scholarly journals Potential trade-off between vocal ornamentation and spatial ability in a songbird

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 20130344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kendra B. Sewall ◽  
Jill A. Soha ◽  
Susan Peters ◽  
Stephen Nowicki
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Spatial Task ◽  
Repertoire Size ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Brain Structure And Function ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Song Control ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Relationship

Bird song is hypothesized to be a reliable indicator of cognition because it depends on brain structure and function. Song features have been found to correlate positively with measures of cognition, but the relationship between song and cognition is complicated because not all cognitive abilities are themselves positively correlated. If cognition is not a unitary trait, developmental constraints on brain growth could generate trade-offs between some aspects of cognition and song. To further clarify the relationship between song and cognition in song sparrows ( Melospiza melodia ), we examined repertoire size and performance on a spatial task. We found an inverse relationship between repertoire size and speed of spatial learning and suggest that a developmental trade-off between the hippocampus and song control nuclei could be responsible for this relationship. By attending to male song, females may learn about a suite of cognitive abilities; this study suggests that females may glean information about a male's cognitive weaknesses as well as his strengths.

scholarly journals How do surgeons’ trade-off between patient outcomes and risk of complications in total knee arthroplasty? a discrete choice experiment in Australia

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. e029406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandie Szawlowski ◽  
Peter F M Choong ◽  
Jinhu Li ◽  
Elizabeth Nelson ◽  
Mandana Nikpour ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Total Knee Arthroplasty ◽  
Discrete Choice Experiment ◽  
Discrete Choice ◽  
Choice Experiment ◽  
Night Time ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Orthopaedic Surgeons ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Total Knee ◽  
And Function

ObjectiveTo measure the trade-off between risk of complications versus patient improvement in pain and function in orthopaedic surgeons’ decisions about whether to undertake total knee arthroplasty (TKA).MethodsA discrete choice experiment asking surgeons to make choices between experimentally-designed scenarios describing different levels of operative risk and dimensions of pain and physical function. Variation in preferences and trade-offs according to surgeon-specific characteristics were also examined.ResultsThe experiment was completed by a representative sample of 333 orthopaedic surgeons (n=333): median age 52 years, 94% male, 91% fully qualified. Orthopaedic surgeons were willing to accept substantial increases in absolute risk associated with TKA surgery for greater improvements in a patient’s pain and function. The maximum risk surgeons were willing to accept was 40% for reoperation and 102% for the need to seek further treatment from a general practitioner or specialist in return for a change from postoperative severe night-time pain at baseline to no night-time pain at 12 months. With a few exceptions, surgeon-specific characteristics were not associated with how much risk a surgeon is willing to accept in a patient undergoing TKA.ConclusionThis is the first study to quantify risk-benefit trade-offs among orthopaedic surgeons performing TKA, using a discrete choice experiment. This study provides insight into the risk tolerance of surgeons.

The Measurement of Intelligence in the XXI Century using Video Games

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Quiroga ◽  
F. J. Román ◽  
J. De La Fuente ◽  
J. Privado ◽  
R. Colom
Keyword(s):  
Video Games ◽  
Standardized Tests ◽  
Video Game ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Measurement Devices ◽  
Key Features ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Time Required ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThis paper reviews the use of video games for measuring intelligence differences and reports two studies analyzing the relationship between intelligence and performance on a leisure video game. In the first study, the main focus was to design an Intelligence Test using puzzles from the video game. Forty-seven young participants played “Professor Layton and the curious village”® for a maximum of 15 hours and completed a set of intelligence standardized tests. Results show that the time required for completing the game interacts with intelligence differences: the higher the intelligence, the lower the time (d = .91). Furthermore, a set of 41 puzzles showed excellent psychometric properties. The second study, done seven years later, confirmed the previous findings. We finally discuss the pros and cons of video games as tools for measuring cognitive abilities with commercial video games, underscoring that psychologists must develop their own intelligence video games and delineate their key features for the measurement devices of next generation.

Innovation strategy and performance of international technology services ventures

2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 548-564 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nelson Oly Ndubisi ◽  
Celine Marie Capel ◽  
Gibson C Ndubisi
Keyword(s):  
Standard Procedure ◽  
Process Innovation ◽  
Innovation Strategy ◽  
Service Firms ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Content Type ◽  
New Knowledge ◽  
Technology Services ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the moderating role of structural autonomy in the relationship between innovation strategy and performance of international technology services ventures (ITVs). Design/methodology/approach – Data were collected from 200 ITVs serving markets outside their country of origin. Instrumentation followed standard procedure by adapting validated and parsimonious items from existing literature. Factor and hierarchical multiple regression analyses were applied to examine the hypothesised relationships. Findings – The results indicate a significant relationship between innovation strategy (namely service products innovation, process innovation and administrative innovation) and performance of ITVs. Structural autonomy moderates the relationship between process innovation, administrative innovation and performance. There is no moderating effect of autonomy in the association of service products innovation and performance. Research limitations/implications – The study corroborates the argument that service firms have more to gain by granting autonomy. In the context of ITVs, such gains are directly linked to performance through enhanced innovation in service products, processes and administration. It adds to the growing suggestions and rebuttals in the literature of a trade-off between innovation and communication; and between exploration of new knowledge and exploitation of existing knowledge in organisations when there is autonomy. Practical implications – Management can increase innovation and performance by granting greater autonomy to employees. Managers who are concerned that autonomy’s capacity to increase innovation capability may come at the expense of intra-organisational communication can be assured that intra-organisation communications can exist in the face of autonomy, and there is no real trade-off after all. Similarly, there is no basis for any concern for potential trade-off between exploration of new knowledge and exploitation of existing knowledge in organisations. Originality/value – Research suggests that autonomy of subsidiaries, units, groups or individuals encourages innovation, and that innovation strategy can enhance organisational performance. However, there is a counter-argument that same autonomy potentially hinders exploitation and performance of innovations. The study sheds more light on these anecdotal views based on data from ITVs.

Beautiful minds (i.e., brains) and the neural basis of intelligence

2007 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 174-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard J. Haier ◽  
Rex E. Jung
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Neuroscience ◽  
Brain Structure ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Brain Structure And Function ◽  
And Function ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
New Phase ◽  
Empirical Framework

AbstractThe commentaries address conceptual issues ranging from our narrow focus on neuroimaging to the various definitions of intelligence. The integration of the P-FIT and data from cognitive neuroscience is particularly important and considerable consistency is found. Overall, the commentaries affirm that advances in neuroscience techniques have caused intelligence research to enter a new phase. The P-FIT is recognized as a reasonable empirical framework to test hypotheses about the relationship of brain structure and function with intelligence and reasoning.

scholarly journals Diversidade do perfil dos gestores como uma alavanca estratégica para criação de valor: um enfoque no conservadorismo contábil de empresas brasileiras e francesas

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 611-631
Author(s):  
Larissa Degenhart ◽  
Edmery Tavares Barbosa ◽  
Marcia Zanievicz da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Value Creation ◽  
Accounting Conservatism ◽  
Performance Characteristics ◽  
Social Implications ◽  
Governing Body ◽  
The Face ◽  
And Performance ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose – The research aimed to analyze the relationship between the diversity of the managers' profile as a lever for value creation and the accounting conservatism of Brazilian and French companies.Design/methodology/approach – The sample consisted of 71 Brazilian companies and 67 French companies, listed in the B3 Index IBrX-100 and the SBF 120 Index of Euronext Paris, respectively. Multiple Regression was used to analyze the data (2011 to 2015).Findings – The results revealed that the characteristics of the diversity of the profile of Brazilian managers that are related to accounting conservatism are: age, place of formation and position occupied in the directive body. In France, the characteristics are: degree of schooling, link with the company and function performed.Research limitations/implications – The limitation of the impossibility of generalizing the results is highlighted. As theoretical contributions, this research analyzes an element that can be considered for analysis in the face of accounting conservatism: the profile of managers.Practical implications – The diversity of the managers' profile should be considered in companies, since it has repercussions on accounting conservatism, that is, on how managers conduct accounting to maximize company value.Social implications – The findings have social implications for professionals who aim to enter the Brazilian and French labor market.Originality/value – The study advances in the accounting area, as it analyzes the governing body of organizations, an important differential in the analysis of the demographic, professional and performance characteristics of managers and their relationship with accounting conservatism.

Automatically Denormalizing Document Relationships

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Will Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Data Storage ◽  
Software Maintenance ◽  
Design Patterns ◽  
Unique Problem ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Xml Databases ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Single Data ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Document Relationships

Native XML databases provide no exception to the problem that data may not be easily contained by any single data storage idiom. Many-to-many relationships, in particular, present a unique problem for documents, as strategies for joining across documents are a potential minefield of software maintenance and performance problems. Automatic denormalization shifts the responsibilty for managing relationships to write-time, making an explicit trade-off for simplicity and speed at runtime. This paper discusses existing strategies for managing relationships across documents and explores design patterns and use cases for performing automatic denormalization and their trade-offs.

scholarly journals Patience, Cognitive Abilities, and Cognitive Effort: Survey and Experimental Evidence From a Developing Country

2021 ◽  
pp. 000276422199674
Author(s):  
Stefania Bortolotti ◽  
Thomas Dohmen ◽  
Hartmut Lehmann ◽  
Frauke Meyer ◽  
Norberto Pignatti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Cognitive Effort ◽  
Cognitive Reflection Test ◽  
Math Ability ◽  
Cognitive Reflection ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Ability Measure ◽  
The Relationship

This study sheds light on the relationship between cognition and patience by documenting that the correlation between cognitive abilities and delay discounting is weaker for the same group of individuals if choices are incentivized. This study conjectures that higher cognitive effort, which induces higher involvement of the cognitive system, moderates the relationship between patience and cognition. For 107 participants drawn from the adult population in Tbilisi, this study examines the relationship between various measures of cognitive ability and that of patience. Specifically, we consider the relationship between the Cognitive Reflection Test, a numeracy test, self-reported math ability measure, enumerators’ assessments, and incentivized and hypothetical trade-offs between smaller-sooner and larger-later payments.

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