scholarly journals Rotation invariant visual processing for spatial memory in insects

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 20180010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Stone ◽  
Michael Mangan ◽  
Antoine Wystrach ◽  
Barbara Webb
Keyword(s):  
Visual Processing ◽  
Visual Memory ◽  
Light Sensitivity ◽  
Current View ◽  
Rotation Invariant ◽  
Invariant Representation ◽  
Visual Homing ◽  
Current Location ◽  
Transfer Of Information ◽  
Compass System

Visual memory is crucial to navigation in many animals, including insects. Here, we focus on the problem of visual homing, that is, using comparison of the view at a current location with a view stored at the home location to control movement towards home by a novel shortcut. Insects show several visual specializations that appear advantageous for this task, including almost panoramic field of view and ultraviolet light sensitivity, which enhances the salience of the skyline. We discuss several proposals for subsequent processing of the image to obtain the required motion information, focusing on how each might deal with the problem of yaw rotation of the current view relative to the home view. Possible solutions include tagging of views with information from the celestial compass system, using multiple views pointing towards home, or rotation invariant encoding of the view. We illustrate briefly how a well-known shape description method from computer vision, Zernike moments, could provide a compact and rotation invariant representation of sky shapes to enhance visual homing. We discuss the biological plausibility of this solution, and also a fourth strategy, based on observed behaviour of insects, that involves transfer of information from visual memory matching to the compass system.

Visual-cognitive processing deficits in pediatric multiple sclerosis

2011 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 449-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
AM Smerbeck ◽  
J Parrish ◽  
D Serafin ◽  
EA Yeh ◽  
B Weinstock-Guttman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Visual Memory ◽  
Intellectual Ability ◽  
Disease Characteristics ◽  
Confrontation Naming ◽  
General Intellectual Ability ◽  
Neuropsychological Assessment Battery ◽  
And Control

Background: Children with multiple sclerosis (MS) can suffer significant cognitive deficits. This study investigates the sensitivity and validity in pediatric MS of two visual processing tests borrowed from the adult literature, the Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised (BVMTR) and the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT). Objective: To test the hypothesis that visual processing is disproportionately impacted in pediatric MS by comparing performance with that of healthy controls on the BVMTR and SDMT. Methods: We studied 88 participants (43 MS, 45 controls) using a neuropsychological assessment battery including measures of intelligence, language, visual memory, and processing speed. Patients and demographically matched controls were compared to determine which tests are most sensitive in pediatric MS. Results: Statistically significant differences were found between the MS and control groups on BVMTR Total Learning ( t (84) = 4.04, p < 0.001, d = 0.87), BVMTR Delayed Recall ( t (84) = 4.45, p < 0.001, d = 0.96), and SDMT ( t (38) = 2.19, p = 0.035, d = 0.69). No significant differences were found between groups on confrontation naming or general intellectual ability. Validity coefficients exploring correlation between BVMTR, SDMT, and disease characteristics were consistent with the adult literature. Conclusions: This study found that BVMTR and SDMT may be useful in assessing children and adolescents with MS.

scholarly journals Neural coding of action planning: visual processing or visual memory?

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. 23
Author(s):  
Simona Monaco ◽  
Elisa Pellencin ◽  
Malfatti Giulia ◽  
Turella Luca
Keyword(s):  
Visual Processing ◽  
Neural Coding ◽  
Visual Memory ◽  
Action Planning

scholarly journals Assessment of normalized cerebral blood flow and its connectivity with migraines without aura during interictal periods by arterial spin labeling

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Di Zhang ◽  
Xiaobin Huang ◽  
Cunnan Mao ◽  
Yuchen Chen ◽  
Zhengfei Miao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cerebral Blood Flow ◽  
Information Integration ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Arterial Spin Labeling ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Spin Labeling ◽  
Light Sensitivity ◽  
Angular Gyrus ◽  
The Right

Abstract Background Migraine constitutes a global health burden, and its pathophysiology is not well-understood; research evaluating cerebral perfusion and altered blood flow between brain areas using non-invasive imaging techniques, such as arterial spin labeling, have been scarce. This study aimed to assess cerebral blood flow (CBF) and its connectivity of migraine. Methods This study enrolled 40 patients with episodic migraine without aura (MwoA), as well as 42 healthy patients as control (HC). Two groups of normalized CBF and CBF connectivity were compared, and the relationship between CBF variation and clinical scale assessment was further evaluated. Results In comparison to HC subjects, MwoA patients exhibited higher CBF in the right middle frontal orbital gyrus (ORBmid.R) and the right middle frontal gyrus, while that in Vermis_6 declined. The increased CBF of ORBmid.R was positively correlated with both the Visual Light Sensitivity Questionnaire-8 (VLSQ-8) and the monthly attack frequency score. In MwoA, significantly decreased CBF connectivity was detected between ORBmid.R and the left superior frontal gyrus, the right putamen, the right caudate, as well as the right angular gyrus. In addition, increased CBF connectivity was observed between the left calcarine cortex and ORBmid.R. Conclusions Our results indicate that migraine patients exhibit abnormalities in regional CBF and feature CBF connection defects at the resting state. The affected areas involve information perception, information integration, and emotional, pain and visual processing. Our findings might provide important clues for the pathophysiology of migraine.

scholarly journals Changes in structural network topology correlate with severity of hallucinatory behavior in Parkinson’s disease

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 521-538 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie M. Hall ◽  
Claire O’Callaghan ◽  
Alana J. Muller ◽  
Kaylena A. Ehgoetz Martens ◽  
Joseph R. Phillips ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Network Topology ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Occipital Cortex ◽  
Structural Network ◽  
Visual Cortices ◽  
Transfer Of Information ◽  
Lateral Occipital Cortex

Inefficient integration between bottom-up visual input and higher order visual processing regions is implicated in visual hallucinations in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Here, we investigated white matter contributions to this perceptual imbalance hypothesis. Twenty-nine PD patients were assessed for hallucinatory behavior. Hallucination severity was correlated to connectivity strength of the network using the network-based statistic approach. The results showed that hallucination severity was associated with reduced connectivity within a subnetwork that included the majority of the diverse club. This network showed overall greater between-module scores compared with nodes not associated with hallucination severity. Reduced between-module connectivity in the lateral occipital cortex, insula, and pars orbitalis and decreased within-module connectivity in the prefrontal, somatosensory, and primary visual cortices were associated with hallucination severity. Conversely, hallucination severity was associated with increased between- and within-module connectivity in the orbitofrontal and temporal cortex, as well as regions comprising the dorsal attentional and default mode network. These results suggest that hallucination severity is associated with marked alterations in structural network topology with changes in participation along the perceptual hierarchy. This may result in the inefficient transfer of information that gives rise to hallucinations in PD.

scholarly journals A-249 Evidence for Frontal Lobe Involvement in the Visual Processing Streams

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 1044-1044
Author(s):  
Leonard S ◽  
Hall T
Keyword(s):  
Frontal Lobe ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Visual Memory ◽  
Word Reading ◽  
Parietal Lobe ◽  
Occipital Lobe ◽  
Current Case ◽  
Verbal Skills ◽  
Orbital Roof ◽  
Visual Spatial

Abstract Objective Extant literature supports the “Two-Stream Hypothesis” of visual processing including a ventral stream (connecting the occipital lobe to the temporal lobe) and a dorsal stream (connecting the occipital lobe to the parietal lobe), but is not traditionally believed to involve the frontal lobe. Method “Eddie”, a healthy 14-year-old male, sustained a penetrating brain injury by accidentally lodging a pool cue through his right orbital bones and piercing his right frontal lobe through to the skull. He was ambulatory, awake, and alert on arrival to the ED, with a laceration, swelling, and bleeding of the eyelid. A cranial CT revealed a complex orbital roof fracture, injury to the orbit, and right frontal contusions. Eddie underwent a right supraorbital craniotomy with repair of the orbital roof fracture and debridement of bony fragments. Post-operative MRI revealed right frontal parenchymal edema and patchy areas of contusion. Results Neuropsychological evaluation revealed a robust cognitive reserve including verbal skills, working memory, processing speed, and word reading skills in the high average. Eddie demonstrated significant discrepancies in visually mediated skills including relatively weaker visual–spatial skills (24 standard score (SS) points lower than verbal skills), fluid reasoning with visual problem-solving (30 SS points lower than verbal skills), low average judgment of line orientation, and a discrepancy between verbal and visual memory. He also demonstrated mild difficulties consistent with his right orbito-frontal injury including weaknesses regarding impulsivity, self-monitoring, planning, and task approach. Conclusions The current case demonstrates possible involvement of the frontal lobe in the visual processing pathways.

scholarly journals Visual processing and visual memory in ant navigation

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Webb Barbara ◽  
Mangan Michael ◽  
Ardin Paul
Keyword(s):  
Visual Processing ◽  
Visual Memory ◽  
Ant Navigation

The Structure of the Retina of the Eurasian Eagle-Owl and its Relation to Lifestyle

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Belén Alix ◽  
Yolanda Segovia ◽  
Magdalena García
Keyword(s):  
Visual Processing ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Pigment Epithelium ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Amacrine Cells ◽  
Light Sensitivity ◽  
Inner Nuclear Layer ◽  
Eagle Owl ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Epithelium Cells

The retinal layers of birds are the same as those of other vertebrates; however, some variations exist in morphology, areas of visual acuity, and retinal vascularisation. Moreover, as a result of the relationship between environment, visual perception and behaviour, some variations are observed between diurnal and nocturnal birds. In this study, we have investigated the retina of the Eurasian Eagle-owl ( Bubo bubo hispanicus) by optical microscopy. The results indicate that the retina has features of both nocturnal and diurnal birds. The pigment epithelium cells have long prolongations filled with melanin granules. The rod is the dominant photoreceptor, but simple cones are abundant. Yellow and colourless oil droplets and paraboloid are present in the inner segment of cones. In the inner nuclear layer, the cell bodies of horizontal cells can easily be recognised by a large and pale cytoplasm. Bipolar cell perikarya are identified by their dark nuclei and the round and narrow cytoplasm. Amacrine cells, located in the inner border of the inner nuclear layer, have a round perikarya and lightly stained nuclei. Müller cells bodies, also located in this region, have an irregular shape. Finally, ganglion cells which are characterised by the prominent nuclei and nucleoli vary in size and abundance depending on different regions in the retina. The morphological characteristics of this retina indicate that B. b. hispanicus have a high light sensitivity, the capacity to discriminate colour, a complex visual processing in the inner retina in order to mediate contrast and motion and, possibly, an elevated acuity in areas of high photoreceptor and ganglion cell density.

scholarly journals Acute Stimulant Ingestion and Neurocognitive Performance in Healthy Participants

2015 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
pp. 453-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael E. Powers
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Attention Deficit Disorder ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Visual Memory ◽  
Efficiency Index ◽  
Cognitive Testing ◽  
Motor Speed ◽  
Neurocognitive Performance ◽  
Cognitive Efficiency ◽  
And Control

Context Concussion management has become an area of great concern in athletics, and neurocognitive tests, such as Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing (ImPACT), are commonly used as management tools. Given the restrictive nature of current management plans, anecdotal concerns have been raised about athletes trying to cheat the assessments and return to participation sooner. Stimulants have been shown to improve neurocognitive measures similar to those used in ImPACT. Therefore, they could possibly improve performance during baseline and postinjury testing. Objective To examine the effects of a supplement containing stimulants on ImPACT performance. Design Crossover study. Setting Research laboratory. Patients or Other Participants A total of 5 men (age = 20.6 ± 1.5 years, height = 176.3 ± 9.6 cm, mass = 76.9 ± 18.6 kg) and 7 women (age = 20.6 ± 1.1 years, height = 162.9 ± 7.8 cm, mass = 60.9 ± 8.2 kg) with no histories of physician-diagnosed head injury, learning disability, or attention-deficit disorder. Intervention(s) Participants were assessed under supplement (5.5 g of Jacked 3D, which contains caffeine and 1,3-dimethylamylamine), placebo, and control conditions separated by 1 week. Main Outcome Measure(s) I compared ImPACT composite scores for verbal and visual memory, visual motor speed, reaction time, impulse control, and a cognitive-efficiency index under each of the 3 conditions and assessed them 30 minutes after ingestion. Results I observed a difference when comparing reaction times, as the participants reacted faster during the supplement condition (0.53 ± 0.03 seconds) than during the placebo (0.55 ± 0.03 seconds) and control (0.55 ± 0.03 seconds) conditions (F2,22 = 4.31, P = .03). A difference also was observed for the cognitive-efficiency index, as participants scored higher during the supplement condition (0.49 ± 0.09) than during the placebo (0.41 ± 0.10) and control (0.41 ± 0.12) conditions (F2,22 = 4.07, P = .03). Conclusions Stimulant ingestion 30 minutes before testing resulted in improved memory, visual processing speed, and reaction time. However, the improvements were relatively nominal, and the question of clinical importance remains. Thus, it is unclear if stimulant ingestion would affect the return-to-participation progression.

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