Nuclear orientation and nuclear cooling experiements in Oxford and Helsinki Part 2. Progress from 1945 to 1970

The development of electron magnetic resonance by E. Zavoisky in 1945–46, and the discovery of hyperfine structure in paramagnetic compounds, soon found applications in cryogenics. Methods suggested for nuclear orientation were followed by experiments on magnetic alignment with the use of the radioactive isotope cobalt–60. These showed that the principles of both parity and charge conjugation are violated. Nuclear cooling reached microkelvin temperatures. † Deceased.