scholarly journals ‘Disperse abroad in the land’: the role of wildlife in the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 20160137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn E. Arnold ◽  
Nicola J. Williams ◽  
Malcolm Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Antimicrobial Drugs ◽  
Clinical Resistance ◽  
Wildlife Populations ◽  
The Impact

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has been detected in the microbiota of many wildlife species, including long-distance migrants. Inadequately treated wastes from humans and livestock dosed with antimicrobial drugs are often assumed to be the main sources of AMR to wildlife. While wildlife populations closely associated with human populations are more likely to harbour clinically important AMR related to that found in local humans and livestock, AMR is still common in remote wildlife populations with little direct human influence. Most reports of AMR in wildlife are survey based and/or small scale, so researchers can only speculate on possible sources and sinks of AMR or the impact of wildlife AMR on clinical resistance. This lack of quantitative data on the flow of AMR genes and AMR bacteria across the natural environment could reflect the numerous AMR sources and amplifiers in the populated world. Ecosystems with relatively simple and well-characterized potential inputs of AMR can provide tractable, but realistic, systems for studying AMR in the natural environment. New tools, such as animal tracking technologies and high-throughput sequencing of resistance genes and mobilomes, should be integrated with existing methodologies to understand how wildlife maintains and disperses AMR.

Spatial-temporal disparities in the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 on domestic tourism demand: A study of Emeishan National Park in Mainland China

2021 ◽  
pp. 135676672110533
Author(s):  
Ting Tan ◽  
Jianping Zha ◽  
Jianying Tang ◽  
Rong Ma ◽  
Wenjia Li
Keyword(s):  
National Park ◽  
Web Search ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Tourism Demand ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Domestic Tourism ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Impact

The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, like other disasters or crises, can immensely influence visitors’ demand to visit affected destinations. The current study helps us better understand how this health crisis could affect the demand change from a micro-level perspective of small-scale tourist destinations. Based on the web search data from the Baidu Index, the present study adopts the Emeishan National Park in China as the study area and employs multiple methods to assess the spatial-temporal disparities in the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 on domestic tourism demand. The main findings reveal that the demand changes during the observation period resemble a U-shaped curve along with the outbreak, spread, and control of the crisis, and such impacts exhibit different characteristics in the pre-event, prodromal, emergency, intermediate, and long-term recovery stages. During and after the pandemic, the short-distance market is the most vulnerable, but it presents the strongest resilience, while the medium- and long-distance markets are relatively less affected. Significant stratified heterogeneity in the tourism demand of domestic source markets also emerges before and after the crisis. Finally, some implications of promoting domestic tourism recovery in the post-pandemic era are discussed, and recommendations are made.

Wastewater Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance in Human Populations: A Systematic Review

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Chau ◽  
Leanne Barker ◽  
Natalie Sims ◽  
Barbara Kasprzyk-Hordern ◽  
Eric Budgell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Longitudinal Studies ◽  
Study Design ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Grab Sampling ◽  
Culture Independent ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
The Impact

Wastewater-based surveillance of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) may facilitate convenient monitoring of population-level AMR prevalence without the healthcare-associated bias and data collection restrictions inherent to clinically oriented systems. However, differences in study design and methodology likely contribute to differences in outcomes and interpretation, limiting reproducibility, reliability and meta-analysis. We therefore systematically reviewed studies using wastewater for AMR surveillance in human populations to identify optimal practices to detect wastewater-human AMR correlations. We evaluated 7,063 records and 174 full-text methods in a two-stage screen; 20 studies were included. Risk of bias assessment divided studies into high-risk (n=3), low-risk (n=3) and unclear-risk (n=14). Most studies detected wastewater-human AMR correlations (n=15) but only six studies identified statistically significant associations, most via culture-independent approaches (n=5). Genomic approaches also facilitated higher-resolution AMR monitoring whereas culture-based studies primarily undertook observational comparisons of specific organisms and phenotypic AMR profiles. Studies identifying wastewater-human AMR correlations were consistently associated with sampling wastewater influent irrespective of other methodological approaches. For longitudinal studies, a timeframe of >=6 months was similarly associated. Most influent studies identifying wastewater-human AMR correlations used composite (n=5) or flow-proportional wastewater sampling methods (n=4); however, grab sampling was commonest overall (n=6) and generally appeared similarly effective.Wastewater-based surveillance of AMR in human populations appears relatively robust, with most included studies reporting a correlation despite high diversity in study design and methodology. Our review supports sampling of wastewater influent using composite sampling (at a minimum) as a standard. Impacts of other methodological approaches are less clear; however, a minimum timeframe of six months for longitudinal studies, and increased sampling coverage for culture-independent studies to enable adequate biostatistical analyses appear sensible. As this relatively new field grows, more studies with clear wastewater-based population-level AMR surveillance aims are needed to better determine the impact of confounding features and validate comprehensive “best practice” protocols.

scholarly journals Settlement Oscillations in the Negev Highlands Revisited: The Impact of Microarchaeological Methods

Radiocarbon ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 253-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth Shahack-Gross ◽  
Israel Finkelstein
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Water Diversion ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Islamic Period ◽  
Ceramic Petrography ◽  
Early Islamic Period ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Early Islamic

Microarchaeological methods, especially those focused on geoarchaeology and radiocarbon dating, have revolutionized the manner in which the Iron Age settlement peak in the Negev Highlands is interpreted. We review here results from field and laboratory studies conducted at two Iron Age sites (Atar Haroa and Nahal Boqer) compared to one Byzantine/Early Islamic site (Wadi el-Mustayer)—all located near Sede Boqer. We present our methodology, which is based on small-scale but detailed excavations, study of sediments, and identification of livestock dung remains and their utility as indicators of past subsistence practices. To this we add meticulous 14C dating, ceramic petrography, and identification of botanic and zoological remains. We conclude that subsistence during the Iron Age included tending livestock but did not include agriculture. We further propose that the long-distance trade of copper from the Arabah Valley under Egyptian auspices and possibly the trading of cinnamon, dates, and other Arabian/Indian commodities were the driving force in the initiation (and later decline) of the Iron Age settlement system. We hypothesize that the agricultural settlement peak during the Byzantine/Early Islamic period was also influenced by an imperial power from outside of the Negev and that large-scale agriculture was enabled due to the adoption of new agricultural techniques, including terracing of ephemeral streams along with water diversion systems and possibly water storage facilities such as advanced cisterns. Future studies are expected to shed additional light on the complexity of settlement oscillations in the Negev Highlands region in key periods such as the Early and Intermediate Bronze Ages.

scholarly journals A Review of Antimicrobial Resistance in Poultry Farming within Low-Resource Settings

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hayden D. Hedman ◽  
Karla A. Vasco ◽  
Lixin Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Low Resource Settings ◽  
Low Resource ◽  
Poultry Farming

The emergence, spread, and persistence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) remain a pressing global health issue. Animal husbandry, in particular poultry, makes up a substantial portion of the global antimicrobial use. Despite the growing body of research evaluating the AMR within industrial farming systems, there is a gap in understanding the emergence of bacterial resistance originating from poultry within resource-limited environments. As countries continue to transition from low- to middle income countries (LMICs), there will be an increased demand for quality sources of animal protein. Further promotion of intensive poultry farming could address issues of food security, but it may also increase risks of AMR exposure to poultry, other domestic animals, wildlife, and human populations. Given that intensively raised poultry can function as animal reservoirs for AMR, surveillance is needed to evaluate the impacts on humans, other animals, and the environment. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of poultry production within low-resource settings in order to inform future small-scale poultry farming development. Future research is needed in order to understand the full extent of the epidemiology and ecology of AMR in poultry within low-resource settings.

scholarly journals The antique genetic plight of the Mediterranean monk seal (Monachus monachus)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordi Salmona ◽  
Julia Dayon ◽  
Emilie Lecompte ◽  
Alexandros A Karamanlidis ◽  
Alex Aguilar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mediterranean Basin ◽  
Isolation By Distance ◽  
Late Quaternary ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Western Sahara ◽  
Quaternary Climate ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
The Impact

Disentangling the impact of Late Quaternary climate change from human activities can have crucial implications on the conservation of endangered species. We investigated the population genetics and demography of the Mediterranean monk seal (Monachus monachus), one of the world's most endangered marine mammals, through an unprecedented dataset encompassing historical (extinct) and extant populations from the eastern North Atlantic to the entire Mediterranean Basin. We show that Western-Sahara/Mauritania (Cabo Blanco), Madeira, Western Mediterranean (historical range) and Eastern Mediterranean regions segregate in four populations. This structure is likely the consequence of recent drift, combined with long-term isolation by distance (R2 = 0.7), resulting from prevailing short-distance (< 500 km) and infrequent long-distance dispersal (< 1,500 km). All populations (Madeira especially), show high levels of inbreeding and low levels of genetic diversity, seemingly declining since historical time, but surprisingly not being impacted by the 1997 massive die-off in Cabo Blanco. Approximate Bayesian Computation analyses support a scenario combining local extinctions and a major effective population size decline in all populations during Antiquity. Our results suggest that the early densification of human populations around the Mediterranean Basin coupled to the development of seafaring techniques were the main drivers of the decline of Mediterranean monk seals.

The methodological approach for the determination of the pressure of artificial raindrops as a question of the theory of splash soil erosion

2020 ◽  
pp. 24-28
Author(s):  
Mihail Zver'kov
Keyword(s):  
Block Diagram ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Effective Pressure ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Splash Erosion ◽  
Rain Drops ◽  
Artificial Rain ◽  
The Impact

To the article the results of the theoretical and experimental researches are given on questions of estimates of the dynamic rate effect of raindrop impact on soil. The aim of this work was to analyze the current methods to determine the rate of artificial rain pressure on the soil for the assessment of splash erosion. There are the developed author’s method for calculation the pressure of artificial rain on the soil and the assessment of splash erosion. The study aims to the justification of evaluation methods and the obtaining of quantitative characteristics, prevention and elimination of accelerated (anthropogenic) erosion, the creation and the realization of the required erosion control measures. The paper considers the question of determining the pressure of artificial rain on the soil. At the moment of raindrops impact, there is the tension in the soil, which is called vertical effective pressure. It is noted that the impact of rain drops in the soil there are stresses called vertical effective pressure. The equation for calculation of vertical effective pressure is proposed in this study using the known spectrum of raindrops. Effective pressure was 1.4 Pa for the artificial rain by sprinkler machine «Fregat» and 5.9 Pa for long distance sprinkler DD-30. The article deals with a block diagram of the sequence for determining the effective pressure of rain drops on the soil. This diagram was created by the author’s method of calculation of the effective pressure of rain drops on the soil. The need for an integrated approach to the description of the artificial rain impact on the soil is noted. Various parameters characterizing drop erosion are considered. There are data about the mass of splashed soil in the irrigation of various irrigation machinery and installations. For example, the rate (mass) of splashed soil was 0.28…0.78 t/ha under irrigation sprinkler apparatus RACO 4260–55/701C in the conditions of the Ryazan region. The method allows examining the environmental impact of sprinkler techniques for analyzes of the pressure, caused by raindrops, on the soil. It can also be useful in determining the irrigation rate before the runoff for different types of sprinkler equipment and soil conditions.

Can Values of Honesty, Hard Work, Loyalty and Discipline Predict Entrepreneurial Orientation of Muslim Owner Managers?

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rohani Mohd ◽  
Badrul Hisham Kamaruddin ◽  
Khulida Kirana Yahya ◽  
Elias Sanidas
Keyword(s):  
Entrepreneurial Orientation ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Hard Work ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Sampling Frame ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Learning Institutions ◽  
Innovative Orientation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
True Values

The purpose of the present study is twofold: first, to investigate the true values of Muslim owner managers; second, to examine the impact of these values on entrepreneurial orientations of Muslim small-scale entrepreneurs. 850 Muslim owner managers were selected randomly using the sampling frame provided by MajlisAmanah Rakyat Malaysia (MARA). 162 completed questionnaires were collected and analyzed. For this paper only two dimensions of entrepreneurial orientations were analyzed: proactive orientation and innovative orientation. Interestingly, the findings revealed that Muslim businessmen/women are honest, loyal, disciplined and hard working. Loyalty and honesty are positively related to proactive orientation, while discipline and hard-work are positively related to innovative orientation. The findings provide implications for existing relevant theories, policy makers, practitioners and learning institutions. 

DISCRESSION OF THE SAMPLE RESORTS POLICE IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF ADMINISTRATIVE LAW PERSPECTIVE INVESTIGATION

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 147
Author(s):  
Tamrin Muchsin ◽  
Sri Sudono Saliro ◽  
Nahot Tua Parlindungan Sihaloho ◽  
Sardjana Orba Manullang
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Research ◽  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Government Regulation ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Administrative Law ◽  
Criminal Investigation ◽  
Accurate Data ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Depth Interviews

It is still found that investigating officers do not have an S1 degree or equivalent in thejurisdiction of the Sambass Resort Police as mandated in PP No. 58 of 2010 concerningAmendments to Government Regulation Number 27 of 1983 concerning theImplementation of KUHAP article 2A paragraph (1) letter a. If the requirements ofinvestigators are not fulfilled, there will automatically be limits of authority, includingthe inability to issue investigation orders, detention warrants and other administrativeletters. This study used a qualitative method with juridical empirical research. Toobtain accurate data, purposive sampling technique was used, and primary datacollection by conducting in-depth interviews. The research results found, among others:first, discretion regarding the administration of investigations in the jurisdiction of theSambas Resort Police for the Sambas District Police who do not have investigatingofficers who meet the requirements, is then taken over by the Head of the CriminalInvestigation Unit as the supervisor of the integrated criminal investigation function.Second, the impact of an integrated investigation administration causes the time tocarry out investigations to be slow due to the long distance between the Sector Policeand the Resort Police.

45. Education at distance: Broadcasting ECG rounds to Southeastern Ontario (BESO Project). An innovative approach for teaching electrocardiography

2007 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 51 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Baranchuk ◽  
G. Dagnone ◽  
P. Fowler ◽  
M. N. Harrison ◽  
L. Lisnevskaia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Digital Signal ◽  
Teaching Methodology ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Medicine Clerkship ◽  
Time Problem ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Ecg Interpretation

Electrocardiography (ECG) interpretation is an essential skill for physicians as well as for many other health care professionals. Continuing education is necessary to maintain these skills. The process of teaching and learning ECG interpretation is complex and involves both deductive mechanisms and recognition of patterns for different clinical situations (“pattern recognition”). The successful methodologies of interactive sessions and real time problem based learning have never been evaluated with a long distance education model. To evaluate the efficacy of broadcasting ECG rounds to different hospitals in the Southeastern Ontario region; to perform qualitative research to determine the impact of this methodology in developing and maintaining skills in ECG interpretation. ECG rounds are held weekly at Kingston General Hospital and will be transmitted live to Napanee, Belleville, Oshawa, Peterborough and Brockville. The teaching methodology is based on real ECG cases. The audience is invited to analyze the ECG case and the coordinator will introduce comments to guide the case through the proper algorithm. Final interpretation will be achieved emphasizing the deductive process and the relevance of each case. An evaluation will be filled out by each participant at the end of each session. Videoconferencing works through a vast array of internet LANs, WANs, ISDN phone lines, routers, switches, firewalls and Codecs (Coder/Decoder) and bridges. A videoconference Codec takes the analog audio and video signal codes and compresses it into a digital signal and transmits that digital signal to another Codec where the signal is decompressed and retranslated back into analog video and audio. This compression and decompression allows large amounts of data to be transferred across a network at close to real time (384 kbps with 30 frames of video per second). Videoconferencing communication works on voice activation so whichever site is speaking has the floor and is seen by all the participating sites. A continuous presence mode allows each site to have the same visual and audio involvement as the host site. A bridged multipoint can connect between 8 and 12 sites simultaneously. This innovative methodology for teaching ECG will facilitate access to developing and maintaining skills in ECG interpretation for a large number of health care providers. Bertsch TF, Callas PW, Rubin A. Effectiveness of lectures attended via interactive video conferencing versus in-person in preparing third-year internal medicine clerkship students for clinical practice examinations. Teach Learn Med 2007; 19(1):4-8. Yellowlees PM, Hogarth M, Hilty DM. The importance of distributed broadband networks to academic biomedical research and education programs. Acad Psychaitry 2006;30:451-455

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