scholarly journals Group choices seemingly at odds with individual preferences

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (7) ◽  
pp. 170232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel-Olivier Laurent Salazar ◽  
Stamatios C. Nicolis ◽  
Mariano Calvo Martín ◽  
Grégory Sempo ◽  
Jean-Louis Deneubourg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Periplaneta Americana ◽  
Individual Preference ◽  
Environmental Cues ◽  
Collective Decision Making ◽  
Individual Preferences ◽  
The Social ◽  
Result Aggregation ◽  
The Individual

Numerous studies have focused on the influence of the social environment and the interactions between individuals on the collective decision-making of groups. They showed, for example, that attraction between individuals is at the origin of an amplification of individual preferences. These preferences may concern various environmental cues such as biomolecules that convey information about the environment such as vanillin, which, for some insects, is an attractant. In this study, we analysed how the social context of the cockroaches of the species Periplaneta americana modifies preferences when individuals are offered two shelters, of which one is vanillin scented. One of the principal results of our study is that isolated individuals stay longer and more frequently in a vanillin-scented shelter, while groups choose more frequently the unscented one. Moreover, the proportion of sheltered insects is larger when the group selects the unscented shelter. Our experimental results and theoretical model suggest that the individual preference is not inverted when insects are in a group but, rather, the response to vanillin decreases the attraction between individuals. As a result, aggregation is favoured in the unscented shelter, leading therefore to a collective inversion.

Democracy in the Firm

2021 ◽  
pp. 38-59
Author(s):  
Hervé Crès ◽  
Mich Tvede
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
Collective Decision ◽  
Majority Voting ◽  
Optimal Rate ◽  
Collective Decision Making ◽  
Market Failures ◽  
Democratic Principle ◽  
The Social ◽  
Decision Making Problem

The problem of collective decision-making arising from market failures is addressed using the democratic principle applied within the assembly of shareholders. A basic requirement is imposed (the Pareto principle): collective choices should not be at odds with the interests of all shareholders, as expressed by their preferences. This requirement puts bounds on what the collective can choose: it should remain within the set of averages of what the shareholders want. Further refining these bounds, a notion of political stability is proposed; it is defined with respect to (super) majority voting. One searches for the smallest rate of super majority for which a stable collective choice exists. This optimal rate is reviewed under classical assumptions from the social choice literature. It is shown how the dimensionality of the collective decision-making problem and the polarization of the electorate critically impact political stability, and hence the optimal rate of super majority.

Counterfactuals in Health and Risk Messaging

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irina A. Iles ◽  
Xiaoli Nan
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Counterfactual Thinking ◽  
Depth Information ◽  
Negative Events ◽  
Positive Events ◽  
Political Sciences ◽  
The Social ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Control

Counterfactual thinking is the process of mentally undoing the outcome of an event by imagining alternate antecedent states. For example, one might think that if they had given up smoking earlier, their health would be better. Counterfactuals are more frequent following negative events than positive events. Counterfactuals have both aversive and beneficial consequences for the individual. On the one hand, individuals who engage in counterfactual thinking experience negative affect and are prone to biased judgment and decision making. On the other hand, counterfactuals serve a preparative function, and they help people reach their goals in the future by suggesting effective behavioral alternatives. Counterfactual thoughts have been found to influence an array of cognitive processes. Engaging in counterfactual thinking motivates careful, in-depth information processing, increases perceptions of self-efficacy and control, influences attitudes toward social matters, with consequences for behavioral intentions and subsequent behaviors. Although it is a heavily studied matter in some domains of the social sciences (e.g., psychology, political sciences, decision making), counterfactual thinking has received less attention in the communication discipline. Findings from the few studies conducted in communication suggest that counterfactual thinking is a promising message design strategy in risk and health contexts. Still, research in this area is critically needed, and it represents an opportunity to expand our knowledge.

Entrepreneurial Innovative Network and the Design of Socio-Economic Neural Systems

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Olga Tikhomirova
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Group Dynamics ◽  
Innovation System ◽  
The Other ◽  
Self Organization ◽  
Neural Systems ◽  
Collective Decision Making ◽  
The World ◽  
The Individual

This article aims to establish how an idea becomes an innovation and how creativity, collective dynamics, and information are interconnected. The results of the author's study showed that the emergence of innovations is closely connected with collective collaboration, and that it is impossible outside of group dynamics. The process of self-organization and collective decision-making is realized through a synergistic interaction, which then transforms into the so-called “information laser” and serves as a basis for the emergence of innovation. Both individuals, as persons and as separate entrepreneurs, are the elements of the innovation system and the actors of the artificial neural network, socio-economic neural systems (SENS-systems). These systems act through self-organization and corporate collaboration, and the efforts of each element are amplified through the interaction with the other elements. The model of the SENS-systems can explain how the individual idea transforms into innovation and spreads throughout the world.

Supplier Selection by Extended TOPSIS to Obtain the Ideal Compromise Solution in Group Decision Making

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 71-85
Author(s):  
Mohammad Azadfallah
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Group Decision Making ◽  
Supplier Selection ◽  
Group Decision ◽  
Intuitionistic Fuzzy Set ◽  
Individual Preference ◽  
Multiple Criteria Decision Making ◽  
Extended Model ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Collective Preference

In the current literature, there are several studies, which the supplier selection is typically a Multi Criteria Group Decision Making problem. Several solutions for the above problem are proposed (from simple approaches; like, Borda, Condorcet, etc., to complex ones; like, Multiple Criteria Decision Making model combined with intuitionistic fuzzy set, etc.). To solve this problem, different method (particularly, extended TOPSIS method) are proposed in this paper. Firstly, we have used TOPSIS to find the individual preference ordering, then, we have used the extended version of this method to find the collective preference orderings. In addition, this model is capable of considering the expert weights. Finally, the proposed approach is compared with an existed approach (i.e., TOPSIS and Borda's function). Compared results show the advantage of our extended model over previous one.

New regulation of the right to a dignified dying in Spain: Repercussions for nursing

2012 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 619-628 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cayetano Fernández-Sola ◽  
José Granero-Molina ◽  
Gabriel Aguilera Manrique ◽  
Adelaida María Castro-Sánchez ◽  
José Manuel Hernández-Padilla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Critical Discourse Analysis ◽  
Patient Empowerment ◽  
Cultural Practice ◽  
Critical Discourse ◽  
Analysis Methodology ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right ◽  
Discourse Practice

Preserving dignity during the dying process requires reviewing the roles of those involved in the treatment, care methods and decision-making. This article examines the participation and responsibility assigned to nurses regarding decision-making in the final stages of life, as laid out in the Rights to and Guarantee of Dignity for the Individual During the Process of Death Act. This text has been analysed on the levels of socio-cultural practice and discourse practice, using the critical discourse analysis methodology. The results show that, although the law is another result of the social trend of patient empowerment, the responsibility of the nurses is not recognised, and they are left out of the decision-making process in the final stages of life.

scholarly journals Group personality during collective decision-making: a multi-level approach

2015 ◽  
Vol 282 (1802) ◽  
pp. 20142515 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isaac Planas-Sitjà ◽  
Jean-Louis Deneubourg ◽  
Céline Gibon ◽  
Grégory Sempo
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Periplaneta Americana ◽  
Collective Decision ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Collective Decision Making ◽  
Social Feedback ◽  
Individual Personality ◽  
Show Evidence ◽  
Group Compositions

Collective decision-making processes emerge from social feedback networks within a group. Many studies on collective behaviour underestimate the role of individual personality and, as a result, personality is rarely analysed in the context of collective dynamics. Here, we show evidence of sheltering behaviour personality in a gregarious insect ( Periplaneta americana ), which is characterized by a collective personality at the group level. We also highlight that the individuals within groups exhibited consistent personality traits in their probability of sheltering and total time sheltered during the three trials over one week. Moreover, the group personality, which arises from the synergy between the distribution of behaviour profiles in the group and social amplifications, affected the sheltering dynamics. However, owing to its robustness, personality did not affect the group probability of reaching a consensus. Finally, to prove social interactions, we developed a new statistical method that will be helpful for future research on personality traits and group behaviour. This approach will help to identify the circumstances under which particular group compositions may improve the fitness of individuals in gregarious species.

An Experimental Study of Individual and Collective Decision-making

1973 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 425-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Halfpenny ◽  
Michael Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Experimental Study ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Collective Decision ◽  
Collective Decision Making ◽  
Political Decision ◽  
Individual Preferences ◽  
Political Decision Making

Several theorems have been established recently on the existence or location of equilibrium policies in collective decision-making in the case when the alternatives are points in a multi-dimensional space. One of these theorems is founded on an assumption about individual preferences which seems intuitively plausible in the context of political decision-making. We have conducted a number of experiments designed to test this theorem directly. In addition, the resulting data were used to compare the accuracy of this assumption about individual preferences with that of certain alternative assumptions, some of which have also been used in theories of collective decision-making. Before the experiments and the analyses of the results are described, we first briefly present the theorem and the various alternative assumptions to be tested.

Condorcet Winners and the Paradox of Voting: Probability Calculations for Weak Preference Orders

1995 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradford Jones ◽  
Benjamin Radcliff ◽  
Charles Taber ◽  
Richard Timpone
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Computer Simulation ◽  
Social Choice ◽  
Individual Preferences ◽  
Weak Preference ◽  
The Social ◽  
Small Committee ◽  
Committee Decision Making ◽  
Preference Orders ◽  
Choice Literature

That individual preferences may he aggregated into a meaningful collective decision using the Condorcet criterion of majority choice is one of the central tenets of democracy. But that individual preferences may not yield majority winners is one of the classic findings of the social choice literature. Given this problem, social choice theorists have attempted to estimate the probability of Condorcet winners, given certain empirical or theoretical conditions. We shall estimate the probabilities of Condorcet winners and intransitive aggregate orders for various numbers of individuals with strong or weak preference orders across various numbers of alternatives. We find, using computer simulation, a stark contrast between these estimates assuming strong individual preferences and the estimates allowing for individuals' indifference between pairs of alternatives. In contrast to earlier work, which depends on the strong-preference assumption, we suggest that the problem is most acute for small committee decision making and least acute for mass elections with few alternatives.

Wealth Neutral Grants for Public Education

1979 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 259-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert W. Gilmer ◽  
Daniel C. Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Public Education ◽  
State Government ◽  
Local Control ◽  
Fiscal Federalism ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Horizontal Equity ◽  
Collective Decision Making ◽  
Power Equalization ◽  
The Individual

This article assesses wealth neutral grants within the traditional framework of the fiscal federalism. Discussions of the concept of fiscal equality or District Power Equalization (DPE) have centered largley on local control, and have defined equity as a problem of the comparison of local jurisdictions. The individual resident and the state government lie on either side of the locality in terms of collective decision-making, yet the perspective of neither of these sides has been adequately considered in past studies. These grants can cause substantial redefinitions of revenue responsibilities among various levels of government; they do far less than is commonly assumed to provide horizontal equity; and they do not relieve problems of location bias. We find that none of these problems, either individually or collectively, constitute an indictment of these grants, but their careful consideration offers a more balanced view of DPE than any yet offered

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