scholarly journals Carry-over body mass effect from winter to breeding in a resident seabird, the little penguin

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 140390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcus Salton ◽  
Claire Saraux ◽  
Peter Dann ◽  
André Chiaradia
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Breeding Success ◽  
Mass Effect ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Austral Winter ◽  
Carry Over ◽  
Breeding Seasons ◽  
Little Penguin ◽  
Carry Over Effect

Using body mass and breeding data of individual penguins collected continuously over 7 years (2002–2008), we examined carry-over effects of winter body mass on timing of laying and breeding success in a resident seabird, the little penguin ( Eudyptula minor ). The austral winter month of July consistently had the lowest rate of colony attendance, which confirmed our expectation that penguins work hard to find resources at this time between breeding seasons. Contrary to our expectation, body mass in winter (July) was equal or higher than in the period before (‘moult-recovery’) and after (‘pre-breeding’) in 5 of 7 years for males and in all 7 years for females. We provided evidence of a carry-over effect of body mass from winter to breeding; females and males with higher body mass in winter were more likely to breed early and males with higher body mass in winter were likely to breed successfully. Sex differences might relate to sex-specific breeding tasks, where females may use their winter reserves to invest in egg-laying, whereas males use their winter reserves to sustain the longer fasts ashore during courtship. Our findings suggest that resident seabirds like little penguins can also benefit from a carry-over effect of winter body mass on subsequent breeding.

Effects of the Iron Baron oil spill on little penguins (Eudyptula minor). III. Breeding success of rehabilitated oiled birds

2000 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 583 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Giese ◽  
S. D. Goldsworthy ◽  
R. Gales ◽  
N. Brothers ◽  
J. Hamill
Keyword(s):  
Breeding Season ◽  
Oil Spill ◽  
Breeding Success ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Breeding Seasons

The long-term effects of oiling on the breeding success of rehabilitated oiled little penguins (Eudyptula minor) were examined over two consecutive breeding seasons following the Iron Baron oil spill in 1995. The commencement of egg laying was delayed among rehabilitated oiled penguins compared with non-oiled birds during the 1995/96 breeding season. During that season, hatching success (number of eggs hatched from those laid) was no different in nests containing rehabilitated oiled penguins than in those containing non-oiled birds, but overall egg success (number of pre-fledging chicks from the number of eggs laid) was significantly lower among rehabilitated oiled birds. This effect was predominant in nests containing a rehabilitated oiled female, where the probability of successfully fledging any chicks was 22% lower than in nests containing a non-oiled female. During the 1996/97 breeding season, there was no significant difference between either the hatching or egg success of rehabilitated oiled penguins and non-oiled birds. In both seasons, the pre-fledging masses of chicks from rehabilitated oiled penguins were significantly lower than those from non-oiled birds. The chicks of rehabilitated oiled penguins were therefore expected to have lower survival than chicks raised by non-oiled parents. Results indicate that oiling not only reduced the number of chicks raised by rehabilitated oiled penguins in the short term, but also decreased the quality of young produced for at least two seasons following the spill.

Reproduction of Pied Flycatchers (Ficedula hypoleuca) in Good and Bad Breeding Seasons in a Northern Marginal Area

The Auk ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 101 (3) ◽  
pp. 439-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antero Järvinen ◽  
Risto A. Väisänen
Keyword(s):  
Breeding Success ◽  
Egg Size ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Ficedula Hypoleuca ◽  
Nesting Success ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Female Size ◽  
Finnish Lapland ◽  
Breeding Seasons ◽  
Better Than

Abstract We studied relationships between female size, date of egg laying, clutch size, egg size, and breeding success in Pied Flycatchers (Ficedula hypoleuca) in a marginal area in northwestern Finnish Lapland (69°N). Average June temperatures in 1975-1981 were used to classify years into "good" (warm) and "bad" (cold) breeding seasons. In general, early and warm springs were followed by "good" breeding seasons: females were heavier, laying was earlier, clutches were larger and contained larger eggs, and hatching and fledging success were better than in late and cold springs. Mainly due to low nesting success in "bad" breeding seasons, the local population could not maintain itself; immigration from the south was needed. We suggest that spring weather may provide information concerning the character of the coming breeding season, which may help birds to maximize their lifetime production of young.

scholarly journals Maternal glucocorticoid levels during incubation predict breeding success, but not reproductive investment, in a free-ranging bird

Biology Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. bio045898
Author(s):  
Devin Fischer ◽  
Robby R. Marrotte ◽  
Eunice H. Chin ◽  
Smolly Coulson ◽  
Gary Burness
Keyword(s):  
Breeding Success ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Reproductive Investment ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Maternal Survival ◽  
Adaptation Hypothesis ◽  
Breeding Seasons ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACTThe hormone corticosterone (CORT) has been hypothesized to be linked with fitness, but the directionality of the relationship is unclear. The ‘CORT-fitness hypothesis’ proposes that high levels of CORT arise from challenging environmental conditions, resulting in lower reproductive success (a negative relationship). In contrast, the CORT-adaptation hypothesis suggests that, during energetically demanding periods, CORT will mediate physiological or behavioral changes that result in increased reproductive investment and success (a positive relationship). During two breeding seasons, we experimentally manipulated circulating CORT levels in female tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) prior to egg laying, and measured subsequent reproductive effort, breeding success, and maternal survival. When females were recaptured during egg incubation and again during the nestling stage, the CORT levels were similar among individuals in each treatment group, and maternal treatment had no effect on indices of fitness. By considering variation among females, we found support for the CORT-adaptation hypothesis; there was a significant positive relationship between CORT levels during incubation and hatching and fledging success. During the nestling stage CORT levels were unrelated to any measure of investment or success. Within the environmental context of our study, relationships between maternal glucocorticoid levels and indices of fitness vary across reproductive stages.

scholarly journals Maternal glucocorticoid levels during incubation predict breeding success, but not reproductive investment, in a free-ranging bird

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Devin Fischer ◽  
Robby R. Marrotte ◽  
Eunice H. Chin ◽  
Smolly Coulson ◽  
Gary Burness
Keyword(s):  
Breeding Success ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Reproductive Investment ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Tree Swallows ◽  
Female Tree ◽  
Adaptation Hypothesis ◽  
Breeding Seasons ◽  
Free Ranging

ABSTRACTThe hormone corticosterone (CORT)) has been hypothesized to be linked with fitness, but the directionality of the relationship is unclear. The “CORT-fitness hypothesis” proposes that high levels of CORT arise from challenging environmental conditions, resulting in lower reproductive success (a negative relationship). In contrast, the “CORT-adaptation hypothesis” suggests that, during energetically demanding periods, CORT will mediate physiological or behavioural changes that result in increased reproductive investment and success (a positive relationship). During two breeding seasons, we experimentally manipulated circulating CORT levels in female tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) prior to egg laying, and measured subsequent reproductive effort, breeding success, and maternal survival. When females were recaptured during egg incubation and again during the nestling stage, the CORT levels were similar among individuals in each treatment group, and maternal treatment had no effect on indices of fitness. By considering variation among females, we found support for the “CORT-adaptation hypothesis”; there was a significant positive relationship between CORT levels during incubation and hatching and fledging success. During the nestling stage CORT levels were unrelated to any measure of investment or success. Within the environmental context of our study, relationships between maternal glucocorticoid levels and indices fitness vary across reproductive stages.SUMMARY STATEMENTMaternal corticosterone levels predict breeding success of female tree swallows.

The effects of an ectoparasite on reproductive success in the great tit: a 3-year experimental study

1998 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klas Allander
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Parus Major ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Parasite Abundance ◽  
Nest Boxes ◽  
Size Number ◽  
Social Habits ◽  
Breeding Seasons

The effects of ectoparasites on host reproductive success have been studied in a variety of bird species. Most of these studies concern either colonial or hole-nesting birds, which have been suspected of being particularly susceptible to parasites because of their social habits and (or) reuse of old nests. The effects of a horizontally transmitted flea, Ceratophyllus gallinae, on the reproductive success of hole-nesting great tits,Parus major, were experimentally studied over 3 years. Leaving nests in nest boxes in the intervals between breeding seasons does not result in a significant increase in parasite abundance in comparison with nest boxes cleaned between seasons. Flea abundance was reduced by spraying random nests with an insecticide during host egg laying. There were no significant effects of ectoparasite removal on clutch size, number of fledged young, hatching success, or fledging success in any of the 3 years, although a significant interaction between year and treatment in nestling body mass was observed. Thus, in 1 of the 3 years, body mass of nestlings in the sprayed boxes was, on average, significantly greater than that of controls. There was also a negative correlation between flea abundance and mean body mass of the brood. In addition, nestlings produced in flea-free boxes had a significantly higher probability of recruiting locally than nestlings from control nests. The effects of ectoparasites seem to vary over time and also among host populations, which implies that the effects of parasites may interact with other environmental factors.

scholarly journals Sex differences in leptin and cardiometabolic profile after exercise intervention in physically inactive adults with primary hypertension and obesity

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
SMM Maldonado-Martin ◽  
PC Corres ◽  
AMAB Martinezaguirre-Betolaza ◽  
BJI Jurio-Iriarte ◽  
MTE Tous-Espelosin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Primary Hypertension ◽  
Public Institution ◽  
Hypocaloric Diet ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Physically Inactive

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: Public Institution(s). Main funding source(s): University of the Basque Country OnBehalf GIKAFIT PURPOSES. To analyse the change on leptin, body composition, blood pressure (BP), cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and some biochemical parameters in physically inactive women and men with primary hypertension (HTN) and obesity, and to evaluate the potential sex differences in the change after intervention. METHODS. Participants (n = 37 women, n= 40 men, 52.9 ± 6.9 yrs) from the EXERDIET-HTA study were randomized into attention control group (physical activity recommendations) or one of three supervised aerobic exercise groups [two days/week: high-volume (HV) with 45 min of moderate-intensity continuous training, HV and high-intensity interval training (HV-HIIT), and low volume-HIIT (LV-HIIT, 20 min)]. All participants received the same hypocaloric diet. All variables were assessed pre and post intervention (16 weeks). 24 h ambulatory BP monitoring was used to analyze systolic and diastolic BP. A cardiopulmonary exercise test was performed to determine peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak). RESULTS. Following the intervention, there were increments (P < 0.01) in CRF by VO2peak (Women, W = 21.1 ± 3.7 vs. 24.6 ± 4.4 mL·kg-1·min-1, Men, M = 26.3 ± 6.0 vs. 33.1 ± 10.2 mL·kg-1·min-1) and decreases (P < 0.05) in leptin (W = 49.5 ± 23.0 vs. 41.8 ± 19.9 ng/mL, M = 20.5 ± 14.8 vs. 12.9 ± 18.6 ng/mL), body mass (W = 84.7 ± 12.1 vs. 80.3 ± 11.5 kg, M = 97.9 ± 14.4 vs. 91.5 ± 13.3 kg), waist perimeter (W = 97.3 ± 10.7 vs. 94.3 ± 10.9 cm, M = 107.9 ± 8.7 vs. 101.5 ± 7.9 cm), fat mass (W = 42.3 ± 5.1 vs. 38.6 ± 8.4 %, M = 31.2 ± 5.0 vs. 28.0 ± 4.4 %), systolic BP (M = 136.5 ± 12.1 vs. 129.3 ± 12.5 mmHg), diastolic BP (W = 76.2 ± 8.9 vs. 74.1 ± 8.7 mmHg, M = 79.3 ± 7.2 vs. 75.0 ± 8.2 mmHg), total cholesterol (M = 216.1 ± 44.5 vs. 196.1 ± 35.0 mg/dL), insulin (W = 13.4 ± 7.9 vs. 9.4 ± 4.2 mU/L) values. There were significant between-sex differences in body mass (W=-5.2%, M=-6.5%, effect size, ES = 0.073), waist circumference (W=-3.1%, M=-5.9%, ES = 0.114), and VO2peak (W = 14.2%, M = 20.5%, ES = 0.059). CONCLUSIONS. Aerobic exercise along with hypocaloric diet is an effective non-pharmacological tool to induce beneficial changes in women and men in BP and leptin as a mediator of obesity-induced HTN, and other regulatory mechanisms such as body composition, CRF and biochemical profile. The found sex-related differences could confirm the need of individual non-pharmacological strategies.

scholarly journals Effects of Nine-Month Lifestyle Intervention on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: Sex Differences in Obese Individuals

Obesities ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-35
Author(s):  
Florent Besnier ◽  
Anil Nigam ◽  
Martin Juneau ◽  
Valérie Guilbeault ◽  
Elise Latour ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Cardiometabolic Risk ◽  
Interval Training ◽  
Cardiometabolic Risk Factors ◽  
Obese Women ◽  
Baseline Values ◽  
High Intensity Interval

Limited data is available on the sex differences and individual responses of cardiometabolic parameters adjusted with potential confounders (i.e. sex, age, baseline values) after a longer term Mediterranean diet (MedD) and high intensity interval training (HIIT) in obese subjects. The objective of this study was to compare the effects of nine-month MedD counseling and supervised HIIT on cardiometabolic risk factors and individual responses in obese women (n = 99) and obese men (n = 35). Body composition (body mass, fat mass, lean body mass, waist circumference), cardiorespiratory fitness (METs), and cardiometabolic risk factors (blood pressure, blood sample variables) were measured at baseline and after nine months of a program combining MedD and HIIT two to three times a week. When adjusted with sex, age, and baseline values, obese women similarly improved their body composition, METs, and cardiometabolic risk factors vs. obese men. The proportion of responders according to clinical cutoff levels were the same in obese women and men. A longer MedD and HIIT intervention similarly improves body composition, cardiometabolic risk factors, and individual responses in obese women and men, even after adjustment of confounders (sex, age, baseline value).

scholarly journals First evidence for a latitudinal body mass effect in extant Crocodylia and the relationships of their reproductive characters

2020 ◽  
Vol 129 (4) ◽  
pp. 875-887
Author(s):  
Rebecca J Lakin ◽  
Paul M Barrett ◽  
Colin Stevenson ◽  
Robert J Thomas ◽  
Matthew A Wills
Keyword(s):  
Clutch Size ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Incubation Temperature ◽  
Mass Effect ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Egg Mass ◽  
Phylogenetically Independent Contrasts ◽  
Extant Species ◽  
Female Body Mass

Abstract Relationships between distribution patterns and body size have been documented in many endothermic taxa. However, the evidence for these trends in ectotherms generally is equivocal, and there have been no studies of effects in crocodylians specifically. Here, we examine the relationship between latitudinal distribution and body mass in 20 extant species of crocodylians, as well as the relationships between seven important reproductive variables. Using phylogenetically independent contrasts to inform generalized linear models, we provide the first evidence of a latitudinal effect on adult female body mass in crocodylians. In addition, we explore the relationships between reproductive variables including egg mass, hatchling mass and clutch size. We report no correlation between egg mass and clutch size, upholding previously reported within-species trends. We also find no evidence of a correlation between measures of latitudinal range and incubation temperature, contrasting with the trends found in turtles.

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