scholarly journals Lost at sea: ocean acidification undermines larval fish orientation via altered hearing and marine soundscape modification

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 20150937 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tullio Rossi ◽  
Ivan Nagelkerken ◽  
Jennifer C. A. Pistevos ◽  
Sean D. Connell
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Sound Production ◽  
Larval Fish ◽  
Fish Larvae ◽  
Suitable Habitat ◽  
Biological Origin ◽  
Complex Processes ◽  
Potential Habitat ◽  
Wide Range

The dispersal of larvae and their settlement to suitable habitat is fundamental to the replenishment of marine populations and the communities in which they live. Sound plays an important role in this process because for larvae of various species, it acts as an orientational cue towards suitable settlement habitat. Because marine sounds are largely of biological origin, they not only carry information about the location of potential habitat, but also information about the quality of habitat. While ocean acidification is known to affect a wide range of marine organisms and processes, its effect on marine soundscapes and its reception by navigating oceanic larvae remains unknown. Here, we show that ocean acidification causes a switch in role of present-day soundscapes from attractor to repellent in the auditory preferences in a temperate larval fish. Using natural CO 2 vents as analogues of future ocean conditions, we further reveal that ocean acidification can impact marine soundscapes by profoundly diminishing their biological sound production. An altered soundscape poorer in biological cues indirectly penalizes oceanic larvae at settlement stage because both control and CO 2 -treated fish larvae showed lack of any response to such future soundscapes. These indirect and direct effects of ocean acidification put at risk the complex processes of larval dispersal and settlement.

Magnetic characterization of ghost rocks from the Sterkfontein cave (South Africa): are iron oxides linked to biological activity?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aude Isambert ◽  
Maud Watkinson ◽  
Céline Pisapia ◽  
Emmanuelle Gérard ◽  
Bénédicte Menez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Iron Oxides ◽  
Magnetic Measurements ◽  
Bacterial Biofilm ◽  
High Porosity ◽  
Secondary Phases ◽  
Biological Origin ◽  
Potential Habitat ◽  
Cave System

<p>The Sterkfontein caves system in the Cradle of Humankind (South Africa) is a karstic environment resulting from a ghost-rock karstification process that developed in the Malmani dolomite formation presenting interlayered more resistant chert layers (Bruxelles, 2017). This process of karstification occurs under low hydrodynamic conditions leaving in place a residual highly porous altered rock, which preserves the structure of the initial bedrock, and which is called “ghost rock”. Due to its high porosity and in the presence of water, ghost-rocks can represent a potential habitat for microorganisms, ubiquitous on and in Earth, with metabolisms mainly relying on dissolution or precipitation processes of minerals. Thus some secondary mineralizations of manganese and iron oxides, found associated to microorganisms in cave systems, could have a biological origin (Banerjee and Joshi, 2012). To better characterize the alteration phases and understand the process of karstification and the potential role of microorganisms and biofilms, samples including dolomitic bedrock, cherts and ghost-rocks were collected at the Sterkfontein cave system. We report here magnetic properties of powdered samples (low-field susceptibility, hysteresis parameters, saturation magnetization and MPMS measurements). In parallel to these magnetic measurements, XRD analyses, FTIR spectroscopic analyses and microscopic observations (SEM) have been realized in order to better characterize the mineralogy of bedrock and secondary phases and to better constrain the alteration processes. We observe that the ghost-rock is mostly composed of quartz and oxides. The magnetic phases detected are mainly hematite and goethite, precipitated on the quartz grain boundaries. These first observations could be explained by a total dissolution of the main bedrock (dolomite) and a partial chemical alteration and mechanical erosion of cherts. To go further, an additional microbial ecology study in the cave system is needed to better constrain the role of microorganisms in the precipitation of oxides detected.</p><p> </p><p>Banerjee, S., Joshi, S.R., 2013. Insights into Cave Architecture and the Role of Bacterial Biofilm. PNAS, India Section B: Biological Sciences 83, 277–290.</p><p>Bruxelles L., 2017. Des fantômes et des hommes. Le rôle de la fantômisation dans la formation des karsts à homininés d’Afrique du Sud. Karstologia 69, 1–8.</p>

scholarly journals Ocean acidification increases fatty acids levels of larval fish

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 20150331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Díaz-Gil ◽  
Ignacio A. Catalán ◽  
Miquel Palmer ◽  
Cynthia K. Faulk ◽  
Lee A. Fuiman
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Food Webs ◽  
Larval Fish ◽  
Fish Larvae ◽  
Normal Structure ◽  
Current Control ◽  
Sciaenops Ocellatus ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Change Scenario

Rising levels of anthropogenic carbon dioxide in the atmosphere are acidifying the oceans and producing diverse and important effects on marine ecosystems, including the production of fatty acids (FAs) by primary producers and their transfer through food webs. FAs, particularly essential FAs, are necessary for normal structure and function in animals and influence composition and trophic structure of marine food webs. To test the effect of ocean acidification (OA) on the FA composition of fish, we conducted a replicated experiment in which larvae of the marine fish red drum ( Sciaenops ocellatus ) were reared under a climate change scenario of elevated CO 2 levels (2100 µatm) and under current control levels (400 µatm). We found significantly higher whole-body levels of FAs, including nine of the 11 essential FAs, and altered relative proportions of FAs in the larvae reared under higher levels of CO 2 . Consequences of this effect of OA could include alterations in performance and survival of fish larvae and transfer of FAs through food webs.

scholarly journals Modeling the predicted suitable habitat distribution of Javan hawkeagle Nisaetus bartelsi in the Java Island, Indonesia

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 1539-1551 ◽  
Author(s):  
ILYAS NURSAMSI ◽  
RUHYAT PARTASASMITA ◽  
NURVITA CUNDANINGSIH ◽  
HASNA SILMI RAMADHANI
Keyword(s):  
Land Cover ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Wildlife Trade ◽  
Suitable Habitat ◽  
Good Match ◽  
Habitat Distribution ◽  
Potential Habitat ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Main Input ◽  
Coordinate Data

Nursamsi I, Partasasmita R, Cundaningsih N, Ramadhani HS. 2018. Modeling the predicted suitable habitat distribution ofJavan hawk-eagle Nisaetus bartelsi in the Java Island, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 1539-1551. Javan hawk-eagle (Nisaetus bartelsi) isan endemic raptor of Java Island. The conservation status of Javan hawk-eagle (JHE) according to IUCN is endangered (EN) andincluded in CITES Appendix II list, and this species is also protected by the Indonesian government law based on act no. 5, year 1990.The position of Javan hawk-eagle as a top predator is now very threatened by habitat fragmentation, wildlife trade, and the decliningquality of its habitat. The primary purpose of this study was to give preliminary information about the distribution of predicted suitablehabitat for JHE as a means of finding potential releasing sites, as an evaluation for habitat protection, and even as an option for thedevelopment of new JHE protected areas. However, mapping the spatial distribution of potential habitat for JHE using terrestrial surveyis problematic because it requires enormous time, fund, and human resources. The most possible approach is by using Ecological NicheModeling (ENM)/species distribution modeling (SDM). In this study, modeling exercise was conducted by using a maximum entropymethod as an adaptation from Maxent software ver. 3.4.1, with the utilization of JHE-nest coordinate data and 16 environmentalvariables datasets as the main input. The predicted suitable habitat distribution map has shown a good match with historical and presentrecords of JHE and has fairly succeeded in capturing a wide range of habitat patches from tiny spots to quite large suitable habitat.Modeling results also showed that altitude, annual mean temperature, and two types of land cover (closed shrub, and forest area) areconsidered to be most important variables affecting the distribution of potential habitat for JHE. Moreover, about 17.77% (23,209 km2)area of Java Island has been projected to be suitable for Havan Hawk-Eagle's habitat, which mostly spread in mountainous areas whilealso appear in several lowland areas. This study suggests the importance of topographic, climatic, and land cover as pivotal predictors indetermining the suitability of habitat for JHE. This study also shows that the modeling results have a good match with the historicalrecords of JHE across the island, which suggests the overall accuracy of the model.

Disentangling the effects of size-dependent encounter and susceptibility to predation with an individual-based model for fish larvae

1999 ◽  
Vol 56 (9) ◽  
pp. 1562-1575 ◽  
Author(s):  
A R Paradis ◽  
M Pépin ◽  
P Pepin
Keyword(s):  
Larval Fish ◽  
Fish Larvae ◽  
Critical Element ◽  
Selective Mortality ◽  
Larval Phase ◽  
Size Dependent ◽  
Synchronous Spawning ◽  
Fish Cohort ◽  
Empirical Size

We investigated the effects of size-dependent encounter and susceptibility, the role of variation in the size distribution of predators, and the timing of prey-predator interaction during the larval phase in shaping the length frequency distribution of surviving fish larvae. These analyses based on general empirical size-dependent relationships may have broad implications in understanding larval fish cohort dynamics. We demonstrated that the formulations of encounter and susceptibility to predation counteract each other, an increased range of predator sizes reduces only slightly the evidence for size-selective mortality, and synchronous spawning and hatching events have the potential to yield strong size-selective mortality of a cohort of fish larvae. The important factors in generating size-selective mortality are either the timing of encounters between fish larvae and their predators or high mortality rates. We demonstrated a direct relationship between the potential of size-selective mortality and the overall mortality rate of the cohort. We suggest that it may be difficult to detect the effect of size-dependent processes in the field. A better understanding of the factors influencing encounter represents a critical element in extrapolating laboratory studies of predation to the field.

Variability and capture efficiency of bongo and Tucker trawl samplers in the collection of ichthyoplankton and other macrozooplankton

1997 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 765-773 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Pepin ◽  
T H Shears
Keyword(s):  
Larval Fish ◽  
Fish Larvae ◽  
Sample Volume ◽  
Capture Efficiency ◽  
Fish Eggs ◽  
Sample Mean ◽  
Sampling Variability ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Eggs And Larvae ◽  
Fish Eggs And Larvae

We examined the sampling variability and capture efficiency of bongo nets and a modified Tucker trawl used in the sampling of ichthyoplankton and other macrozooplankton by taking seven replicate samples at each of two stations on two separate occasions. Sample variance was highly significantly related to sample mean for all major taxonomic categories (i.e., fish eggs, fish larvae, crustaceans, and medusae-chaetognaths). Sampling variability of the bongo nets was significantly greater than that of the Tucker trawl for both fish eggs and larvae. Sampling variability of macrozooplankton was significantly greater than that of ichthyoplankton. For larval fish of 5 mm or less, bongo nets generally yielded higher estimates of abundance than the Tucker trawl and the reverse was true for lengths above 10 mm, but there was a significant influence of species-specific morphological characters. The large sample volume of the Tucker trawl relative to the bongo nets resulted in significantly higher estimates of species diversity for fish eggs and larvae but not for crustaceans or medusae. Although bongo and Tucker samplers are efficient at catching a wide range of sizes of larval fish, the latter's lower variability may make it a more effective sampler.

The Problem of Identifying and Modeling the Relationship between Monetary Factor and Inflation in the Russian Economy

2008 ◽  
pp. 61-76
Author(s):  
A. Porshakov ◽  
A. Ponomarenko
Keyword(s):  
Money Supply ◽  
Money Demand ◽  
Russian Economy ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Complex Approach ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Supply Side Factors

The role of monetary factor in generating inflationary processes in Russia has stimulated various debates in social and scientific circles for a relatively long time. The authors show that identification of the specificity of relationship between money and inflation requires a complex approach based on statistical modeling and involving a wide range of indicators relevant for the price changes in the economy. As a result a model of inflation for Russia implying the decomposition of inflation dynamics into demand-side and supply-side factors is suggested. The main conclusion drawn is that during the recent years the volume of inflationary pressures in the Russian economy has been determined by the deviation of money supply from money demand, rather than by money supply alone. At the same time, monetary factor has a long-run spread over time impact on inflation.

Introduction: Emotion, History and the Arts

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin Sullivan ◽  
Marie Louise Herzfeld-Schild
Keyword(s):  
Historical Change ◽  
Carson Mccullers ◽  
Emotional Life ◽  
Review Section ◽  
The Arts ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
War Correspondents ◽  
History Of ◽  
Johan Huizinga

This introduction surveys the rise of the history of emotions as a field and the role of the arts in such developments. Reflecting on the foundational role of the arts in the early emotion-oriented histories of Johan Huizinga and Jacob Burkhardt, as well as the concerns about methodological impressionism that have sometimes arisen in response to such studies, the introduction considers how intensive engagements with the arts can open up new insights into past emotions while still being historically and theoretically rigorous. Drawing on a wide range of emotionally charged art works from different times and places—including the novels of Carson McCullers and Harriet Beecher-Stowe, the private poetry of neo-Confucian Chinese civil servants, the photojournalism of twentieth-century war correspondents, and music from Igor Stravinsky to the Beatles—the introduction proposes five ways in which art in all its forms contributes to emotional life and consequently to emotional histories: first, by incubating deep emotional experiences that contribute to formations of identity; second, by acting as a place for the expression of private or deviant emotions; third, by functioning as a barometer of wider cultural and attitudinal change; fourth, by serving as an engine of momentous historical change; and fifth, by working as a tool for emotional connection across communities, both within specific time periods but also across them. The introduction finishes by outlining how the special issue's five articles and review section address each of these categories, while also illustrating new methodological possibilities for the field.

Short Films from a Small Nation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Claire Thomson
Keyword(s):  
Public Information ◽  
Industrial Process ◽  
Actor Network Theory ◽  
Documentary Films ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Short Films ◽  
Post War ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Art And Architecture

The first book-length study in English of a national corpus of state-sponsored informational film, this book traces how Danish shorts on topics including social welfare, industry, art and architecture were commissioned, funded, produced and reviewed from the inter-war period to the 1960s. For three decades, state-sponsored short filmmaking educated Danish citizens, promoted Denmark to the world, and shaped the careers of renowned directors like Carl Th. Dreyer. Examining the life cycle of a representative selection of films, and discussing their preservation and mediation in the digital age, this book presents a detailed case study of how informational cinema is shaped by, and indeed shapes, its cultural, political and technological contexts.The book combines close textual analysis of a broad range of films with detailed accounts of their commissioning, production, distribution and reception in Denmark and abroad, drawing on Actor-Network Theory to emphasise the role of a wide range of entities in these processes. It considers a broad range of genres and sub-genres, including industrial process films, public information films, art films, the city symphony, the essay film, and many more. It also maps international networks of informational and documentary films in the post-war period, and explores the role of informational film in Danish cultural and political history.

Quantitative and Qualitative Methods of Studying the Processes of Socialization of a Modern Teenager

2020 ◽  
pp. 102-109
Author(s):  
Svetlana Alekseevna Raschetina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Research Methods ◽  
Interpersonal Relations ◽  
Internet Communication ◽  
Socialization Process ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Family ◽  
Modern Family ◽  
Making Friends ◽  
Main Support

Relevance and problem statement. Modern unstable society is characterized by narrowing the boundaries of controlled socialization and expanding the boundaries of spontaneous socialization of a teenager based on his immersion in the question arises about the importance of the family in the process of socialization of a teenager in the conditions of expanding the space of socialization. There is a need to study the role of the family in this process, to search, develop and test research methods that allow us to reveal the phenomenon of socialization from the side of its value characteristics. The purpose and methodology of the study: to identify the possibilities of a systematic and anthropological methodology for studying the role of the family in the process of socialization of adolescents in modern conditions, testing research methods: photo research on the topic “Ego – I” (author of the German sociologist H. Abels), profile update reflexive processes (by S. A. Raschetina). Materials and results of the study. The study showed that for all the problems that exist in the family of the perestroika era and in the modern family, it acts for a teenager as a value and the first (main) support in the processes of socialization. The positions well known in psychology about the importance of interpersonal relations in adolescence for the formation of attitudes towards oneself as the basis of socialization are confirmed. Today, the frontiers of making friends have expanded enormously on the basis of Internet communication. The types of activities of interest to a teenager (traditional and new ones related to digitalization) are the third pillar of socialization. Conclusion. The “Ego – I” method of photo research has a wide range of possibilities for quantitative and qualitative analysis of the socialization process to identify the value Pillars of this process.

Victorian Culture and Classical Antiquity

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Goldhill
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Roman Empire ◽  
Classical Antiquity ◽  
Victorian Culture ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Victorian Art ◽  
Victorian Science ◽  
Role Of Religion ◽  
Nineteenth Century Novels

How did the Victorians engage with the ancient world? This book is an exploration of how ancient Greece and Rome influenced Victorian culture. Through Victorian art, opera, and novels, the book examines how sexuality and desire, the politics of culture, and the role of religion in society were considered and debated through the Victorian obsession with antiquity. Looking at Victorian art, it demonstrates how desire and sexuality, particularly anxieties about male desire, were represented and communicated through classical imagery. Probing into operas of the period, the book addresses ideas of citizenship, nationalism, and cultural politics. And through fiction—specifically nineteenth-century novels about the Roman Empire—it discusses religion and the fierce battles over the church as Christianity began to lose dominance over the progressive stance of Victorian science and investigation. Rediscovering some great forgotten works and reframing some more familiar ones, the book offers extraordinary insights into how the Victorian sense of antiquity and our sense of the Victorians came into being. With a wide range of examples and stories, it demonstrates how interest in the classical past shaped nineteenth-century self-expression, giving antiquity a unique place in Victorian culture.

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