scholarly journals Models of fertilization kinetics

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (9) ◽  
pp. 150175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jussi Lehtonen
Keyword(s):  
Fertilization Process ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Extant Species ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Fertilization Kinetics

Fertilization functions describe how the number of realized fertilizations depends on gamete numbers or density. They provide insight into the fertilization process, and are important components in models on the evolution of reproductive and sex-specific traits. Existing fertilization functions generally examine the proportion of fertilized eggs as a function of sperm numbers or density in a given fertilization environment. Because these functions have been developed for species with highly diverged gametes, there is an inbuilt (and well justified) asymmetry in them: they treat eggs and sperm, and therefore the two sexes, differently. Although very useful, such functions cannot therefore be used to consistently model early stages in the evolution of the two sexes, or extant species where sex-specific gamete sizes and numbers are similar. Here, I derive fertilization functions that describe the fertilization process without making prior assumptions about the two sexes, and are therefore consistent under any level of gamete dimorphism. These functions are compatible with simpler fertilization functions under appropriate conditions. Such functions can be particularly useful in understanding the early stages in the differentiation of the two sexes, as well as its consequences, where the gametes from the two sexes should be treated on an equal basis.

scholarly journals TOOLS FOR RECORDING PROTOTYPING ACTIVITIES AND QUANTIFYING CORRESPONDING DOCUMENTATION IN THE EARLY STAGES OF PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 3159-3168
Author(s):  
Sohail Ahmed Soomro ◽  
Yazan A M Barhoush ◽  
Zhengya Gong ◽  
Panos Kostakos ◽  
Georgi V. Georgiev
Keyword(s):  
Product Development ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Design Education ◽  
Development Process ◽  
Digital Fabrication ◽  
Prototype Development ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Creative Solutions ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractPrototyping is an essential activity in the early stages of product development. This activity can provide insight into the learning process that takes place during the implementation of an idea. It can also help to improve the design of a product. This information and the process are useful in design education as they can be used to enhance students' ability to prototype their ideas and develop creative solutions. To observe the activity of prototype development, we conducted a study on students participating in a 7-week course: Principles of Digital Fabrication. During the course, eight teams made prototypes and shared their weekly developments via internet blog posts. The posts contained prototype pictures, descriptions of their ideas, and reflections on activities. The blog documentation of the prototypes developed by the students was done without the researchers' intervention, providing essential data or research. Based on a review of other methods of capturing the prototype development process, we compare existing documentation tools with the method used in the case study and outline the practices and tools related to the effective documentation of prototyping activity.

scholarly journals Identification of MicroRNAs That Respond to Soybean Cyst Nematode Infection in Early Stages in Resistant and Susceptible Soybean Cultivars

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (22) ◽  
pp. 5634 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piao Lei ◽  
Bing Han ◽  
Yuanyuan Wang ◽  
Xiaofeng Zhu ◽  
Yuanhu Xuan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Rna ◽  
Soybean Cyst Nematode ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Cyst Nematode ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Differentially Expressed Mirnas ◽  
Plant Pathogen Interactions ◽  
Insight Into

Soybean cyst nematode (SCN) causes heavy losses to soybean yield. In order to investigate the roles of soybean miRNAs during the early stages of infection (1 and 5 dpi), 24 small RNA libraries were constructed from SCN resistant cultivar Huipizhi (HPZ) and the susceptible Williams 82 (W82) cultivar for high-throughput sequencing. By sequencing the small RNA libraries, a total of 634 known miRNAs were identified, and 252 novel miRNAs were predicted. Altogether, 14 known miRNAs belonging to 13 families, and 26 novel miRNAs were differentially expressed and may respond to SCN infection in HPZ and W82. Similar expression results were also confirmed by qRT-PCR. Further analysis of the biological processes that these potential target genes of differentially expressed miRNAs regulate found that they may be strongly related to plant–pathogen interactions. Overall, soybean miRNAs experience profound changes in early stages of SCN infection in both HPZ and W82. The findings of this study can provide insight into miRNAome changes in both HPZ and W82 at the early stages of infection, and may provide a stepping stone for future SCN management.

Mechanistic insight into the early stages of amyloid formation using an anuran peptide

2019 ◽  
Vol 111 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sourav Ray ◽  
Stephanie Holden ◽  
Lisandra L. Martin ◽  
Ajay Singh Panwar
Keyword(s):  
Amyloid Formation ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Mechanistic Insight ◽  
Insight Into

Anatomical and temporal architecture of theory of mind: A MEG insight into the early stages

NeuroImage ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 1406-1414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Damien Vistoli ◽  
Eric Brunet-Gouet ◽  
Emilie Baup-Bobin ◽  
Marie-Christine Hardy-Bayle ◽  
Christine Passerieux
Keyword(s):  
Theory Of Mind ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Insight Into

scholarly journals Chloroplast phylogenomics and the dynamic evolution of Santalum (Santalaceae)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaojin Liu ◽  
Daping Xu ◽  
Zhou Hong ◽  
Ningnan Zhang ◽  
Zhiyi Cui
Keyword(s):  
Chloroplast Genome ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Divergence Time ◽  
Major Type ◽  
Time Analysis ◽  
Chloroplast Genomes ◽  
Extant Species ◽  
History Of ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Simple Sequence

Abstract Background Santalum (Santalaceae, sandalwood) is a hemiparasitic genus including approximately 15 extant species. It is known for its aromatic heartwood oil, which is used in incense and perfume. Demand for sandalwood-based products has led to drastic over-harvesting, and wild Santalum populations are now threatened. Knowledge of the phylogenetic relationships and genetic diversity will be critical for the conservation and proper management of this genus. Here, we sequenced the chloroplast genome of 11 Santalum species. The data were then used to investigate the chloroplast genome evolutionary dynamics and relationships and divergence time within Santalum and related species. Results The Santalum chloroplast genome contains the typical quadripartite structures, ranging from 143,291 to 144,263 bp. The chloroplast genome contains 124 genes. The whole set of ndh genes and the infA gene were found to lose their function. Between 17 and 31 SSRs were found in the Santalum chloroplast genome, and mononucleotide simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were the major type. The P-distance among the Santalum species was 0.0003 to 0.00828. Three mutation hotspot regions, 14 small inversions, and 460 indels events were discovered in the Santalum chloroplast genome. Our phylogenomic assessment provides improved resolution compared to past analyses. Our divergence time analysis shows that the crown age of Santalum was 8.46 Mya, the first divergence occurred around 6.97 Mya, and diversification was complete within approximately 1 Mya. Conclusions By sequencing the 12 chloroplast genomes of Santalum, we gain insight into the evolution of its chloroplast genomes. The chloroplast genome sequences had sufficient polymorphic information to elucidate the evolutionary history of Santalum.

scholarly journals New insight into the early stages of biofilm formation

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (17) ◽  
pp. 4317-4319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine R. Armbruster ◽  
Matthew R. Parsek
Keyword(s):  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Insight Into

Computational Theories of Vision

1984 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Shape Analysis ◽  
Important Influence ◽  
Research Papers ◽  
Formal Approach ◽  
Computational Theory ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
To Come ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
The Way

This exciting and original book describes the work of David Marr and his colleagues at MIT on the computational theory of vision, particularly the early stages of shape analysis. Although much of the theorising is frankly speculative and not certain to survive without major modification, it sets new standards of rigour in its formal approach and is certain to have a stimulating effect upon the field. Sadly, Marr's death from leukaemia at the age of 35 means that he will not himself be able to take part in the further development of his ideas, but the book itself will exert an important influence for some time to come. The first point to make, for those who may already have attempted Marr's lengthy and difficult research papers, is that the book is clearly and entertainingly written: It can be tackled by the non-specialist who wishes to see why Marr's work has caused such interest in the vision community. Despite the very difficult circumstances in which the book must have been written, it is carefully put together and gives a fascinating insight into the way in which the author's ideas developed.

Understanding “process vs product” in the shelter and settlements sector: a reflection

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Ward George
Keyword(s):  
Disaster Management ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Engineering Students ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Small Series ◽  
Learning Pathways ◽  
Insight Into

Purpose“Process” vs “product”: this concept was originally introduced by Ian Davis in 1978 in Shelter After Disaster. However, 40 years later, in the halls of universities, it would appear a long way from having settled in the minds of upcoming engineers and architects looking to contribute to the field of disaster management. This key understanding is a major steppingstone to those pursuing careers in the shelter and settlements sector. However, the clarity of the argument and its importance still fails to reach some humanitarians in the early stages of their career. This perspective reflects on the key arguments for and against process over product and reflects on the reasons for the lack of recognition of this concept in early stage academics in the shelter and settlements sector. It also discusses the academic practitioner divide and pathways for learning within the sector.Design/methodology/approachThis perspective reflects on discussions over four years of a progression into the humanitarian shelter and settlements sector from a construction and engineering background. It discusses the author’s personal progression in understanding process over product and observations of other early stage researchers taking similar pathways. It also examines literature in the sector and the key texts which affect this progression. Furthermore, this perspective provides comments from experts in the shelter and settlements sector through a small series of informal interviews. This provides insight into their experience with upcoming architects and engineers, and key messages for early stage researchers.FindingsThis reflection found that upcoming architects and engineering students still undergo a journey of understanding over “process vs product” despite changes in the industry. These students can benefit from the understanding of shelter as a process.Originality/valueThe concept of process vs product is not a new one. It is arguably one of the most central arguments to the shelter and settlements sector. However, there is very little written on the learning of this concept or the effects it has on understanding the broader aspects of the sector. This reflection can provide significant value to early stage researchers who have yet to engage with this concept, and further highlight its importance of learning pathways to the sector.

A Combined TEM and Atom Probe Approach to Analyse the Early Stages of Age Hardening in AA 6016

2016 ◽  
Vol 877 ◽  
pp. 231-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olaf Engler ◽  
C. Schäfer ◽  
Henk Jan Brinkman ◽  
Calin D. Marioara ◽  
Masaya Kozuka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atom Probe ◽  
Age Hardening ◽  
Artificial Ageing ◽  
Phase Decomposition ◽  
Number Density ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Different Types ◽  
6Xxx Series ◽  
Insight Into

In this study we aim at combining the results from transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atom probe tomography (APT) to study the early stages of phase decomposition in the age hardening alloy AA 6016. Samples are subjected to different periods of natural ageing or artificial pre-ageing at elevated temperature in order to produce different types of clusters and early stages of precipitation before age hardening commences. APT is utilized to detect clusters and identify their compositions, whereas TEM is applied to analyse and quantify number density and sizes of the particles during artificial ageing at 185°C. It is shown that the two techniques, TEM and APT, are complementary and a combined approach yields more detailed insight into the early stages of phase decomposition in age hardening 6xxx series alloys than possible by the sole use of either technique individually.

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