scholarly journals Maximal frustration as an immunological principle

2008 ◽  
Vol 6 (32) ◽  
pp. 321-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Vistulo de Abreu ◽  
P Mostardinha
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Fundamental Problem ◽  
Artificial Immune Systems ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Cellular Systems ◽  
The Body ◽  
Apparent Paradox ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Mathematical Analyses

A fundamental problem in immunology is that of understanding how the immune system selects promptly which cells to kill without harming the body. This problem poses an apparent paradox. Strong reactivity against pathogens seems incompatible with perfect tolerance towards self. We propose a different view on cellular reactivity to overcome this paradox: effector functions should be seen as the outcome of cellular decisions which can be in conflict with other cells' decisions. We argue that if cellular systems are frustrated, then extensive cross-reactivity among the elements in the system can decrease the reactivity of the system as a whole and induce perfect tolerance. Using numerical and mathematical analyses, we discuss two simple models that perform optimal pathogenic detection with no autoimmunity if cells are maximally frustrated. This study strongly suggests that a principle of maximal frustration could be used to build artificial immune systems. It would be interesting to test this principle in the real adaptive immune system.

scholarly journals Vom Huhn abgeleitete Antikörper für Diagnostik und Immuntherapie

BIOspektrum ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 500-504
Author(s):  
Adrian Elter ◽  
Jan P. Bogen ◽  
Jan Habermann ◽  
Harald Kolmar
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Evolutionary Distance ◽  
Biotechnological Applications ◽  
Strong Response ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Human Proteins ◽  
Mammalian Origin

AbstractDue to the large evolutionary distance between birds (Aves) und humans, immunization of chickens with human proteins results in a strong response of the bird’s adaptive immune system to proteins of mammalian origin. Additionally, chicken-derived antibodies display less undesired cross-reactivity in analytical setups than conventional rodent-derived antibodies. Due to these features as well as the facile amplification of antibody-coding genes, chicken-derived antibodies emerged as promising molecules for the immunotherapy and various biotechnological applications.

scholarly journals Cooperation and cheating as innovation: insights from cellular societies

2017 ◽  
Vol 372 (1735) ◽  
pp. 20160421 ◽  
Author(s):  
Athena Aktipis ◽  
Carlo C. Maley
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Human Microbiome ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
The Body ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Constant Tension ◽  
Cellular Cooperation ◽  
Multicellular Organisms

The capacity to innovate is often considered a defining feature of human societies, but it is not a capacity that is unique to human societies: innovation occurs in cellular societies as well. Cellular societies such as multicellular bodies and microbial communities, including the human microbiome, are capable of innovation in response to novel opportunities and threats. Multicellularity represents a suite of innovations for cellular cooperation, but multicellularity also opened up novel opportunities for cells to cheat, exploiting the infrastructure and resources of the body. Multicellular bodies evolve less quickly than the cells within them, leaving them vulnerable to cellular innovations that can lead to cancer and infections. In order to counter these threats, multicellular bodies deploy additional innovations including the adaptive immune system and the development of partnerships with preferred microbial partners. What can we learn from examining these innovations in cooperation and cheating in cellular societies? First, innovation in social systems involves a constant tension between novel mechanisms that enable greater size and complexity of cooperative entities and novel ways of cheating. Second, cultivating cooperation with partners who can rapidly and effectively innovate (such as microbes) is important for large entities including multicellular bodies. And third, multicellularity enabled cells to manage risk socially, allowing organisms to survive in challenging environments where life would otherwise be impossible. Throughout, we ask how insights from cellular societies might be translated into new innovations in human health and medicine, promoting and protecting the cellular cooperation that makes us viable multicellular organisms. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Process and pattern in innovations from cells to societies’.

Defences against infection

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ajit Lalvani ◽  
Katrina Pollock
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
The Body ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Acute Inflammatory Response ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Immune Deficiencies ◽  
Prolonged Response

The immune system is classified into a series of component parts, each specialized to defend the host against infection. Cells of the innate immune system are distributed throughout the body, in the tissues, and in the circulation, to defend against the first signs of danger, combining the acute inflammatory response with the ability to kill and remove invading pathogens. Monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils phagocytose and kill exogenous and endogenous targets, using both oxygen-dependent and oxygen-independent mechanisms. The adaptive immune system creates a structurally specific and prolonged response, mediated by lymphocytes to clear infection and generate immunological memory. In this chapter, the functions of the innate and adaptive immune system are reviewed, together with the clinical features and investigation of acquired and inherited immune deficiencies.

scholarly journals How a well-adapted immune system is organized

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (19) ◽  
pp. 5950-5955 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Mayer ◽  
Vijay Balasubramanian ◽  
Thierry Mora ◽  
Aleksandra M. Walczak
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
General Framework ◽  
Pathogen Detection ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Pathogen Diversity ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Lymphocyte Receptors

The repertoire of lymphocyte receptors in the adaptive immune system protects organisms from diverse pathogens. A well-adapted repertoire should be tuned to the pathogenic environment to reduce the cost of infections. We develop a general framework for predicting the optimal repertoire that minimizes the cost of infections contracted from a given distribution of pathogens. The theory predicts that the immune system will have more receptors for rare antigens than expected from the frequency of encounters; individuals exposed to the same infections will have sparse repertoires that are largely different, but nevertheless exploit cross-reactivity to provide the same coverage of antigens; and the optimal repertoires can be reached via the dynamics of competitive binding of antigens by receptors and selective amplification of stimulated receptors. Our results follow from a tension between the statistics of pathogen detection, which favor a broader receptor distribution, and the effects of cross-reactivity, which tend to concentrate the optimal repertoire onto a few highly abundant clones. Our predictions can be tested in high-throughput surveys of receptor and pathogen diversity.

Evolution and age characteristics of the innate and adaptive immune system

2016 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 74-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.E. Abaturov ◽  
◽  
E.A. Agafonova ◽  
N.I. Abaturova ◽  
V.L. Babich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Adaptive Immune

scholarly journals Unfolded Protein Corona Surrounding Nanotubes Influence the Innate and Adaptive Immune System

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 2004979
Author(s):  
Jun‐Young Park ◽  
Sung Jean Park ◽  
Jun Young Park ◽  
Sang‐Hyun Kim ◽  
Song Kwon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Protein Corona ◽  
Unfolded Protein ◽  
Adaptive Immune
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