scholarly journals Understanding the evolution of personality requires the study of mechanisms behind the development and life history of personality traits

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 20170740 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fritz Trillmich ◽  
Thorben Müller ◽  
Caroline Müller
Keyword(s):  
Regulatory Networks ◽  
Personality Development ◽  
Animal Personality ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Genetic Regulatory Networks ◽  
Emergent Properties ◽  
Proximate Mechanisms ◽  
History Of ◽  
Behavioural Phenotypes ◽  
Epigenetic Processes

Research on animal personality explains the coexistence of distinct behavioural phenotypes within a species and demonstrates limits to individual plasticity. However, the mechanisms guiding the lifelong development of personality should receive more attention, because many elements of personality are emergent properties of interactions between the environment and an individual's genetic background. In these interactions, mechanisms (e.g. genetic regulatory networks, epigenetic processes and neuroendocrine regulation) influencing personality may be modified. An approach integrating proximate mechanisms with a view of lifelong personality development will crucially improve understanding stability, plasticity and inter-individual variability of personalities and clarify the effects of selection on the phenomenon.

scholarly journals Macroevolutionary patterns of body plan canalization in euarthropods

Paleobiology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 569-593
Author(s):  
Cédric Aria
Keyword(s):  
Regulatory Networks ◽  
Morphological Evolution ◽  
Genetic Regulatory Networks ◽  
Cambrian Explosion ◽  
Adaptive Landscape ◽  
Rates Of Evolution ◽  
History Of ◽  
Optimum Type ◽  
Phylogenetic Framework ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractReconstructing patterns of macroevolution has become a central endeavor in paleobiology, because it offers insight into evolutionary models shaping the history of life. As the most diverse and abundant animals since the Cambrian period, arthropods provide copious data to elucidate the emergence of body plans in metazoan lineages. However, information provided by fossils on the tempo and mode of this phenomenon has lacked a recent synthesis. Here, I investigate macroevolutionary patterns of morphological evolution in Euarthropoda using a combined extinct and extant dataset optimized for multivariate analyses. Overall ordination patterns between the main morphogroups are consistent with another, independently coded, extant-only dataset providing molecular and morphological rates of evolution. Based on a “deep split” phylogenetic framework, total-group Mandibulata and Arachnomorpha emerge as directional morphoanatomical lineages, with basal fossil morphogroups showing heterogeneously spread-out occupations of the morphospace. In addition to a more homogeneous morphological variation, new morphogroups arose by successive reductions of translation distances; this pattern was interrupted only by terrestrialization events and the origin of pancrustaceans. A displaced optimum type of model is proposed to explain the fast assembly of canalized body plans during the Cambrian, with basal fossil morphogroups fitting intermediate fitness peaks in a moving adaptive landscape. Given time constraints imposed by the paleontological evidence, and owing to the interplay between canalization and modularity, as well as a decoupling between molecular and morphological rates, the rise of euarthropods would support the view that the swiftness of the Cambrian explosion was mostly associated with the buildup of genetic regulatory networks.

scholarly journals Complex and unexpected dynamics in simple genetic regulatory networks

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (14) ◽  
pp. 1430006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanika Borg ◽  
Ekkehard Ullner ◽  
Afnan Alagha ◽  
Ahmed Alsaedi ◽  
Darren Nesbeth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regulatory Networks ◽  
Complex Dynamics ◽  
Dynamical Behavior ◽  
Genetic Regulatory Networks ◽  
Genetic Networks ◽  
Emergent Properties ◽  
Coupling Mechanism ◽  
Bistable Systems ◽  
Large Populations ◽  
External Signals

One aim of synthetic biology is to construct increasingly complex genetic networks from interconnected simpler ones to address challenges in medicine and biotechnology. However, as systems increase in size and complexity, emergent properties lead to unexpected and complex dynamics due to nonlinear and nonequilibrium properties from component interactions. We focus on four different studies of biological systems which exhibit complex and unexpected dynamics. Using simple synthetic genetic networks, small and large populations of phase-coupled quorum sensing repressilators, Goodwin oscillators, and bistable switches, we review how coupled and stochastic components can result in clustering, chaos, noise-induced coherence and speed-dependent decision making. A system of repressilators exhibits oscillations, limit cycles, steady states or chaos depending on the nature and strength of the coupling mechanism. In large repressilator networks, rich dynamics can also be exhibited, such as clustering and chaos. In populations of Goodwin oscillators, noise can induce coherent oscillations. In bistable systems, the speed with which incoming external signals reach steady state can bias the network towards particular attractors. These studies showcase the range of dynamical behavior that simple synthetic genetic networks can exhibit. In addition, they demonstrate the ability of mathematical modeling to analyze nonlinearity and inhomogeneity within these systems.

Rorschach Assessment of Complex Trauma in Youth

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-41
Author(s):  
David Ephraim
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Assessment ◽  
Complex Trauma ◽  
Personality Development ◽  
Traumatic Events ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Way

Abstract. A history of complex trauma or exposure to multiple traumatic events of an interpersonal nature, such as abuse, neglect, and/or major attachment disruptions, is unfortunately common in youth referred for psychological assessment. The way these adolescents approach the Rorschach task and thematic contents they provide often reflect how such experiences have deeply affected their personality development. This article proposes a shift in perspective in the interpretation of protocols of adolescents who suffered complex trauma with reference to two aspects: (a) the diagnostic relevance of avoidant or emotionally constricted Rorschach protocols that may otherwise appear of little use, and (b) the importance of danger-related thematic contents reflecting the youth’s sense of threat, harm, and vulnerability. Regarding this last aspect, the article reintroduces the Preoccupation with Danger Index ( DI). Two cases are presented to illustrate the approach.

Stability and bifurcation of delay-coupled genetic regulatory networks with hub structure

2019 ◽  
Vol 356 (5) ◽  
pp. 2847-2869 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dandan Yue ◽  
Zhi-Hong Guan ◽  
Juan Li ◽  
Feng Liu ◽  
Jiang-Wen Xiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regulatory Networks ◽  
Genetic Regulatory Networks ◽  
Stability And Bifurcation
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