scholarly journals Simultaneous radiation of bird and mammal lice following the K-Pg boundary

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 20180141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin P. Johnson ◽  
Nam-phuong Nguyen ◽  
Andrew D. Sweet ◽  
Bret M. Boyd ◽  
Tandy Warnow ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Single Copy ◽  
Orthologous Genes ◽  
Extinction Event ◽  
Single Host ◽  
History Of ◽  
Rapid Diversification ◽  
Mass Extinction Event ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
Diverse Groups

The diversification of parasite groups often occurs at the same time as the diversification of their hosts. However, most studies demonstrating this concordance only examine single host–parasite groups. Multiple diverse lineages of ectoparasitic lice occur across both birds and mammals. Here, we describe the evolutionary history of lice based on analyses of 1107 single-copy orthologous genes from sequenced genomes of 46 species of lice. We identify three major diverse groups of lice: one exclusively on mammals, one almost exclusively on birds and one on both birds and mammals. Each of these groups radiated just after the Cretaceous–Paleogene (K-Pg) boundary, the time of the mass extinction event of the dinosaurs and rapid diversification of most of the modern lineages of birds and mammals.

3. The origin of mammals

2017 ◽  
pp. 34-44
Author(s):  
T. S. Kemp
Keyword(s):  
Mass Extinction ◽  
Fossil Record ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Middle Permian ◽  
Upper Carboniferous ◽  
Developmental Progress ◽  
The World ◽  
Extinction Event ◽  
History Of ◽  
Mass Extinction Event

‘The origin of mammals’ considers the evolutionary history of mammals using the fossil record to chart their developmental progress. It looks at a group of ‘pre-mammals’, the Synapsids—mammal-like reptiles—including pelycosaurs from 320 mya in the Upper Carboniferous. Then came the therapsids from c.260 mya in the Middle Permian, when the world was increasingly arid. Then 250 mya a mass extinction event wiped out over 90 per cent of animals and plants. Miraculously, a few therapsids survived including the burrowing dicynodont called Lystrosaurus and cynodonts that evolved throughout the Triassic and gave rise to mammals. The earliest mammal was a mouse-sized animal called Morganucodon from 200 mya.

scholarly journals Early diversifications of angiosperms and their insect pollinators: Were they unlinked?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasmin Asar ◽  
Simon Y. W. Ho ◽  
Hervé Sauquet
Keyword(s):  
Mass Extinction ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Molecular Dating ◽  
Insect Pollination ◽  
Early Angiosperm ◽  
Insect Pollinators ◽  
Extinction Event ◽  
History Of ◽  
Mass Extinction Event

The present-day ubiquity of angiosperm-insect pollination has led to the hypothesis that these two groups coevolved early in their evolutionary history. However, recent fossil discoveries and fossil-calibrated molecular dating analyses challenge the notion that early diversifications of angiosperms and insects were inextricably linked. In this article we examine (i) the discrepancies between dates of emergence for major clades of angiosperm and insect lineages; (ii) the long history of gymnosperm–insect pollination modes, which likely shaped early angiosperm–insect pollination mutualisms; and (iii) how the K–Pg mass extinction event was vital in propelling modern angiosperm-insect mutualisms. We posit that the early diversifications of angiosperms and their insect pollinators were largely decoupled, until the end of the Cretaceous.

Systematics and biogeography of the “Metacryphaeus group” Calmoniidae (Trilobita, Devonian), with comments on adaptive radiations and the geological history of the Malvinokaffric Realm

1993 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 549-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce S. Lieberman
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
South African ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Geological History ◽  
Parsimony Analysis ◽  
Evolutionary Patterns ◽  
The Family ◽  
History Of ◽  
Adaptive Radiations ◽  
Rapid Diversification

Phylogenetic parsimony analysis was used to classify the Siegenian–Eifelian “Metacryphaeus group” of the family Calmoniidae. Thirty-eight exoskeletal characters for 16 taxa produced a shortest-length cladogram with a consistency index of 0.49. A classification based on retrieving the structure of this cladogram recognizes nine genera: Typhloniscus Salter, Plesioconvexa n. gen., Punillaspis Baldis and Longobucco, Eldredgeia n. gen., Clarkeaspis n. gen., Malvinocooperella n. gen., Wolfartaspis Cooper, Plesiomalvinella Lieberman, Edgecombe, and Eldredge (used to represent the malvinellid clade), and Metacryphaeus Reed. The malvinellid clade is most closely related to a revised monophyletic Metacryphaeus. Typhloniscus is the basal member of the “Metacryphaeus group,” and the monotypic Wolfartaspis is sister to the clade containing the malvinellids and Metacryphaeus. Six new species are diagnosed: Punillaspis n. sp. A, “Clarkeaspis” gouldi, Clarkeaspis padillaensis, Malvinocooperella pregiganteus, Metacryphaeus curvigena, and Metacryphaeus branisai. Primitively, this group has South African and Andean affinities, and its evolutionary history suggests rapid diversification. In addition, evolutionary patterns in this group, and the distribution of character reversals, call into question certain notions about the nature of adaptive radiations. The distributions of taxa may answer questions about the number of marine transgressive/regressive cycles in the Emsian–Eifelian of the Malvinokaffric Realm.

A new feather mite species of the genus Neumannella Trouessart, 1916 (Analgoidea, Dermoglyphidae) from the Red-winged Tinamou Rhynchotus rufescens (Temminck, 1815) (Aves, Tinamiformes) with remarks to the evolution of host-parasite associations of the genus

2014 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacek Dabert
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Mite Species ◽  
Feather Mite ◽  
History Of ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
Reconciliation Method ◽  
A New Species ◽  
Mite Family

AbstractNeumannella skorackii, a new species of the feather mite family Dermoglyphidae (Acari, Astigmata) is described from the Red-winged Tinamou Rhynchotus rufescens (Temminck, 1815) (Aves, Tinamiformes) from Paraguay and a key to all known species of the genus is provided. The phylogenetic relationships (MP analysis of 25 morphological characters) between Neumannella species along with the evolutionary history of host-parasite associations revealed by Jungle reconciliation method are reconstructed. Relatively low cospeciation contribution to the recent host-parasite associations is discovered.

scholarly journals A transcriptome-based phylogenetic study of hard ticks (Ixodidae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Pierre Charrier ◽  
Axelle Hermouet ◽  
Caroline Hervet ◽  
Albert Agoulon ◽  
Stephen C. Barker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Nuclear Genome ◽  
Single Copy ◽  
Phylogenetic Study ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Hard Tick ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Hard Ticks ◽  
History Of ◽  
Mitochondrial Sequences

Abstract Hard ticks are widely distributed across temperate regions, show strong variation in host associations, and are potential vectors of a diversity of medically important zoonoses, such as Lyme disease. To address unresolved issues with respect to the evolutionary relationships among certain species or genera, we produced novel RNA-Seq data sets for nine different Ixodes species. We combined this new data with 18 data sets obtained from public databases, both for Ixodes and non-Ixodes hard tick species, using soft ticks as an outgroup. We assembled transcriptomes (for 27 species in total), predicted coding sequences and identified single copy orthologues (SCO). Using Maximum-likelihood and Bayesian frameworks, we reconstructed a hard tick phylogeny for the nuclear genome. We also obtained a mitochondrial DNA-based phylogeny using published genome sequences and mitochondrial sequences derived from the new transcriptomes. Our results confirm previous studies showing that the Ixodes genus is monophyletic and clarify the relationships among Ixodes sub-genera. This work provides a baseline for studying the evolutionary history of ticks: we indeed found an unexpected acceleration of substitutions for mitochondrial sequences of Prostriata, and for nuclear and mitochondrial genes of two species of Rhipicephalus, which we relate with patterns of genome architecture and changes of life-cycle, respectively.

scholarly journals Phylogenomics reveals rapid, simultaneous diversification of three major clades of Gondwanan frogs at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary

2017 ◽  
Vol 114 (29) ◽  
pp. E5864-E5870 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan-Jie Feng ◽  
David C. Blackburn ◽  
Dan Liang ◽  
David M. Hillis ◽  
David B. Wake ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Divergence Time ◽  
Divergence Times ◽  
Amphibian Species ◽  
Ancestral Area ◽  
Worldwide Distribution ◽  
Frog Species ◽  
Rapid Diversification ◽  
Molecular Dataset ◽  
Diverse Groups

Frogs (Anura) are one of the most diverse groups of vertebrates and comprise nearly 90% of living amphibian species. Their worldwide distribution and diverse biology make them well-suited for assessing fundamental questions in evolution, ecology, and conservation. However, despite their scientific importance, the evolutionary history and tempo of frog diversification remain poorly understood. By using a molecular dataset of unprecedented size, including 88-kb characters from 95 nuclear genes of 156 frog species, in conjunction with 20 fossil-based calibrations, our analyses result in the most strongly supported phylogeny of all major frog lineages and provide a timescale of frog evolution that suggests much younger divergence times than suggested by earlier studies. Unexpectedly, our divergence-time analyses show that three species-rich clades (Hyloidea, Microhylidae, and Natatanura), which together comprise ∼88% of extant anuran species, simultaneously underwent rapid diversification at the Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) boundary (KPB). Moreover, anuran families and subfamilies containing arboreal species originated near or after the KPB. These results suggest that the K–Pg mass extinction may have triggered explosive radiations of frogs by creating new ecological opportunities. This phylogeny also reveals relationships such as Microhylidae being sister to all other ranoid frogs and African continental lineages of Natatanura forming a clade that is sister to a clade of Eurasian, Indian, Melanesian, and Malagasy lineages. Biogeographical analyses suggest that the ancestral area of modern frogs was Africa, and their current distribution is largely associated with the breakup of Pangaea and subsequent Gondwanan fragmentation.

scholarly journals Evolutionary persistence in Gunnera and the contribution of southern plant groups to the tropical Andes biodiversity hotspot

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine D. Bacon ◽  
Francisco Velásquez-Puentes ◽  
Luis Felipe Hinojosa ◽  
Thomas Schwartz ◽  
Bengt Oxelman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Biodiversity Hotspot ◽  
Tropical Andes ◽  
Quaternary Climate ◽  
Biogeographic History ◽  
Plant Groups ◽  
History Of ◽  
Rapid Diversification ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Evolutionary Persistence

Several studies have demonstrated the contribution of northern immigrants to the flora of the tropical Andes – the world’s “hottest” biodiversity hotspot. However, much less is known about the biogeographic history and diversification of Andean groups with southern origins, although it has been suggested that northern and southern groups have contributed roughly equally to the high Andean (i.e. páramo) flora. Here we infer the evolutionary history of the southern hemisphere plant genus Gunnera, a lineage with a rich fossil history and an important ecological role as an early colonising species characteristic of wet, montane environments. Our results show striking contrasts in species diversification, where some species may have persisted for some 90 million years, whereas others date to less than 2 Ma since origination. The outstanding longevity of the group is likely linked to a high degree of niche conservatism across its highly disjunct range, whereby Gunnera tracks damp and boggy soils in cool habitats. Colonisation of the northern Andes is related to Quaternary climate change, with subsequent rapid diversification appearing to be driven by their ability to take advantage of environmental opportunities. This study demonstrates the composite origin of a mega-diverse biota.

scholarly journals High-resolution stratigraphy of the Changhsingian (Late Permian) successions of NW Iran and the Transcaucasus based on lithological features, conodonts and ammonoids

Fossil Record ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Ghaderi ◽  
L. Leda ◽  
M. Schobben ◽  
D. Korn ◽  
A. R. Ashouri
Keyword(s):  
Late Permian ◽  
Triassic Boundary ◽  
Nw Iran ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Extinction Event ◽  
History Of ◽  
Mass Extinction Event ◽  
Bottom To Top ◽  
Permian Triassic Boundary ◽  
North Western

Abstract. The Permian–Triassic boundary sections in north-western Iran belong to the most complete successions, in which the largest mass extinction event in the history of the Earth can be studied. We investigated the Changhsingian stage in six sections in the area of Julfa (Aras Valley) for their lithology, conodonts and ammonoids. Revision of the biostratigraphy led to the separation of 10 conodont zones (from bottom to top Clarkina orientalis–C. subcarinata interval zone, C. subcarinata, C. changxingensis, C. bachmanni, C. nodosa, C. yini, C. abadehensis, C. hauschkei, Hindeodus praeparvus–H. changxingensis and Merrilina ultima–Stepanovites ?mostleri zones) and 8 ammonoid zones (from bottom to top Iranites transcaucasius–Phisonites triangulus, Dzhulfites nodosus, Shevyrevites shevyrevi, Paratirolites trapezoidalis, P. waageni, Stoyanowites dieneri, Abichites stoyanowi and Arasella minuta zones). The new ammonoid genera Stoyanowites and Arasella are described.

scholarly journals Slowly but surely: gradual diversification and phenotypic evolution in the hyper-diverse tree fern family Cyatheaceae

2019 ◽  
Vol 125 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-103
Author(s):  
Oriane Loiseau ◽  
Anna Weigand ◽  
Sarah Noben ◽  
Jonathan Rolland ◽  
Daniele Silvestro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Taxonomic Diversity ◽  
Tree Fern ◽  
Rates Of Evolution ◽  
Extant Species ◽  
The Family ◽  
History Of ◽  
Rapid Diversification ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Diverse Groups

Abstract Background and Aims The tremendously unbalanced distribution of species richness across clades in the tree of life is often interpreted as the result of variation in the rates of diversification, which may themselves respond to trait evolution. Even though this is likely a widespread pattern, not all diverse groups of organisms exhibit heterogeneity in their dynamics of diversification. Testing and characterizing the processes driving the evolution of clades with steady rates of diversification over long periods of time are of importance in order to have a full understanding of the build-up of biodiversity through time. Methods We studied the macroevolutionary history of the species-rich tree fern family Cyatheaceae and inferred a time-calibrated phylogeny of the family including extinct and extant species using the recently developed fossilized birth–death method. We tested whether the high diversity of Cyatheaceae is the result of episodes of rapid diversification associated with phenotypic and ecological differentiation or driven by stable but low rates of diversification. We compared the rates of diversification across clades, modelled the evolution of body size and climatic preferences and tested for trait-dependent diversification. Key Results This ancient group diversified at a low and constant rate during its long evolutionary history. Morphological and climatic niche evolution were found to be overall highly conserved, although we detected several shifts in the rates of evolution of climatic preferences, linked to changes in elevation. The diversification of the family occurred gradually, within limited phenotypic and ecological boundaries, and yet resulted in a remarkable species richness. Conclusions Our study indicates that Cyatheaceae is a diverse clade which slowly accumulated morphological, ecological and taxonomic diversity over a long evolutionary period and provides a compelling example of the tropics as a museum of biodiversity.

scholarly journals Evolutionary history of Trypanosoma cruzi according to antigen genes

Parasitology ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 135 (10) ◽  
pp. 1157-1164 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. ROZAS ◽  
S. DE DONCKER ◽  
X. CORONADO ◽  
C. BARNABÉ ◽  
M. TIBYARENC ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trypanosoma Cruzi ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Molecular Mimicry ◽  
Clonal Evolution ◽  
Transmission Cycle ◽  
Evolution Pattern ◽  
Pcr Rflp ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
Host Parasite

SUMMARYTrypanosoma cruzi, the agent of Chagas disease is associated with a very high clinical and epidemiological pleomorphism. This might be better understood through studies on the evolutionary history of the parasite. We explored here the value of antigen genes for the understanding of the evolution within T. cruzi. We selected 11 genes and 12 loci associated with different functions and considered to be involved in host-parasite interaction (cell adhesion, infection, molecular mimicry). The polymorphism of the respective genes in a sample representative of the diversity of T. cruzi was screened by PCR-RFLP and evolutionary relationships were inferred by phenetic analysis. Our results support the classification of T. cruzi in 2 major lineages and 6 discrete typing units (DTUs). The topology of the PCR-RFLP tree was the one that better fitted with the epidemiological features of the different DTUs: (i) lineage I, being encountered in sylvatic as well as domestic transmission cycles, (ii) IIa/c being associated with a sylvatic transmission cycle and (iii) IIb/d/e being associated with a domestic transmission cycle. Our study also supported the hypothesis that the evolutionary history of T. cruzi has been shaped by a series of hybridization events in the framework of a predominant clonal evolution pattern.

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