scholarly journals Genetic variation in male-induced harm in Drosophila melanogaster

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 20160105 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C. S. Filice ◽  
Tristan A. F. Long
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Harmful Effect ◽  
Accessory Gland ◽  
Evolutionary Significance ◽  
Male Body ◽  
Accessory Gland Proteins ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Fitness Index

In Drosophila melanogaster , prolonged exposure to males reduces the longevity and fecundity of females. This harm arises from the effects of male courtship behaviours and the toxic side effects of the accessory gland proteins (Acps) in their seminal fluids. Here, we examine the relationship between male exposure and its harmful effect on the lifetime fitness of his mates, and quantify the genetic basis for this variation. We found significant additive genetic variation in the magnitude of harm that males impose on females by exposing females to males from a variety of hemiclonal backgrounds for either a brief or prolonged period of time and measuring their fecundity, a meaningful fitness index. Furthermore, we discovered a strong negative correlation between the magnitude of harm and the short-term effects of male exposure on female fitness. We discuss the evolutionary significance of these results with regards to potential life-history trade-offs in females, and its relationship to male body size.

scholarly journals Larval rearing environment affects several post-copulatory traits in Drosophila melanogaster

2007 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 607-610 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa A McGraw ◽  
Anthony C Fiumera ◽  
Meera Ramakrishnan ◽  
Swetha Madhavarapu ◽  
Andrew G Clark ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Transcript Abundance ◽  
Accessory Gland ◽  
Larval Rearing ◽  
Male Body ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Accessory Gland Proteins ◽  
Relative Transcript Abundance ◽  
Male Condition

In Drosophila melanogaster , accessory gland proteins (Acps) that a male transfers during mating affect his reproductive success by altering the female's behaviour and physiology. To test the role of male condition in the expression of Acps, we manipulated the pre-adult environment and examined adult males for relative transcript abundance of nine Acps, and for post-copulatory traits that Acps influence. Larval culture density had no effect on any measured trait. Larval nutrient availability impacted the number of sperm transferred and stored, the male's ability to induce refractoriness in his mate, but relative transcript abundance of only a single Acp ( Acp36DE ). Reduced male body size due to low yeast levels affected sperm competition. Our data indicate that some female-mediated post-copulatory traits (induced refractoriness and sperm transfer and storage) might be influenced by the male's developmental environment, but relative expression of most Acps and some traits they influence ( P1 ′) are not.

scholarly journals VARIATION AND GENOMIC LOCALIZATION OF GENES ENCODING DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER MALE ACCESSORY GLAND PROTEINS SEPARATED BY SODIUM DODECYL SULFATE-POLYACRYLAMIDE GEL ELECTROPHORESIS

Genetics ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 114 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-92
Author(s):  
Michael Whalen ◽  
Thomas G Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate ◽  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Sodium Dodecyl ◽  
Accessory Gland ◽  
Polyacrylamide Gel ◽  
Null Alleles ◽  
Accessory Gland Proteins ◽  
Dodecyl Sulfate

ABSTRACT Accessory gland proteins from Drosophila melanogaster males have been separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis into nine major bands. When individual males from 175 strains were examined, considerable polymorphism for nearly one-half of the major protein bands was seen, including null alleles for three bands. Variation was observed not only among long-established laboratory strains but also among stocks recently derived from natural populations. There was little difference in the amount of variation between P and M strains, indicating that P element mutagenesis is not a factor producing the variation. Codominant expression of variants for each of five bands was found in heterozygotes, suggesting structural gene variation and not posttranslational modification variation. Stocks carrying electrophoretic variants of four of the major proteins were used to map the presumed structural genes for these proteins; the loci were found to be dispersed on the second chromosome. Since males homozygous for variant proteins were fertile, the polymorphism seems to have little immediate effect on successful sperm transfer. We propose that a high degree of polymorphism can be tolerated because these proteins play a nutritive rather than enzymatic role in Drosophila reproduction.

scholarly journals Evolution of reproductive traits have no apparent life-history associated cost in populations of Drosophila melanogaster selected for cold shock resistance

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karan Singh ◽  
Nagaraj Guru Prasad
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Life History ◽  
Cold Shock ◽  
Reproductive Traits ◽  
Life Time ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Male Body ◽  
Egg Viability ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Energy Trade

AbstractIn insect species like Drosophila melanogaster, the ability to evolve greater resistance or evolution of certain traits under specific environmental conditions leads to energy trade-offs with other important life-history traits. A number of studies from multiple fields have documented the life-history associated cost. However, no known studies have assessed the life-history associated cost with evolved reproductive traits and increase egg viability in cold shock selected population. To explore this, we used replicate populations of D. melanogaster that have evolved reproductive traits and egg viability in response to increased resistance to non lethal cold shock. To assess life-history cost; we measured longevity, life time fecundity, Larvae to adults development time, and larvae to adults survival. We found that there were no significant differences in longevity, life time fecundity, larvae to adults survival, and male body weight between the selected and control populations. However, selected populations have significantly longer pre adults developmental time compared to their control population. Females from the selected populations were bigger in size compared to the control populations. These findings suggest that there is no life-history cost associated with the evolution of greater resistance in the aspect of faster recovery of egg viability and reproductive traits post cold-shock. It quite possible the cost of the evolution of reproductive traits and egg viability in response to cold shock resistant is paid in terms of reduced resistance to other stresses

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF INBREEDING ON COMPETITIVE MALE-MATING ABILITY IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

Genetics ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 106 (4) ◽  
pp. 601-612
Author(s):  
Paul M Sharp
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Sexual Selection ◽  
Strong Influence ◽  
Inbred Lines ◽  
Male Mating ◽  
Male Body ◽  
Mating Ability ◽  
Sib Mating ◽  
The Difference

ABSTRACT The effect of full-sib inbreeding on competitive male-mating ability (CI♂) in Drosophila melanogaster was investigated in two experiments. In the first, five inbred lines (with reserves) were assessed up to 18 generations. Linear inbreeding depression, of 5.9% per 10% increase in homozygosity, was observed. In a second experiment, 21 inbred lines were tested after three generations of full-sib mating (without reserves), and the decline with inbreeding was more severe, the male competitive index (CI♂) decreasing by 10.7% per 10% increase in F. The difference between these results is attributed to natural selection acting on variation within the inbred lines in extent of homozygosity, which can arise because of the peculiarly strong influence of linkage in Drosophila. Furthermore, differentiation between the lines may have reflected this variation rather than the various effects of different alleles fixed.—These results imply that the genetic variation in male-mating ability is largely due to dominance (no epistasis was detected) and are consonant with the proposition that intermale sexual selection is a very important component of fitness in D. melanogaster. There was no evidence of a positive correlation between male body size and competitive mating ability.

scholarly journals Different Forces Drive the Evolution of the Acp26Aa and Acp26Ab Accessory Gland Genes in the Drosophila melanogaster Species Complex

Genetics ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 150 (3) ◽  
pp. 1079-1089 ◽  
Author(s):  
Montserrat Aguadé
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Species Complex ◽  
Amino Acid Replacement ◽  
Accessory Gland ◽  
Male Accessory Gland ◽  
Accessory Gland Proteins ◽  
Length Polymorphisms ◽  
African Populations ◽  
Nonsynonymous Variation

Abstract The Acp26Aa and Acp26Ab genes that code for male accessory gland proteins are tandemly arranged in the species of the Drosophila melanogaster complex. An ∼1.6-kb region encompassing both genes has been sequenced in 10, 24, and 18 lines from Spain, Ivory Coast, and Malawi, respectively; the previously studied 10 lines from North Carolina have also been included in the analyses. A total of 110 nucleotide and 4 length polymorphisms were detected. Silent variation for the whole Acp26A region was slightly higher in African than in non-African populations, while for both genes nonsynonymous variation was similar in all populations studied. Based on Fst estimates no major genetic differentiation was detected between East and West Africa, while in general non-African populations were strongly differentiated from both African populations. Comparison of polymorphism and divergence at synonymous and nonsynonymous sites revealed that directional selection acting on amino acid replacement changes has driven the evolution of the Acp26Aa protein in the last 2.5 myr.

scholarly journals Genetic variation for expression of the sex determination pathway genes in Drosophila melanogaster

2005 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
AARON M. TARONE ◽  
YASEEN M. NASSER ◽  
SERGEY V. NUZHDIN
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Sex Determination ◽  
Transcript Level ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Transcript Levels ◽  
Downstream Target ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Males And Females

Sequence polymorphisms result in phenotypic variation through the pathways of interacting genes and their products. We focused on transcript-level variation in the splicing pathway for sex determination – a model network defining downstream morphological characters that are dimorphic between males and females. Expression of Sex lethal, transformer, transformer2, doublesex, intersex and hermaphrodite was assayed with quantitative RT-PCR in 0- to 1-day-old adult males and females of 36 Drosophila melanogaster inbred lines. Abundant genetic variation in the transcript levels was found for all genes. Sex-specific splices had high concentrations in the appropriate sex. In the other sex, low but detectable concentrations were also observed. Abundances of splices strongly co-varied between sexes among genotypes, with little genetic variation strictly limited to one sex. The level of sexually dimorphic Yolk protein1 expression – an immediate downstream target of the pathway – was modelled as the target phenotype of the upstream sex determination pathway. Substantial genetic variation in this phenotype in males was explained by leaky splicing of female-specific transcripts. If higher transcript levels of the appropriate isoform of sex determination genes are beneficial in a sex, then stronger leakiness of the inappropriate transcript might be deleterious, perhaps contributing to the fitness trade-offs previously observed between the sexes.

GENETIC VARIABILITY FOR DENSITY SENSITIVITY OF THREE COMPONENTS OF FITNESS IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

Genetics ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 101 (2) ◽  
pp. 301-316
Author(s):  
R William Marks
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Density Dependence ◽  
Exact Nature ◽  
Mathematical Form ◽  
Fitness Components ◽  
Natural Genetic Variation ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Three Components

ABSTRACT This study examines natural genetic variation in density sensitivity of three components of fitness in Drosophila melanogaster using the method of chromosome extraction. Different lines are differentially sensitive to density. The distribution of measures of density sensitivity of chromosomal homozygotes is different from that of random chromosomal heterozygotes for both location and dispersion. Density sensitivity of the components is about as variable as any of the fitness components themselves at fixed densities. The consequences of the exact nature of this density dependence are discussed with respect to the stage of the life cycle at which density dependence occurs, and the mathematical form that it takes. There is no evidence of trade-offs among the components or their density sensitivity.

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