, probably due to the specific considerations associated with interactive effects, in particular on the individual level, compared with the prevailing investigation of main effects. Regarding the quantification of subject-by-training interaction in terms of variance components, confounding sources of variability have to be considered. Clearly, measurement error limits the accuracy of response estimates and thereby contributes to variation. This problem is of particular importance for analyses on the individual level, because a low signal-to-noise ratio may not be compensated by increasing sample size (1 case). Moreover, within-subject variation in training efficacy may contribute to gross response variability. This largely unstudied source of variation may not be disclosed by comparison to a control group but calls for repeated interventions. A second critical point concerns the prediction of response. There is little doubt that exercise training response is influenced by a multitude of determinants. Moreover, indications of interaction between influencing factors of training efficacy lead to the hypothesis that optimal predictive accuracy may be attained using an interactive rather than additive approach. Taken together, aiming at conclusive inference and optimal predictive accuracy in the investigation of subject-by-training interaction entails specific requirements that are deducibly based on statistical principles but beset with many practical difficulties. Therefore, pragmatic alternatives are warranted.

scholarly journals Background Variables, Levels of Aggregation, and Standardized Test Scores

2009 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 22
Author(s):  
Sharon E. Paulson ◽  
Gregory J. Marchant
Keyword(s):  
No Child Left Behind ◽  
Test Scores ◽  
Standardized Test ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Standardized Test Scores ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
High Stakes ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
The Individual

This article examines the role of student demographic characteristics in standardized achievement test scores at both the individual level and aggregated at the state, district, school levels. For several data sets, the majority of the variance among states, districts, and schools was related to demographic characteristics. Where these background variables outside of the control of schools significantly affected averaged scores, and test scores result in high stakes consequences, benefits and sanctions may be inappropriately applied. Furthermore, disaggregating the data by race, SES, limited English, or other groupings ignores the significant confounding and cumulative effects of belonging to more than one disadvantaged group. With these approaches to evaluation being fundamental to the No Child Left Behind mandates, the danger of misinterpretation and inappropriate application of sanctions is substantial.

scholarly journals ICT Adoption and the Digital Divide in Serbia: Factors and Policy Implications

10.28945/3247 ◽  
2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zlatko Kovacic ◽  
Dragan Vukmirovic
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Digital Divide ◽  
Predictive Accuracy ◽  
Classification Tree ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Internet Skills ◽  
Ict Adoption ◽  
Parsimonious Model ◽  
The Individual

This paper explores factors such as socio-demographics, income and wealth and e-skills that may influence the adoption of the ICTs at the individual level. We examine to what extent these factors contribute to the digital divide between different social groups in Serbia. We use the panel data from the survey “ICT usage in Republic of Serbia” in 2006 and 2007, covering over 3000 individuals/households, to perform a quantitative analysis of the digital divide and ICT adoption. Based on a classification tree and a logistic regression model, a profile of the typical ICT adopter and non-adopter is identified. The empirical results show the following: (i) the digital divide between age group 55-74 and those younger that 55 slightly increased in 2007 in case of regular Internet use; (ii) at the individual level the ICT adoption (use of PC, Internet and mobile phones) in Serbia is mainly influenced by the income and wealth of an individual, its computer and Internet skills and age; (iii) this result is quite robust across the methodological approaches used; and (iv) the classification tree approach is preferable since it gives the same predictive accuracy as the logistic regression with a more parsimonious model. The policy implications of these results are discussed.

scholarly journals The Situated Assessment Method (SAM^2): Establishing Individual Differences in Habitual Behavior

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Léo Dutriaux ◽  
Naomi Clark ◽  
Esther K. Papies ◽  
Christoph Scheepers ◽  
Lawrence Barsalou
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Assessment Method ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Assessment Instruments ◽  
Composite Measure ◽  
Situated Action ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Habitual Behavior ◽  
The Individual

From the perspectives of grounded, situated, and embodied cognition, we have developed a new approach for assessing individual differences. Because this approach is grounded in two dimensions of situatedness—situational experience and the Situated Action Cycle—we refer to it as the Situated Assessment Method (SAM2). Rather than abstracting over situations during assessment of a construct (as in traditional assessment instruments), SAM2 assesses a construct in situations where it occurs, simultaneously measuring factors from the Situated Action Cycle known to influence it. To demonstrate this framework, we developed the SAM2 Habitual Behavior Instrument (SAM2 HBI). Across three studies with a total of 442 participants, the SAM2 HBI produced a robust and replicable pattern of results at both the group and individual levels. Three trait-level measures of behavior regularity across 80 behaviors, 40 positive behaviors, and 40 negative behaviors exhibited large reliable individual differences. Several sources of evidence demonstrated the construct validity of these measures. At both the group and individual levels, the SAM2 measure of behavior regularity was associated with factors from the Situated Action Cycle known to influence habitual behavior in the literature (consistency, automaticity, immediate reward, long-term reward). Regressions explained approximately 65% of the variance at the group level and a median of approximately 75% at the individual level. The SAM2 measure of behavior regularity also exhibited well-established interactions with personality measures for self-control and neuroticism. Cognitive-affective processes from the Situated Action Cycle explained nearly all the variance in these interactions. Finally, a composite measure of habitualness established habitual behaviors at both the group and individual levels. Additionally, a composite measure of reward was strongly related to the composite measure of habitualness, increasing with self-control and decreasing with neuroticism.

scholarly journals Dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) are susceptible to the Kanizsa’s triangle illusion

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miina Lõoke ◽  
Lieta Marinelli ◽  
Cécile Guérineau ◽  
Christian Agrillo ◽  
Paolo Mongillo
Keyword(s):  
Canis Lupus ◽  
Visual Illusion ◽  
Learning Criterion ◽  
Human Observer ◽  
Canis Lupus Familiaris ◽  
Animal Kingdom ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Effect Of Age

AbstractThe ability to complete partially missing contours is widespread across the animal kingdom, but whether this extends to dogs is still unknown. To address this gap in knowledge, we assessed dogs’ susceptibility to one of the most common contour illusions, the Kanizsa’s triangle. Six dogs were trained to discriminate a triangle from other geometrical figures using a two-alternative conditioned discrimination task. Once the learning criterion was reached, dogs were presented with the Kanizsa’s triangle and a control stimulus, where inducers were rotated around their centre, so as to disrupt what would be perceived as a triangle by a human observer. As a group, dogs chose the illusory triangle significantly more often than control stimuli. At the individual level, susceptibility to the illusion was shown by five out of six dogs. This is the first study where dogs as a group show susceptibility to a visual illusion in the same manner as humans. Moreover, the analyses revealed a negative effect of age on susceptibility, an effect that was also found in humans. Altogether, this suggests that the underling perceptual mechanisms are similar between dogs and humans, and in sharp contrast with other categories of visual illusions to which the susceptibility of dogs has been previously assessed.

The routinization of syntagmatic associations

2020 ◽  
pp. 235-259
Author(s):  
Hans-Jörg Schmid
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Individual

This chapter looks at the routinization of syntagmatic associations and their cooperation with paradigmatic associations. It begins by formulating the syntagmatic-strengthening principle, which states that as syntagmatic associations between sequentially arranged elements are strengthened by repetition, the symbolic, paradigmatic, and pragmatic associations of the whole sequence are strengthened, while those of the component parts are weakened. This principle explains effects such as the phraseological tendency, collocation, lexical and lexico-grammatical chunking, idiomatization, and the emergence of complex grammatical constructions on the individual level. The remainder of the chapter deals with the whole range from small and simple (words, compounds) to large and complex utterance types (complex schematic constructions) in order to demonstrate that the routinization of syntagmatic and paradigmatic associations provides the foundation for two major principles of structure, i.e. linearity and opposition. A case study on individual differences demonstrates the effects of syntagmatic strengthening.

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