scholarly journals The globalization of naval provisioning: ancient DNA and stable isotope analyses of stored cod from the wreck of the Mary Rose, AD 1545

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (9) ◽  
pp. 150199 ◽  
Author(s):  
William F. Hutchinson ◽  
Mark Culling ◽  
David C. Orton ◽  
Bernd Hänfling ◽  
Lori Lawson Handley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stable Isotope ◽  
Ancient Dna ◽  
Ecological Impacts ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Source Regions ◽  
Isotope Evidence ◽  
Northern North Sea

A comparison of ancient DNA (single-nucleotide polymorphisms) and carbon and nitrogen stable isotope evidence suggests that stored cod provisions recovered from the wreck of the Tudor warship Mary Rose, which sank in the Solent, southern England, in 1545, had been caught in northern and transatlantic waters such as the northern North Sea and the fishing grounds of Iceland and Newfoundland. This discovery, underpinned by control data from archaeological samples of cod bones from potential source regions, illuminates the role of naval provisioning in the early development of extensive sea fisheries, with their long-term economic and ecological impacts.

scholarly journals Sequence Variants of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-Gamma Gene and the Clinical Courses of Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chia-Ter Chao ◽  
Yen-Ching Chen ◽  
Chih-Kang Chiang ◽  
Jenq-Wen Huang ◽  
Fu-Chang Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanistic Study ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor ◽  
Stage Renal Disease ◽  
End Stage ◽  
Esrd Patients

Background.PPAR-γsingle nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) reportedly play an important role in determining metabolic risk among diverse population. Whether PPAR-γSNPs affect the clinical courses in ESRD patients is unknown.Methods.From a multicenter cohort, we identified 698 patients with prevalent ESRD between 2002 and 2003, and other 782 healthy subjects as control. Two PPAR-γSNPs, Pro12Ala (rs1801282) and C161T (rs3856806), were genotyped and their association with ESRD was examined. Both groups were prospectively followed until 2007, and the predictability of genotypes for the long-term survival of ESRD patients was analyzed.Results.After multivariable-adjusted regression, GG genotype of Pro12Ala was significantly more likely to associate with ESRD (P<0.001) among patients with non-diabetes-related ESRD. Cox’s proportional hazard regression showed that both Pro12Ala and C161T polymorphisms were significant predictors of mortality in ESRD patients with DM (Pro12Ala: GG versus other genotypes, hazard ratio [HR] <0.01;P<0.001; for C161T, CC versus TT genotypes, HR 2.86;P<0.001; CT versus TT genotypes, HR 1.93;P<0.001).Conclusion.This is the first and largest study to evaluate PPAR-γSNPs in ESRD patients. Further mechanistic study is needed to elucidate the role of PPAR-γamong ESRD patients.

The role of iron in the diagenesis of organic carbon and nitrogen in sediments: A long-term incubation experiment

2014 ◽  
Vol 162 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Barber ◽  
Karine Lalonde ◽  
Alfonso Mucci ◽  
Yves Gélinas
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Incubation Experiment ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen

scholarly journals Revisiting the original reasons for excluding inorganic fertilizers in organic farming—Why the ban is not consistent with our current scientific understanding

2021 ◽  
pp. 003072702110200
Author(s):  
Holger Kirchmann
Keyword(s):  
Organic Farming ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Scientific Understanding ◽  
Rudolf Steiner ◽  
Inorganic Fertilizers ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen

This paper reviews the original reasons of the organic farming movement for excluding mineral (inorganic) fertilizers. In this paper, their theories and decision criteria for excluding use of inorganic fertilizers in crop production were revisited. Original reasons for banning inorganic fertilizers were subjected to scientific scrutiny, which was not possible when they were formulated 50–100 years ago due to limited knowledge of the soil-crop system. The original reasons were as follows: Rudolf Steiner, the founder of biodynamic farming, played down the physical role of plant nutrients and pointed out “flow of forces” as being most important for soils and crops. Eve Balfour and Albert Howard, founders of the Soil Association in England, claimed that inorganic fertilizer increases the breakdown of humus in soil, leading to a decline in soil fertility. Hans-Peter Rusch, the founder of biological organic farming, considered inorganic fertilizers to be imbalanced products not matching crop composition and not in synchrony with crop demand. When testing these historical statements as scientific hypotheses, older and modern scientific literature was used for validation. Steiner’s belief about the “flow of forces” has not be verified using current methodologies. The claim by Balfour and Howard that inorganic fertilizers accelerate soil organic matter decomposition is not substantiated by data from long-term field experiments on carbon and nitrogen cycling in soil-plant systems. The statement by Rusch that inorganic fertilizers supply crops inappropriately is difficult to uphold, as the composition, time, and rate of application and the placement of fertilizer in soil or on foliage can be fully adapted to crop requirements. In light of accumulated scientific evidence, the original arguments lack validity. The decision to ban inorganic fertilizers in organic farming is inconsistent with our current scientific understanding. Scientific stringency requires principles found to be erroneous to be abandoned.

scholarly journals Ancient Plant Genomics in Archaeology, Herbaria, and the Environment

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 605-629 ◽  
Author(s):  
Logan Kistler ◽  
Vanessa C. Bieker ◽  
Michael D. Martin ◽  
Mikkel Winther Pedersen ◽  
Jazmín Ramos Madrigal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ancient Dna ◽  
Plant Evolution ◽  
Genomic Research ◽  
Degraded Dna ◽  
Plant Domestication ◽  
Plant Genomics ◽  
Dna Recovery ◽  
Plant Research

The ancient DNA revolution of the past 35 years has driven an explosion in the breadth, nuance, and diversity of questions that are approachable using ancient biomolecules, and plant research has been a constant, indispensable facet of these developments. Using archaeological, paleontological, and herbarium plant tissues, researchers have probed plant domestication and dispersal, plant evolution and ecology, paleoenvironmental composition and dynamics, and other topics across related disciplines. Here, we review the development of the ancient DNA discipline and the role of plant research in its progress and refinement. We summarize our understanding of long-term plant DNA preservation and the characteristics of degraded DNA. In addition, we discuss challenges in ancient DNA recovery and analysis and the laboratory and bioinformatic strategies used to mitigate them. Finally, we review recent applications of ancient plant genomic research.

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