scholarly journals Behavioural adaptations to flight into thin air

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 20160432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sherub Sherub ◽  
Gil Bohrer ◽  
Martin Wikelski ◽  
Rolf Weinzierl
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Lift Coefficient ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Flight Altitude ◽  
Altitude Range ◽  
Soaring Flight ◽  
Biophysical Changes ◽  
High Elevations ◽  
The Himalaya ◽  
Behavioural Adaptations

Soaring raptors can fly at high altitudes of up to 9000 m. The behavioural adjustments to high-altitude flights are largely unknown. We studied thermalling flights of Himalayan vultures ( Gyps himalayensis ) from 50 to 6500 m above sea level, a twofold range of air densities. To create the necessary lift to support the same weight and maintain soaring flight in thin air birds might modify lift coefficient by biophysical changes, such as wing posture and increasing the power expenditure. Alternatively, they can change their flight characteristics. We show that vultures use the latter and increase circle radius by 35% and airspeed by 21% over their flight altitude range. These simple behavioural adjustments enable vultures to move seamlessly during their annual migrations over the Himalaya without increasing energy output for flight at high elevations.

Gasping for air: soccer players’ passing behavior at high-altitude

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Tovar
Keyword(s):  
High Altitude ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
High Elevations

AbstractA number of soccer officials have long debated whether to ban soccer games played at high altitude above sea level. This paper explores soccer player’s passing behavior when playing at high elevations using

Effects of flight altitude on the lift generation of monarch butterflies: from sea level to overwintering mountain

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madhu Sridhar ◽  
Chang-Kwon Kang ◽  
David Brian Landrum ◽  
Hikaru Aono ◽  
Shannon L Mathis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Flight Altitude ◽  
Monarch Butterflies

scholarly journals The Effect of Elevation on the Sucrose Content of Sugarcane

1969 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 128-131
Author(s):  
M. A. Lugo-López ◽  
B. G. Capó
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Sucrose Accumulation ◽  
Sucrose Content ◽  
Climatic Effects ◽  
Mean Sea Level ◽  
High Elevations ◽  
High Sucrose

Data are presented to show the influence of elevation on sucrose yields of four varieties of sugarcane: P.O.J. 2878, B.H. 10(12), P.R. 803, and F.C. 916. An over-all examination of the data from 695 crops harvested during a 10-year period, 1939-49, disclosed that elevations higher than 10 m. above mean sea level favor high sucrose accumulation in sugarcane. This effect was more pronounced with some varieties than with others. This influence of altitude is probably a reflection of climatic effects. Data are presented to show that cane growing at high elevations within a given area, enjoys about the same benefits from sunlight, as measured by "total day-degrees", with the added advantage of cooler nights.

On the Flight of Sea Gulls

1915 ◽  
Vol 19 (75) ◽  
pp. 84-103
Author(s):  
E. H. Hankin
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Red Sea ◽  
Dust Storm ◽  
The Other ◽  
South Coast ◽  
Leeward Side ◽  
The South ◽  
Restricted Area ◽  
Soaring Flight ◽  
In Virtue Of

In my description of soaring flight I have used the term “soarable air,” implying thereby that in air in which birds can soar some factor is present whose nature is not yet understood. That the use of this term is advisable and necessary will, I think, be admitted by anyone who will read the following account of some remarkable phenomena observed at the stern of a steamer during a dust storm in the Red Sea.In the first place it must be premised that gulls frequently find conditions suitable for soaring flight anywhere at a height of a few hundred metres above sea level, not only in tropical seas but also off the south coast of England. On the other hand, with rare exceptions, gulls are only able to soar near sea level in a curiously restricted area on the leeward side of the stern of a steamer. The passage of the steamer has caused some change in the air in virtue of which air otherwise appearing as “unsoarable” now behaves as “soarable air.”

scholarly journals Topographic drivers of flight altitude over large spatial and temporal scales

The Auk ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 136 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam E Duerr ◽  
Tricia A Miller ◽  
Leah Dunn ◽  
Douglas A Bell ◽  
Peter H Bloom ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Variation ◽  
Flight Altitude ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Scales ◽  
The North ◽  
Topographic Roughness ◽  
Topographic Characteristics ◽  
Soaring Flight ◽  
East West

Abstract Bird movements vary spatially and temporally, but the primary drivers that explain such variation can be difficult to identify. For example, it is well known that the availability of updraft influences soaring flight and that topography interacts with weather to produce these updrafts. However, the influences of topography on flight are not well understood. We determined how topographic characteristics influenced flight altitude above ground level (AGL) of a large soaring bird, the Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos), over several regions within the State of California, USA. Primary drivers of flight AGL, those to which eagles showed the same response at all spatial scales, were topographic roughness, ground elevation and the east-west component of aspect (eastness). Each of these is related to formation of thermal updrafts. Secondary drivers, those to which eagles showed region-specific patterns, included topographic position, percent slope, and the north-south component of aspect (northness). In contrast to primary drivers, these secondary drivers were related to formation of both thermal and orographic updrafts. Overall, drivers of flight altitudes that were related to thermal updrafts showed different levels of complexity due to spatial and temporal variation of those drivers than did flight altitudes related to orographic updrafts.

Effects of Exposure to 12,800 Feet and Acetazolamide on Visual Performance

1968 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 939-944 ◽  
Author(s):  
John L. Kobrick
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Illumination Level ◽  
Visual Performance ◽  
Severe Hypoxia ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
High Illumination ◽  
High Elevations

The combined effects of acetazolamide and hypoxia upon several types of visual performance at conditions of low and high illumination were investigated. 2 groups of 18 Ss each received either acetazolamide or placebo tablets and were tested on the same visual measures both at sea level and at a terrestrial elevation of 12,800 ft. The results showed no statistically significant differences between visual performances at low and high elevations regardless of the illumination level. Although acetazolamide combined with hypoxia did not generate any visual anomalies, its effectiveness in reducing visual decrements produced by more severe hypoxia cannot be predicted from the data.

scholarly journals Ungulate Responses to Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Flying at Different Altitudes in Africa’s Arid Savanna

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marlice vanVuuren ◽  
Rudie vanVuuren ◽  
Larry M. Silverberg ◽  
Joe Manning ◽  
Krishna Pacifici ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Anecdotal Evidence ◽  
Flight Altitude ◽  
Strong Correlations ◽  
Altitude Range ◽  
Aerial Vehicles ◽  
Future Viability ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
Different Altitudes

AbstractThis paper tests the hypothesis that ungulate-UAV interaction depends strongly on flight altitude, that there may be a lowest altitude range for which the ungulates are not exceedingly disturbed, dictating a practically achievable level of discernibility in flight observation. This question strongly influences the future viability of the UAV in the study and protection of the ungulates in Africa’s arid savanna. This paper examined the behavioral responses of a group of free ranging ungulate species (Oryx, Kudu, Springbok, Giraffe, Eland, Hartebeest, and Impala) found in an animal reserve in Namibia to the presence of different in-flight UAV models. The study included 99 flights (337 passes) at altitudes ranging from 15 to 55 meters. The ungulates were unhabituated to the UAVs and the study was conducted in the presence of stress-inducing events that occur naturally in the environment. The results suggest strong correlations between flight altitude and response across the different ungulates and anecdotal evidence suggests in some cases rapid habituation to the UAVs.

scholarly journals Seed predation increases from the Arctic to the Equator and from high to low elevations

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.L. Hargreaves ◽  
Esteban Suárez ◽  
Klaus Mehltreter ◽  
Isla Myers-Smith ◽  
Sula E. Vanderplank ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Seed Predation ◽  
Species Interactions ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Tropical Lowland ◽  
Continuous Forest ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Animal Interaction ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
High Elevations

AbstractSpecies interactions have long been predicted to increase in intensity towards the tropics and low elevations, due to gradients in climate, productivity, or biodiversity. Despite their importance for understanding global ecological and evolutionary processes, plant-animal interaction gradients are particularly difficult to test systematically across large geographic gradients, and evidence from smaller, disparate studies is inconclusive. By systematically measuring post-dispersal seed predation using 6980 standardized seed depots along 18 mountains in the Pacific cordillera, we found that seed predation increases 18% from the Arctic to Equator and 16% from 4000 masl to sea level. Clines in total predation, likely driven by invertebrates, were consistent across tree-line ecotones and in continuous forest, and were better explained by climate seasonality than by productivity, biodiversity, or latitude. These results suggest that species interactions play predictably greater ecological and evolutionary roles in tropical, lowland, and other less seasonal ecosystems.One Sentence SummaryPost-dispersal seed predation increases from the Arctic to the Equator and from high elevations to sea level.

scholarly journals Towards Water Sensitive City: Lesson Learned From Bogor Flood Hazard in 2017

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 09012
Author(s):  
Muhammad Ramdhan ◽  
Hadi Susilo Arifin ◽  
Yuli Suharnoto ◽  
Suria Darma Tarigan
Keyword(s):  
Focus Group ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Heavy Rainfall ◽  
Flood Hazard ◽  
Group Discussion ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Steep Slope ◽  
City Government ◽  
Altitude Range ◽  
The City

Bogor known as rain city and it’s located at an altitude range of 190-330 meters above sea level. In February 2017 Bogor experienced a series of natural disasters related to heavy rainfall that fell during that time. The hazard in the form of flash floods that cause casualties was shocked, due to the location of Bogor city that located in the foothills with a fairly steep slope. There is a problem with the drainage system in the city of Bogor. Australia Indonesia Center in cooperation with Bogor city government held a focus group discussion to seek a permanent solution for the problems and so that similar incidents do not occur in the future.

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