Brian Eyre CBE FREng. 29 November 1933 — 28 July 2014

2016 ◽  
Vol 62 ◽  
pp. 147-166
Author(s):  
Derek Pooley ◽  
George Smith ◽  
Colin Windsor
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Chief Executive ◽  
Structural Components ◽  
Theoretical Understanding ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Void Swelling ◽  
Intergranular Embrittlement ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
East End ◽  
The Uk

Brian Eyre was an outstanding metallurgist who played a leading role in the development of nuclear engineering materials. His experiments on irradiated metals enabled a theoretical understanding of the mechanisms of radiation damage, and in particular the formation of voids and void swelling in structural steels. His work on the fracture of metals advanced our understanding of intergranular embrittlement and helped define the specifications of the structural components in nuclear reactors. He rose from a humble upbringing in London's East End to become Chief Executive of the UK Atomic Energy Authority (UKAEA). He was instrumental in transforming the UKAEA from a organization whose mission was to develop nuclear power generating systems into the privatized AEA Technology, which worked on a wide range of technologies on a customer–contractor basis.

Gamma Spectrometry Systems for the Assay of Uranium Residues and Potentially Contaminated Low Level Wastes at the Capenhurst Site

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Clark ◽  
D. F. Parvin ◽  
C. Y. Powrie ◽  
C. H. Orr ◽  
G. Mottershead ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Matrix Correction ◽  
Uranium Recovery ◽  
Measurement Systems ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Fuel Fabrication ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Contaminated Waste ◽  
The Uk ◽  
High Level

BNFL has produced and operates a wide range of DrumScan® gamma measurement systems for monitoring packages, drums and boxed wastes arising from nuclear power plant reprocessing, fuel fabrication and decommissioning operations. The challenges associated with decommissioning operations are met by employing a range of technologies predominantly High Resolution and Low Resolution spectrometry (HRGS & LRGS). This paper describes how BNFL Instruments’ LRGS and HRGS DrumScan® gamma measurement systems have been used for the assay of uranium resides and potentially contaminated low level wastes by Capenhurst Integrated Decommissioning Project (IDP) in the UK. A description of the two Capenhurst segmented HRGS systems is included. Whilst Segmented Gamma Scanning is a well established technique for the non-destructive assay of gamma emitting radioisotopes in drummed waste, these systems utlise unique features to address the specific measurement requirements. The first system is configured for the accurate measurement of both small sized containers of uranium residues arising from recovery operations and low level wastes potentially contaminated with uranium contained in 200 litre drums. To achieve a high level of accuracy, this system uses a novel mechanical arrangement to overcome the wide variety of container sizes, and the unique “TransWeight” and “Transmission” matrix correction techniques which provide significant improvements over conventional Segmented Gamma Scanner matrix correction techniques. The second system is configured for Nuclear Safety purposes to provide an upper limit of the 235U present in 200 litre drums of potentially contaminated waste prior to the opening of the drums for sorting and uranium recovery operations. This system is configured to report an appropriately pessimistic upper estimate of the 235U present. A brief description of the LRGS systems used by Capenhurst is also provided. These systems have served to quantify the 235U content within a variety of potentially contaminated waste items ranging from 200 litre drums to 1m3 boxed waste.

The Benefits of Cementitious Encapsulation Matrices for the Conditioning of Intermediate Level Waste

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Guppy ◽  
S. P. Vines ◽  
S. J. Wisbey
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Chemical Diversity ◽  
Intermediate Level ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Extensive Experience ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Uk ◽  
High Level ◽  
Interim Storage

The UK has significant quantities of radioactive waste, which have arisen over the past fifty years or so, largely as a result of nuclear power, reprocessing and defence programmes. The intermediate level wastes arising as a result of these activities, exhibit a high level of physical and chemical diversity, and must be managed safely in a way that protects existing and future generations and the environment. Development work has been conducted since the early 1980s to identify suitable conditioning materials and techniques that are compatible with the needs of safe long-term management, including interim storage, transport and future deep geological disposal. From these studies cementation emerged as the one medium which could satisfy all the key waste management criteria. Other materials were not ruled out and may offer benefits in specific applications. The advantages of conditioning ILW with cement include: • the extensive experience of its use in a wide variety of contexts; • the raw materials are relatively cheap and have a long shelf life; • cement is processed in relatively simple plant at room temperature, with safety and cost benefits for plant operators; • the product is fire resistant and of relatively low toxicity; • cement is capable of immobilising a wide range of wastes ranging from solids to aqueous slurries; • cement provides desirable product properties. Desirable properties include: • suitable strength, • chemical control of radionuclide leading to enhanced retention, • good corrosion protection for steels, • low permeability, • tolerance to radiation, • durability over extended timescales, and • good radiation self-shielding properties. Several waste packaging plants are now operational in the UK using cement-based encapsulants. These are currently conditioning ILW for interim storage, in a manner suitable for future transport and compatible with the Nirex phased deep disposal concept. This paper will describe the development of cement-based encapsulants to meet the needs of UK radioactive wastes, and will provide examples of the supporting product quality data.

scholarly journals CTF and FLOCAL Thermal Hydraulics Validations and Verifications within a Multiscale and Multiphysics Software Development

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 1220
Author(s):  
Sebastian Davies ◽  
Ulrich Rohde ◽  
Dzianis Litskevich ◽  
Bruno Merk ◽  
Paul Bryce ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Software Development ◽  
Turbulent Mixing ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Nuclear Reactor ◽  
Journal Article ◽  
Thermal Hydraulics ◽  
Reactor Physics ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Simulation Codes

Simulation codes allow one to reduce the high conservativism in nuclear reactor design improving the reliability and sustainability associated with nuclear power. Full-core coupled reactor physics at the rod level are not provided by most simulation codes. This has led in the UK to the development of a multiscale and multiphysics software development focused on LWRS. In terms of the thermal hydraulics, simulation codes suitable for this multiscale and multiphysics software development include the subchannel code CTF and the thermal hydraulics module FLOCAL of the nodal code DYN3D. In this journal article, CTF and FLOCAL thermal hydraulics validations and verifications within the multiscale and multiphysics software development have been performed to evaluate the accuracy and methodology available to obtain thermal hydraulics at the rod level in both simulation codes. These validations and verifications have proved that CTF is a highly accurate subchannel code for thermal hydraulics. In addition, these verifications have proved that CTF provides a wide range of crossflow and turbulent mixing methods, while FLOCAL in general provides the simplified no-crossflow method as the rest of the methods were only tested during its implementation into DYN3D.

scholarly journals Walter Eric Spear. 20 January 1921 — 21 February 2008

2009 ◽  
Vol 55 ◽  
pp. 267-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfred Adams
Keyword(s):  
Academic Staff ◽  
Amorphous Semiconductors ◽  
Theoretical Understanding ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Basic Physics ◽  
Considerable Impact ◽  
Computer Monitors ◽  
Physics Department ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The University

Walter Spear was a multi-talented individual who decided to make a career in science in the UK. After his studies in London he joined the academic staff of the Physics Department in Leicester in 1953. In 1968 he was appointed to the Harris Chair of Physics at the University of Dundee in Scotland, where he stayed until retirement. Although his work was primarily driven by a desire to understand the basic physics of electrical conduction in solids, his discoveries had considerable impact on the electronics industry. For example, he will be well remembered for his research on amorphous semiconductors, which resulted in a variety of applications within the optoelectronics industry, including solar cells and the liquid crystal displays (LCDs) used in televisions, computer monitors and a wide range of hand-held devices. His work was characterized throughout by high experimental skill, felicitous choice of materials and full theoretical understanding. Walter won many international prizes during his career, including the Royal Society Rumford Medal in 1990.

Unlock imagined: arts in criminal justice

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-143
Author(s):  
Alison Frater
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Criminal Justice System ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
Personal Perspective ◽  
Theoretical Understanding ◽  
The Arts ◽  
Optimistic Picture ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Causes Of Crime

Starting with a personal perspective this piece outlines the place and role of the arts in the criminal justice system in the UK. It paints an optimistic picture, though an unsettling one, because the imagination and reflexiveness of the arts reveals a great deal about the causes of crime and the consequences of incarceration. It raises questions about the transforming impact of the arts: how the benefits could, and should, be optimised and why evaluations of arts interventions are consistent in identifying the need for a non-coercive, more socially focused, paradigm for rehabilitation. It concludes that the deeper the arts are embedded in the criminal justice system the greater the benefits will be, that a more interdisciplinary approach would support better theoretical understanding, and that increased capacity to deliver arts in the criminal justice system is needed to offer more people a creative pathway out of crime.

ESRC Review

2020 ◽  
pp. 657-698
Author(s):  
Simeon J. Yates ◽  
Jordana Blejmar
Keyword(s):  
Social Research ◽  
Social Science Research ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Science Research ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Us ◽  
Levels Of Automation ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Technological World ◽  
Ways Of Being

Two workshops were part of the final steps in the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) commissioned Ways of Being in a Digital Age project that is the basis for this Handbook. The ESRC project team coordinated one with the UK Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (ESRC-DSTL) Workshop, “The automation of future roles”; and one with the US National Science Foundation (ESRC-NSF) Workshop, “Changing work, changing lives in the new technological world.” Both workshops sought to explore the key future social science research questions arising for ever greater levels of automation, use of artificial intelligence, and the augmentation of human activity. Participants represented a wide range of disciplinary, professional, government, and nonprofit expertise. This chapter summarizes the separate and then integrated results. First, it summarizes the central social and economic context, the method and project context, and some basic definitional issues. It then identifies 11 priority areas needing further research work that emerged from the intense interactions, discussions, debates, clustering analyses, and integration activities during and after the two workshops. Throughout, it summarizes how subcategories of issues within each cluster relate to central issues (e.g., from users to global to methods) and levels of impacts (from wider social to community and organizational to individual experiences and understandings). Subsections briefly describe each of these 11 areas and their cross-cutting issues and levels. Finally, it provides a detailed Appendix of all the areas, subareas, and their specific questions.

Punk as Folk: Continuities and Tensions in the UK and Beyond

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pete Dale
Keyword(s):  
Folk Music ◽  
Music Making ◽  
Collective Creativity ◽  
Living Tradition ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Uk

Numerous claims have been made by a wide range of commentators that punk is somehow “a folk music” of some kind. Doubtless there are several continuities. Indeed, both tend to encourage amateur music-making, both often have affiliations with the Left, and both emerge at least partly from a collective/anti-competitive approach to music-making. However, there are also significant tensions between punk and folk as ideas/ideals and as applied in practice. Most obviously, punk makes claims to a “year zero” creativity (despite inevitably offering re-presentation of at least some existing elements in every instance), whereas folk music is supposed to carry forward a tradition (which, thankfully, is more recognized in recent decades as a subject-to-change “living tradition” than was the case in folk’s more purist periods). Politically, meanwhile, postwar folk has tended more toward a socialist and/or Marxist orientation, both in the US and UK, whereas punk has at least rhetorically claimed to be in favor of “anarchy” (in the UK, in particular). Collective creativity and competitive tendencies also differ between the two (perceived) genre areas. Although the folk scene’s “floor singer” tradition offers a dispersal of expressive opportunity comparable in some ways to the “anyone can do it” idea that gets associated with punk, the creative expectation of the individual within the group differs between the two. Punk has some similarities to folk, then, but there are tensions, too, and these are well worth examining if one is serious about testing out the common claim, in both folk and punk, that “anyone can do it.”

scholarly journals Anti-Biofilm Molecules Targeting Functional Amyloids

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 795
Author(s):  
Leticia Matilla-Cuenca ◽  
Alejandro Toledo-Arana ◽  
Jaione Valle
Keyword(s):  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Therapeutic Strategy ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Structural Components ◽  
Significant Issue ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Effective Therapeutic Strategy ◽  
Functional Amyloids ◽  
Biofilm Matrix

The choice of an effective therapeutic strategy in the treatment of biofilm-related infections is a significant issue. Amyloids, which have been historically related to human diseases, are now considered to be prevailing structural components of the biofilm matrix in a wide range of bacteria. This assumption creates the potential for an exciting research area, in which functional amyloids are considered to be attractive targets for drug development to dissemble biofilm structures. The present review describes the best-characterized bacterial functional amyloids and focuses on anti-biofilm agents that target intrinsic and facultative amyloids. This study provides a better understanding of the different modes of actions of the anti-amyloid molecules to inhibit biofilm formation. This information can be further exploited to improve the therapeutic strategies to combat biofilm-related infections.

scholarly journals Leadership or luck? Randomization inference for leader effects in politics, business, and sports

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. eabe3404
Author(s):  
Christopher R. Berry ◽  
Anthony Fowler
Keyword(s):  
Chief Executive Officers ◽  
Chief Executive ◽  
Anecdotal Evidence ◽  
Political Leaders ◽  
Quantitative Test ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Randomization Inference ◽  
Executive Officers ◽  
Sports Coaches

Anecdotal evidence suggests that some leaders are more effective than others but observed differences in outcomes between leaders could be attributable to chance variation. To solve this inferential problem, we develop a quantitative test of leader effects that provides more reliable inferences than previous strategies, and we implement the test in the settings of politics, business, and sports. We find significant effects of political leaders, particularly in nondemocracies. We find little evidence that chief executive officers influence the performance of their firms. In addition, we find clear evidence that sports coaches matter for a wide range of outcomes in football, basketball, baseball, and hockey.

scholarly journals An exploration of migrant women’s perceptions of public health messages to reduce stillbirth in the UK: a qualitative study

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomasina Stacey ◽  
Melanie Haith-Cooper ◽  
Nisa Almas ◽  
Charlotte Kenyon
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Perinatal Mortality ◽  
Health Professionals ◽  
Health Messages ◽  
Migrant Women ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Public Health Messages ◽  
Associated Risk Factors ◽  
The Uk

Abstract Background Stillbirth is a global public health priority. Within the United Kingdom, perinatal mortality disproportionately impacts Black, Asian and minority ethnic women, and in particular migrant women. Although the explanation for this remains unclear, it is thought to be multidimensional. Improving perinatal mortality is reliant upon raising awareness of stillbirth and its associated risk factors, as well as improving maternity services. The aim of this study was to explore migrant women’s awareness of health messages to reduce stillbirth risk, and how key public health messages can be made more accessible. Method Two semi-structured focus groups and 13 one to one interviews were completed with a purposive sample of 30 migrant women from 18 countries and across 4 NHS Trusts. Results Participants provided an account of their general awareness of stillbirth and recollection of the advice they had been given to reduce the risk of stillbirth both before and during pregnancy. They also suggested approaches to how key messages might be more effectively communicated to migrant women. Conclusions Our study highlights the complexity of discussing stillbirth during pregnancy. The women in this study were found to receive a wide range of advice from family and friends as well as health professionals about how to keep their baby safe in pregnancy, they recommended the development of a range of resources to provide clear and consistent messages. Health professionals, in particular midwives who have developed a trusting relationship with the women will be key to ensuring that public health messages relating to stillbirth reduction are accessible to culturally and linguistically diverse communities.

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