scholarly journals Pollinator shifts drive petal epidermal evolution on the Macaronesian Islands bird-flowered species

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 20160022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dario I. Ojeda ◽  
Alfredo Valido ◽  
Alejandro G. Fernández de Castro ◽  
Ana Ortega-Olivencia ◽  
Javier Fuertes-Aguilar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Observations ◽  
Passerine Birds ◽  
Mechanical Interaction ◽  
Floral Trait ◽  
Element Species ◽  
Epidermal Surface ◽  
Biogeographic Region ◽  
Macaronesian Islands ◽  
Region Scale ◽  
Effective Pollinators

Pollinator shifts are considered to drive floral trait evolution, yet little is still known about the modifications of petal epidermal surface at a biogeographic region scale. Here we investigated how independent shifts from insects to passerine birds in the Macaronesian Islands consistently modified this floral trait (i.e. absence of papillate cells). Using current phylogenies and extensive evidence from field observations, we selected a total of 81 plant species and subspecies for petal microscopy and comparative analysis, including 19 of the 23 insular species pollinated by opportunistic passerine birds (Macaronesian bird-flowered element). Species relying on passerine birds as the most effective pollinators (bird-pollinated) independently evolved at least five times and in all instances associated with a loss of papillate cells, whereas species with a mixed pollination system (birds plus insects and/or other vertebrates) evolved at least five times in Macaronesia and papillate cells were lost in only 25% of these transitions. Our findings suggest that petal micromorphology is a labile trait during pollinator shifts and that papillate cells tend to be absent on those species where pollinators have limited mechanical interaction with flowers, including opportunistic passerine birds that forage by hovering or from the ground.

scholarly journals Rotating Arrays of Orchid Flowers: A Simple and Effective Method for Studying Pollination in Food Deceptive Plants

Diversity ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Scaccabarozzi ◽  
Andrea Galimberti ◽  
Kingsley W. Dixon ◽  
Salvatore Cozzolino
Keyword(s):  
Field Observations ◽  
Pollination Success ◽  
Visitation Rates ◽  
Visitation Frequency ◽  
Pollination Mechanisms ◽  
Behavioural Patterns ◽  
Insect Visitation ◽  
Southwest Australia ◽  
First Time ◽  
Effective Pollinators

Floral deception has been observed in several genera in angiosperms, but is most common in the Orchidaceae. Pollination mechanisms in food deceptive plants are often difficult to assess, as visitation frequency by insects requires numerous hours of field observations to ascertain. Here, for the first time, we describe in detail and validate a simple and effective method that extends previous approaches to increase the effectiveness of pollination studies of food deceptive orchids. We used an orchid of southwest Australia, Diuris brumalis (Orchidaceae), that visually mimics model plants belonging to the genus Daviesia (Faboideae). Arrays of orchid flowers were placed and moved systematically in proximity to model plants, resulting in rapid attraction of the pollinators of D. brumalis. We compared pollinaria removal (as an indicator of pollination success) in naturally growing orchids with pollinaria removal in arrays of orchid flowers in the same sites. We showed that the proposed method greatly enhances pollinator attractiveness in food deceptive systems with very low pollination rates, and we compared its efficiency with other similar methods. The approach can be used for observing pollinator behavioural patterns and confirming effective pollinators for food deceptive species with low insect visitation rates.

Pollination biology of Echinopsis leucantha (Cactaceae): passerine birds and exotic bees as effective pollinators

Botany ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo Gorostiague ◽  
Pablo Ortega-Baes
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
First Record ◽  
Passerine Bird ◽  
Reproductive Period ◽  
Floral Traits ◽  
Passerine Birds ◽  
Floral Visitors ◽  
Pollination Systems ◽  
Effective Pollinators

Cactus flowers have traditionally been considered to be specialized to certain pollination guilds, but pollination studies reveal that most species are actually generalists. This suggests that floral traits are not always predictive of the animal visitors that pollinate cactus flowers. Here, we studied the pollination of Echinopsis leucantha (Gillies ex Salm-Dyck) Walp., an endemic cactus of Argentina, whose floral traits would suggest that it is pollinated by moths. The floral lifespan and flower availability throughout the reproductive period were evaluated. Field experiments were carried out to study the reproductive system and the identity and effectiveness of floral visitors. Echinopsis leucantha flowers had a nocturnal anthesis time that extended into the following morning. The species was self-incompatible. Floral visitors included moths, bees, and passerine birds. However, diurnal visitors were more effective as pollinators than nocturnal ones. The flowers of E. leucantha were phenotypically specialized (sphingophily); however, the pollination system was functionally and ecologically generalized. The results confirm that generalized pollination systems are widespread among species of the Echinopsis genus with nocturnal flowers, for which diurnal pollinators seem to have a key role in fruit and seed production. Our study constitutes the first record of passerine bird pollination in the Cactaceae for mainland South America.

On Methodology for Designing Architectural Lighting of Production Site Interior

2020 ◽  
pp. 10-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir V. Voronov ◽  
Nikolay I. Shchepetkov
Keyword(s):  
Architectural Design ◽  
Comprehensive Approach ◽  
Scientific Methodology ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Production Site ◽  
Artificial Illumination ◽  
Engineering Parameters ◽  
Architectural Lighting ◽  
Candidate Thesis

The article describes content of original and relevant but virtually forgotten thesis of V.V. Voronov on lighting of production site interiors by means of overhead natural (using three types of skylights) and artificial illumination, in order to elaborate scientific methodology for architectural design of more qualitative luminous environment on the basis of comprehensive approach and enhanced criteria framework of its evaluation using light engineering parameters. The thesis is unique in terms of the scope and quality of field and laboratory observations which are reflected not only in the text but also in the graphical attachments, namely photos, figures, schemes, drawings, charts, nomograms, and diagrams accompanied by specific measured or calculated parameters. The first part of the thesis contains theoretical basics and results of field observations conducted by different methods. This second part is the exposition of chapter 3 of the V.V. Voronov’s candidate thesis (1985). It describes the methodology for and the results of the experiments by means of planar and volumetric light simulation using the architectural lighting simulating assembly (chamber) which were conducted in MARKHI in 1970–1985.

Concerning the Concept of Light-Colour Arrangement of the Urban Environment in the Central Part of Tyumen

2020 ◽  
pp. 34-42
Author(s):  
Nikolay I. Shchepetkov ◽  
Svetlana B. Kapeleva ◽  
Denis V. Bugaev ◽  
Gregory S. Matovnikov ◽  
Anna S. Kostareva
Keyword(s):  
Urban Environment ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
Assessment Criteria ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
General Plan ◽  
Design Solutions ◽  
Methodological Principles ◽  
The City

The article provides a comprehensive analysis of outdoor lighting in the central part of Tyumen (with consideration of conducted field observations) and prospects of its development on the basis of the general plan of illumination of the central part of the city being under design. Main provisions of this general plan as well as methodological principles and assessment criteria of design solutions illustrat-ed by photographs, schemes and visualisations of the illuminated objects are described.

IMPLEMENTASI KURIKULUM BERBASIS INDUSTRI DI SMK MITRA INDUSTRI MM2100 CIKARANG - BEKASI

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-88
Author(s):  
Bambang Nurcahyono ◽  
Rita Retnowati ◽  
Entis Sutisna
Keyword(s):  
Curriculum Development ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Process Approach ◽  
Development Model ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Work Patterns ◽  
Block System ◽  
Comprehensive Picture ◽  
Dual Base

INDUSTRIAL BASED CURRICULUM IMPLEMETATION AT SMK MITRA INDUSTRI MM2100 CIKARANG-BEKASIThis study aims to obtain a fact-based picture in the form of data and information regarding the implementation of an industry-based curriculum at SMK Mitra Industri MM2100. This study uses a qualitative method, which is to make a complex and comprehensive picture with detailed descriptions from the eyes of the informants to produce a comprehensive exposure based on clear and real findings, events, processes and results related to the implementation of an industry-based curriculum. Data obtained through interviews, field observations and documentation studies. Based on data analysis, the following results are obtained: 1). The curriculum development model used at SMK Mitra Industri MM2100, is a model of curriculum development that is problem-centered by integrating several disciplines to form a concept of attitudes, skills and knowledge in accordance with the demands and needs of the industry which are oriented to the vision, mission and goals of the school. 2). The learning process at SMK Mitra Industri MM2100 uses a block system, which is designed to be oriented towards the merging of instruction and construction, so that the learning process approach refers to the dual base program to fully and fully cultivate industrial work patterns. 3). Challenges and obstacles in the implementation of industrial-based curriculum in SMK Mitra Industri MM2100 in the form of not wanting to change the principles of school/mental blockage, focusing on knowledge, school target is focus on graduation of students, not on the distribution of work at industries and bad networking with industry which can be overcome through socialization to all elements of the school and stakeholders involved.

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