scholarly journals Mathematical toy model inspired by the problem of the adaptive origins of the sexual orientation continuum

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (9) ◽  
pp. 160403
Author(s):  
Brian Skinner
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Orientation ◽  
Sexual Behaviour ◽  
Mathematical Form ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Animal Kingdom ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Sex Attraction ◽  
Opposite Sex

Same-sex sexual behaviour is ubiquitous in the animal kingdom, but its adaptive origins remain a prominent puzzle. Here, I suggest the possibility that same-sex sexual behaviour arises as a consequence of the competition between an evolutionary drive for a wide diversity in traits, which improves the adaptability of a population, and a drive for sexual dichotomization of traits, which promotes opposite-sex attraction and increases the rate of reproduction. This trade-off is explored via a simple mathematical ‘toy model’. The model exhibits a number of interesting features and suggests a simple mathematical form for describing the sexual orientation continuum.

scholarly journals Fellatio among male sanctuary-living chimpanzees during a period of social tension

Behaviour ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 158 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-87
Author(s):  
Jake S. Brooker ◽  
Christine E. Webb ◽  
Zanna Clay
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Behaviour ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Great Apes ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Behavioural Flexibility ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Animal Kingdom ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
Close Relatives ◽  
Conflict Period

Abstract Same-sex sexual behaviour has been documented across the animal kingdom, and is thought to reflect and enhance dyadic cooperation and tolerance. For instance, same-sex fellatio — the reception of a partner’s penis into another’s mouth — has been reported in several mammalian species other than humans. Although same-sex sexual behaviour is observed in our close relatives, the chimpanzees, fellatio appears to be very rare — as yet there are no published reports clearly documenting its occurrence. At Chimfunshi Wildlife Orphanage in Zambia, we observed an instance of fellatio occurring during a post-conflict period between two adult male chimpanzees (born and mother-reared at the sanctuary) where one of the males was the victim. We discuss this event with respect to the putative functions of homosexual behaviour in great apes. Given its rarity in chimpanzees, this fellatio between adult males also highlights the apparent behavioural flexibility present in our close relatives.

The Evolution of Same-Sex Attraction in Women

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 104-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Menelaos Apostolou
Keyword(s):  
Strong Support ◽  
Considerable Proportion ◽  
Heterosexual Men ◽  
High Tolerance ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Sex Attraction ◽  
Opposite Sex

Abstract. A considerable proportion of the population experiences varying degrees of same-sex attraction. It has been proposed that men exhibit high tolerance to their partner’s same-sex infidelity, which allows such predispositions to exist in a relative high frequency in the population. On this basis, the hypothesis was tested that heterosexual men and women would differ in their tolerance level, with men exhibiting higher tolerance to same-sex infidelity than women. Evidence from an online sample of 590 heterosexual Greek-speaking participants provided strong support for this hypothesis. In particular, the vast majority of women exhibited low tolerance, while about one in two men exhibited high tolerance to same-sex infidelity. Furthermore, men and women exhibited higher tolerance to the same-sex infidelity of their long-term than of their short-term partners, with men exhibiting higher tolerance in the latter case. In addition, women exhibited low tolerance to opposite-sex and same-sex infidelity, but men exhibited low tolerance to opposite-sex infidelity, but much higher tolerance to same-sex infidelity.

The association of bullying with suicide ideation and attempt among adolescents with different dimensions of sexual orientation

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (S1) ◽  
pp. S71-S71 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Montoro ◽  
K. Igartua ◽  
B.D. Thombs
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Orientation ◽  
Suicidal Ideation ◽  
Suicide Ideation ◽  
Suicide Attempts ◽  
Reference Group ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Sex Attraction ◽  
Increased Risk

IntroductionSexual minority youth are at increased risk for bullying and suicide, but they are heterogeneous in their sexual orientation dimensions (attraction, behavior and identity).ObjectiveTo compare the association of bullying and suicide parameters between (1) heterosexually identified students without same-sex attractions or behaviors (2) heterosexually identified students with same-sex attractions or behaviors and (3) non-heterosexually identified students.MethodsThe Quebec Youth Risk Behavior Survey was a self-report questionnaire given to 1852 students 14–18 years old.ResultsThe heterosexually identified students without same-sex attraction or behavior, and no bullying, was our reference group. When these students had bullying, the likelihood of suicidal ideation was double, but their likelihood of suicide attempts was the same. For non-heterosexually identified students, those with no bullying were twice as likely, and those with bullying were four times as likely to have suicidal ideation. When these students had no bullying, they were not more likely to have suicide attempts, but they were almost three times as likely when they had bullying. Heterosexually identified students with same-sex attraction or behavior were never more likely on any of the suicide measures.ConclusionThis study was the first to show that adolescents with a non-heterosexual identity will have a disproportionately greater likelihood in their suicide parameters when subject to bullying, than heterosexually identified students with or without same-sex attraction or behavior, suggesting that these latter two dimensions were non-contributory to suicide risk. The significance of identity as a predictor of suicidal ideation and behavior will be discussed.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

scholarly journals PERAN PARENT CHILD RELATIONSHIP PADA ORIENTASI SEKSUAL GAY

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Amalia Novita Retaminingrum
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Orientation ◽  
Social Learning ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Parent Child Relationship ◽  
Child Relationship ◽  
Depth Interview ◽  
Opposite Sex ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Parent Child

This research is conducted to see the role of parent child relationship in gay. Parent child relationship is an interaction between parent and a child which is included three main aspects namely, parenting, attachment, and social learning. Every individual has sexual orientation or has interested to other, it could be the same sex or to the other opposite sex. The person who is interested to the same sex, called Homosexual. Homosexual could be divided by two, which is lesbian and gay. This research is conducted on gay or individual male who is interested to the same sex. This research uses qualitative approach with in-depth interview to six persons who is 20 up to 40 years old who has gay sexual orientation. The result of this research shown that three aspects in parent child relationship has a role to six gay. On the first aspect, it is found that abusive in parenting has a big influence in sexual orientation, as well as the second aspect, attachment, which has a role to sexual preference in gay. On the third aspect namely social learning has a role in a learning process with environment that has the same sexual orientation; in this case, it is strengthen the individual sexual orientation.

Communication and Motivation Coming Out Gay as Self Identity in Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Novi Andayani Praptiningsih ◽  
Wini Tarmini ◽  
Rahmiwati Marsinun
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Orientation ◽  
Coming Out ◽  
Psychological Trauma ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Self Identity ◽  
Sex Attraction ◽  
To Come ◽  
Depth Interviews

Many gays in Indonesia dare to admit and open themselves that they are gay. Gay who has come out (coming out) usually realizes that he likes the same sex or often called SSA (Same Sex Attraction). The term coming out refers to how a gay person opens himself up to his sexual orientation. Gay openness about his sexual orientation (coming out) to the family, community, and community is preceded by the process of coming in, namely the process of self-acceptance that he has a sexual orientation that likes same-sex. or community only. If he fails to come in, then he will become an SSA (Same Sex Attraction) but tries to suppress his behavior so he does not become gay. The purpose of this study is to determine the motivations that cause gays to become gay coming out as self-identity in Indonesia. The research method uses a qualitative approach. Data collection techniques include in-depth interviews, observation, FGD, and literature study. Data analysis uses the Miles Huberman Interactive Model. The results showed that there are 15 reasons for a person to become gay in 3 (three) contexts of the formation of gay self-identity in this study, namely family, psychological trauma, and social environment.

scholarly journals Self-reports of sexual attraction change in a sample of male psychotherapy consumers in a private practice setting

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 717
Author(s):  
James Edward Phelan
Keyword(s):  
Private Practice ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Sexual Attraction ◽  
Clinical Sample ◽  
The Other ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Sex Attraction ◽  
Opposite Sex ◽  
One Year

The purpose of this study was to see if clients in a private practice therapy setting reported any changes in how they rated their sexual attraction, their stated goal. The therapy was conducted weekly, lasting at least one year. The sample was comprised of 30 men whose desired goal was toward a shift from same-sex attraction to opposite-sex attraction. A convenience sample from the author’s private practice, over a 5-year span, was used.  Clients were invited to complete surveys at intake, between 12-18 months into therapy, and one year afterwards. Following the format of the Klein Sexual Orientation Grid, clients were asked about sexual attraction on a measurable continuum.  A repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to test the differences between the pre, mid, and post responses.  In this sample, at 1 year post-discharge, 10% reported their sexual attraction as “for the other sex somewhat” vs. 0 % at baseline; 17% reported their sexual attraction as “for the other sex mostly” vs. 0 % at baseline; and 23% reported their sexual attraction was “for the other sex only” vs. 0 % at baseline. These outcomes proved statistically significant changes from baseline compared to follow up.  Despite the study’s limitations, significant sexual attraction shifts from same-sex to opposite-sex were self-reported in a highly motivated clinical sample of men.

scholarly journals Structural, Functional, and Metabolic Brain Differences as a Function of Gender Identity or Sexual Orientation: A Systematic Review of the Human Neuroimaging Literature

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Frigerio ◽  
Lucia Ballerini ◽  
Maria Del C. Valdés Hernández
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Orientation ◽  
Gender Identity ◽  
Human Sexuality ◽  
Hormonal Treatment ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Moderate Sample Size ◽  
Opposite Sex ◽  
Neurological Substrates ◽  
Human Neuroimaging

This review systematically explored structural, functional, and metabolic features of the cisgender brain compared with the transgender brain before hormonal treatment and the heterosexual brain compared to the homosexual brain from the analysis of the neuroimaging literature up to 2018, and identified and discussed subsequent studies published up to March 2021. Our main aim was to help identifying neuroradiological brain features that have been related to human sexuality to contribute to the understanding of the biological elements involved in gender identity and sexual orientation. We analyze 39 studies on gender identity and 24 on sexual orientation. Our results suggest that some neuroanatomical, neurophysiological, and neurometabolic features in transgender individuals resemble those of their experienced gender despite the majority resembling those from their natal sex. In homosexual individuals the majority resemble those of their same sex heterosexual population rather than their opposite sex heterosexual population. However, it is always difficult to interpret findings with non-invasive neuroimaging. Given the gross nature of these measures, it is possible that more differences too subtle to measure with available tools yet contributing to gender identity and sexual orientation could be found. Conflicting results contributed to the difficulty of identifying specific brain features which consistently differ between cisgender and transgender or between heterosexual and homosexual groups. The small number of studies, the small-to-moderate sample size of each study, and the heterogeneity of the investigations made it impossible to meta-analyze all the data extracted. Further studies are necessary to increase the understanding of the neurological substrates of human sexuality.

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