scholarly journals Poly(lactide- co -glycolide) porous scaffolds for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 366-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhen Pan ◽  
Jiandong Ding
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Regenerative Medicine ◽  
Porous Scaffolds ◽  
Plga Scaffold ◽  
Degradation Rates ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Facile Fabrication

Porous scaffolds fabricated from biocompatible and biodegradable polymers play vital roles in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Among various scaffold matrix materials, poly(lactide- co -glycolide) (PLGA) is a very popular and an important biodegradable polyester owing to its tunable degradation rates, good mechanical properties and processibility, etc. This review highlights the progress on PLGA scaffolds. In the latest decade, some facile fabrication approaches at room temperature were put forward; more appropriate pore structures were designed and achieved; the mechanical properties were investigated both for dry and wet scaffolds; a long time biodegradation of the PLGA scaffold was observed and a three-stage model was established; even the effects of pore size and porosity on in vitro biodegradation were revealed; the PLGA scaffolds have also been implanted into animals, and some tissues have been regenerated in vivo after loading cells including stem cells.

scholarly journals Biodegradable Polyphosphazene Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering and Delivery of Therapeutics

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda L. Baillargeon ◽  
Kibret Mequanint
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Regenerative Medicine ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Broad Class ◽  
Reaction Scheme ◽  
Amino Acid Ester ◽  
Degradation Rates ◽  
Wide Range

Degradable biomaterials continue to play a major role in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine as well as for delivering therapeutic agents. Although the chemistry of polyphosphazenes has been studied extensively, a systematic review of their applications for a wide range of biomedical applications is lacking. Polyphosphazenes are synthesized through a relatively well-known two-step reaction scheme which involves the substitution of the initial linear precursor with a wide range of nucleophiles. The ease of substitution has led to the development of a broad class of materials that have been studied for numerous biomedical applications including as scaffold materials for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. The objective of this review is to discuss the suitability of poly(amino acid ester)phosphazene biomaterials in regard to their unique stimuli responsive properties, tunable degradation rates and mechanical properties, as well asin vitroandin vivobiocompatibility. The application of these materials in areas such as tissue engineering and drug delivery is discussed systematically. Lastly, the utility of polyphosphazenes is further extended as they are being employed in blend materials for new applications and as another method of tailoring material properties.

scholarly journals Development of Biopolymeric Hybrid Scaffold-Based on AAc/GO/nHAp/TiO2 Nanocomposite for Bone Tissue Engineering: In-Vitro Analysis

Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1319
Author(s):  
Muhammad Umar Aslam Khan ◽  
Wafa Shamsan Al-Arjan ◽  
Mona Saad Binkadem ◽  
Hassan Mehboob ◽  
Adnan Haider ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Bone Tissue Engineering ◽  
Bone Tissue ◽  
Guar Gum ◽  
Porous Scaffolds ◽  
Vitro Assay ◽  
Vitro Analysis ◽  
Nanocomposite Scaffolds

Bone tissue engineering is an advanced field for treatment of fractured bones to restore/regulate biological functions. Biopolymeric/bioceramic-based hybrid nanocomposite scaffolds are potential biomaterials for bone tissue because of biodegradable and biocompatible characteristics. We report synthesis of nanocomposite based on acrylic acid (AAc)/guar gum (GG), nano-hydroxyapatite (HAp NPs), titanium nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs), and optimum graphene oxide (GO) amount via free radical polymerization method. Porous scaffolds were fabricated through freeze-drying technique and coated with silver sulphadiazine. Different techniques were used to investigate functional group, crystal structural properties, morphology/elemental properties, porosity, and mechanical properties of fabricated scaffolds. Results show that increasing amount of TiO2 in combination with optimized GO has improved physicochemical and microstructural properties, mechanical properties (compressive strength (2.96 to 13.31 MPa) and Young’s modulus (39.56 to 300.81 MPa)), and porous properties (pore size (256.11 to 107.42 μm) and porosity (79.97 to 44.32%)). After 150 min, silver sulfadiazine release was found to be ~94.1%. In vitro assay of scaffolds also exhibited promising results against mouse pre-osteoblast (MC3T3-E1) cell lines. Hence, these fabricated scaffolds would be potential biomaterials for bone tissue engineering in biomedical engineering.

scholarly journals Natural Architectures for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 47
Author(s):  
Floris Honig ◽  
Steven Vermeulen ◽  
Amir A. Zadpoor ◽  
Jan de Boer ◽  
Lidy E. Fratila-Apachitei
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Regenerative Medicine ◽  
Surface Properties ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Cell Behaviour ◽  
Cell Responses ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Functional Biomaterials

The ability to control the interactions between functional biomaterials and biological systems is of great importance for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. However, the underlying mechanisms defining the interplay between biomaterial properties and the human body are complex. Therefore, a key challenge is to design biomaterials that mimic the in vivo microenvironment. Over millions of years, nature has produced a wide variety of biological materials optimised for distinct functions, ranging from the extracellular matrix (ECM) for structural and biochemical support of cells to the holy lotus with special wettability for self-cleaning effects. Many of these systems found in biology possess unique surface properties recognised to regulate cell behaviour. Integration of such natural surface properties in biomaterials can bring about novel cell responses in vitro and provide greater insights into the processes occurring at the cell-biomaterial interface. Using natural surfaces as templates for bioinspired design can stimulate progress in the field of regenerative medicine, tissue engineering and biomaterials science. This literature review aims to combine the state-of-the-art knowledge in natural and nature-inspired surfaces, with an emphasis on material properties known to affect cell behaviour.

scholarly journals Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of PU/PLDL Sponges Intended for Grafting Injured Spinal Cord

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 2693
Author(s):  
Anna Lis-Bartos ◽  
Dariusz Szarek ◽  
Małgorzata Krok-Borkowicz ◽  
Krzysztof Marycz ◽  
Włodzimierz Jarmundowicz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Young Modulus ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Polymer Composition ◽  
In Vitro Toxicity ◽  
Injured Spinal Cord ◽  
Degradation Rates

Highly porous, elastic, and degradable polyurethane and polyurethane/polylactide (PU/PLDL) sponges, in various shapes and sizes, with open interconnected pores, and porosity up to 90% have been manufactured. They have been intended for gap filling in the injured spinal cord. The porosity of the sponges depended on the content of polylactide, i.e., it decreased with the increase of polylactide content. The rise of polylactide content caused an increase of Young modulus and rigidity as well as a more complex morphology of the polyurethane/polylactide blends. The mechanical properties, in vitro toxicity, and degradation in artificial cerebrospinal fluid were tested. Sponges underwent continuous degradation with varying degradation rates depending on the polymer composition. In vitro cell studies with fibroblast cultures proved the biocompatibility of the polymers. Based on the obtained results, the designed PU/PLDL sponges appeared to be promising candidates for bridging gaps within injured spinal cord in further in vitro and in vivo studies.

Review: In Vitro, in Vivo, in Silico: Computational Systems in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine

2005 ◽  
Vol 11 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 341-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
John L. Semple ◽  
Nicholis Woolridge ◽  
Charles J. Lumsden
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Regenerative Medicine ◽  
In Silico ◽  
Computational Systems

Functional Tissue Engineering: The Role of Biomechanics

2000 ◽  
Vol 122 (6) ◽  
pp. 570-575 ◽  
Author(s):  
David L. Butler ◽  
Steven A. Goldstein ◽  
Farshid Guilak
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Physical Factors ◽  
Cellular Activity ◽  
Biosynthetic Activity ◽  
Functional Tissue Engineering ◽  
Functional Tissue ◽  
Engineered Tissues

“Tissue engineering” uses implanted cells, scaffolds, DNA, protein, and/or protein fragments to replace or repair injured or diseased tissues and organs. Despite its early success, tissue engineers have faced challenges in repairing or replacing tissues that serve a predominantly biomechanical function. An evolving discipline called “functional tissue engineering” (FTE) seeks to address these challenges. In this paper, the authors present principles of functional tissue engineering that should be addressed when engineering repairs and replacements for load-bearing structures. First, in vivo stress/strain histories need to be measured for a variety of activities. These in vivo data provide mechanical thresholds that tissue repairs/replacements will likely encounter after surgery. Second, the mechanical properties of the native tissues must be established for subfailure and failure conditions. These “baseline data” provide parameters within the expected thresholds for different in vivo activities and beyond these levels if safety factors are to be incorporated. Third, a subset of these mechanical properties must be selected and prioritized. This subset is important, given that the mechanical properties of the designs are not expected to completely duplicate the properties of the native tissues. Fourth, standards must be set when evaluating the repairs/replacements after surgery so as to determine, “how good is good enough?” Some aspects of the repair outcome may be inferior, but other mechanical characteristics of the repairs and replacements might be suitable. New and improved methods must also be developed for assessing the function of engineered tissues. Fifth, the effects of physical factors on cellular activity must be determined in engineered tissues. Knowing these signals may shorten the iterations required to replace a tissue successfully and direct cellular activity and phenotype toward a desired end goal. Finally, to effect a better repair outcome, cell-matrix implants may benefit from being mechanically stimulated using in vitro “bioreactors” prior to implantation. Increasing evidence suggests that mechanical stress, as well as other physical factors, may significantly increase the biosynthetic activity of cells in bioartificial matrices. Incorporating each of these principles of functional tissue engineering should result in safer and more efficacious repairs and replacements for the surgeon and patient. [S0148-0731(00)00206-5]

scholarly journals A Review of Current Regenerative Medicine Strategies that Utilize Nanotechnology to Treat Cartilage Damage

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 862-876 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Kumar ◽  
M. Griffin ◽  
P.E. Butler
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Regenerative Medicine ◽  
Cartilage Damage ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Cartilage Defects ◽  
Biomimetic Scaffolds ◽  
Cartilage Reconstruction ◽  
Biomaterial Science

Background: Cartilage is an important tissue found in a variety of anatomical locations. Damage to cartilage is particularly detrimental, owing to its intrinsically poor healing capacity. Current reconstructive options for cartilage repair are limited, and alternative approaches are required. Biomaterial science and Tissue engineering are multidisciplinary areas of research that integrate biological and engineering principles for the purpose of restoring premorbid tissue function. Biomaterial science traditionally focuses on the replacement of diseased or damaged tissue with implants. Conversely, tissue engineering utilizes porous biomimetic scaffolds, containing cells and bioactive molecules, to regenerate functional tissue. However, both paradigms feature several disadvantages. Faced with the increasing clinical burden of cartilage defects, attention has shifted towards the incorporation of Nanotechnology into these areas of regenerative medicine. Methods: Searches were conducted on Pubmed using the terms “cartilage”, “reconstruction”, “nanotechnology”, “nanomaterials”, “tissue engineering” and “biomaterials”. Abstracts were examined to identify articles of relevance, and further papers were obtained from the citations within. Results: The content of 96 articles was ultimately reviewed. The literature yielded no studies that have progressed beyond in vitro and in vivo experimentation. Several limitations to the use of nanomaterials to reconstruct damaged cartilage were identified in both the tissue engineering and biomaterial fields. Conclusion: Nanomaterials have unique physicochemical properties that interact with biological systems in novel ways, potentially opening new avenues for the advancement of constructs used to repair cartilage. However, research into these technologies is in its infancy, and clinical translation remains elusive.

A Strain Energy-Based Constitutive Model for Continuous-Fiber Tissue Engineered Valved Conduit Tissue

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chad E. Eckert ◽  
Michael S. Sacks
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Strain Energy ◽  
Growth And Remodeling ◽  
Continuous Fiber ◽  
Analog System ◽  
Mechanical Quality ◽  
Valved Conduit

Understanding growth and remodeling of extracelluar matrix (ECM) embedded in a scaffold phase is crucial for improving tissue engineering efforts, especially within the context of a mechanically-demanding enviroment to which engineered heart valve tissues (EHVT) are subjected. Our previous modeling efforts at short in vitro timepoints (one to three weeks) [1] illustrated the strong dependency of ECM-scaffold composite mechanical properties on that of the existing continuous scaffold phase. In this work, we build on these efforts by developing a generalized, large-deformation continuum-based model for short timepoint in vitro/in vivo environments and validating it using a ECM-analog system to simulate remodeling tissue. It is our intent to estimate the ECM mechanical quality from the measured scaffold-ECM composite.

scholarly journals Scaffolding Strategies for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Applications

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 1824 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Pina ◽  
Viviana P. Ribeiro ◽  
Catarina F. Marques ◽  
F. Raquel Maia ◽  
Tiago H. Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Regenerative Medicine ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Inorganic Materials ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Cellular Interactions ◽  
Preclinical Research

During the past two decades, tissue engineering and the regenerative medicine field have invested in the regeneration and reconstruction of pathologically altered tissues, such as cartilage, bone, skin, heart valves, nerves and tendons, and many others. The 3D structured scaffolds and hydrogels alone or combined with bioactive molecules or genes and cells are able to guide the development of functional engineered tissues, and provide mechanical support during in vivo implantation. Naturally derived and synthetic polymers, bioresorbable inorganic materials, and respective hybrids, and decellularized tissue have been considered as scaffolding biomaterials, owing to their boosted structural, mechanical, and biological properties. A diversity of biomaterials, current treatment strategies, and emergent technologies used for 3D scaffolds and hydrogel processing, and the tissue-specific considerations for scaffolding for Tissue engineering (TE) purposes are herein highlighted and discussed in depth. The newest procedures focusing on the 3D behavior and multi-cellular interactions of native tissues for further use for in vitro model processing are also outlined. Completed and ongoing preclinical research trials for TE applications using scaffolds and hydrogels, challenges, and future prospects of research in the regenerative medicine field are also presented.

scholarly journals A State-of-the-Art of Functional Scaffolds for 3D Nervous Tissue Regeneration

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Grazia Tupone ◽  
Michele d’Angelo ◽  
Vanessa Castelli ◽  
Mariano Catanesi ◽  
Elisabetta Benedetti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Regenerative Medicine ◽  
Tissue Regeneration ◽  
Nervous Tissue ◽  
Functional Materials ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Cell Phenotype ◽  
Specific Cell

Exploring and developing multifunctional intelligent biomaterials is crucial to improve next-generation therapies in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Recent findings show how distinct characteristics of in situ microenvironment can be mimicked by using different biomaterials. In vivo tissue architecture is characterized by the interconnection between cells and specific components of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Last evidence shows the importance of the structure and composition of the ECM in the development of cellular and molecular techniques, to achieve the best biodegradable and bioactive biomaterial compatible to human physiology. Such biomaterials provide specialized bioactive signals to regulate the surrounding biological habitat, through the progression of wound healing and biomaterial integration. The connection between stem cells and biomaterials stimulate the occurrence of specific modifications in terms of cell properties and fate, influencing then processes such as self-renewal, cell adhesion and differentiation. Recent studies in the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine have shown to deal with a broad area of applications, offering the most efficient and suitable strategies to neural repair and regeneration, drawing attention towards the potential use of biomaterials as 3D tools for in vitro neurodevelopment of tissue models, both in physiological and pathological conditions. In this direction, there are several tools supporting cell regeneration, which associate cytokines and other soluble factors delivery through the scaffold, and different approaches considering the features of the biomaterials, for an increased functionalization of the scaffold and for a better promotion of neural proliferation and cells-ECM interplay. In fact, 3D scaffolds need to ensure a progressive and regular delivery of cytokines, growth factors, or biomolecules, and moreover they should serve as a guide and support for injured tissues. It is also possible to create scaffolds with different layers, each one possessing different physical and biochemical aspects, able to provide at the same time organization, support and maintenance of the specific cell phenotype and diversified ECM morphogenesis. Our review summarizes the most recent advancements in functional materials, which are crucial to achieve the best performance and at the same time, to overcome the current limitations in tissue engineering and nervous tissue regeneration.

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