scholarly journals Response of insect parasitism to elevation depends on host and parasitoid life-history strategies

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 20130028 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christelle Péré ◽  
Hervé Jactel ◽  
Marc Kenis
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Life History Strategies ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Elevation Gradients ◽  
Parasitism Rates ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Parasitoid Richness ◽  
Meta Analyses

How global warming will affect insect parasitoids and their role as natural enemies of insect pests is difficult to assess within a short period of time. Considering that elevation gradients can be used as analogues for global warming, we carried out meta-analyses of 27 correlations between parasitoid richness and elevation and 140 correlations between parasitism rate and elevation in natural and semi-natural environments. We also explored various covariates that may explain the observed responses. Both parasitism rates and parasitoid species richness significantly decreased with increasing elevation. The decrease was greater for ectoparasitoids and parasitoids of ectophagous insects than for endoparasitoids and parasitoids of endophagous hosts, possibly because these latter are better protected from adverse and extreme climatic conditions occurring at higher elevations. Although our results suggest an increase of parasitism with increasing temperature, other factors regulating herbivorous insects have to be considered before concluding that climate warming will lead to a decrease in pest density.

scholarly journals IDENTIFIKASI SERANGGA HAMA DAN TINGKAT KERUSAKAN BIBIT TREMBESI (Samanea saman (Jacq.). Merr. DI AREAL BPDASHL KAPUAS KOTA PONTIANAK

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
. Koteng ◽  
Rosa Suryantini ◽  
Ratna Herawatiningsih
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Nursery Area ◽  
Marginal Lands ◽  
Average Percentage ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Pest Insects ◽  
Samanea Saman ◽  
Fast Growing Species

Trembesi is a fast growing species and has a high resistance to the environment and can be harvested within a short period of planting rotation of 5-8 years. This type was chosen because it has a unique texture, besides that this tree is believed to be able to contribute to tackling air pollution and the threat of global warming. Trembesi is also a tree that is an alternative that can be cultivated extensively for the purpose of rehabilitating marginal lands. However, the supply of healthy and quality trembesi seeds is still constrained by the presence of destructive pest insects. This study aims to identify pest insects that attack trembesi seedlings and determine the level of damage caused by pest insects by using calculations based on the types of visible damage, in the permanent nursery area of Kapuas City of Pontianak. The method used in this study is the census method with direct observation of trembesi seeds in the nursery. The results of the study stated that there were 5 types of insects which were thought to attack trembesi seeds, in the nursery area there were 5 types which included cone grasshopper (Tagasta marginella), Small grasshopper (Oxya sp.), Woodhopper (Valanga nigricornis). the Hemiptera order includes the walang sangit (Leptocorisa acuta). caterpillar tritip (Plutella sp.), The results showed an average percentage of damage caused by insect pests was 34.02% and the percentage level of damage was 22,02% of the total seedlings of 2,880 seeds observed and included in the category of minor damage. Although including the category of minor damage, it is necessary to further improve cleaning in the environment around the nursery area so that it can reduce the potential percentage and damage to the seedlings.Keywords: Identification, insects, level of destruction, pests, trembesi seedlings

scholarly journals Global warming in Amazonia: impacts and Mitigation

2009 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 1003-1011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Martin Fearnside
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Forest Fires ◽  
El Niño ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Carbon Accounting ◽  
Amazon Forest ◽  
Temperature Oscillations

Global warming has potentially catastrophic impacts in Amazonia, while at the same time maintenance of the Amazon forest offers one of the most valuable and cost-effective options for mitigating climate change. We know that the El Niño phenomenon, caused by temperature oscillations of surface water in the Pacific, has serious impacts in Amazonia, causing droughts and forest fires (as in 1997-1998). Temperature oscillations in the Atlantic also provoke severe droughts (as in 2005). We also know that Amazonian trees die both from fires and from water stress under hot, dry conditions. In addition, water recycled through the forest provides rainfall that maintains climatic conditions appropriate for tropical forest, especially in the dry season. What we need to know quickly, through intensified research, includes progress in representing El Niño and the Atlantic oscillations in climatic models, representation of biotic feedbacks in models used for decision-making about global warming, and narrowing the range of estimating climate sensitivity to reduce uncertainty about the probability of very severe impacts. Items that need to be negotiated include the definition of "dangerous" climate change, with the corresponding maximum levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Mitigation of global warming must include maintaining the Amazon forest, which has benefits for combating global warming from two separate roles: cutting the flow the emissions of carbon each year from the rapid pace of deforestation, and avoiding emission of the stock of carbon in the remaining forest that can be released by various ways, including climate change itself. Barriers to rewarding forest maintenance include the need for financial rewards for both of these roles. Other needs are for continued reduction of uncertainty regarding emissions and deforestation processes, as well as agreement on the basis of carbon accounting. As one of the countries most subject to impacts of climate change, Brazil must assume the leadership in fighting global warming.

scholarly journals Effects of climate change on environmental sustainability

2021 ◽  
Vol 250 ◽  
pp. 01005
Author(s):  
Manuela Tvaronavičienė
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Carbon Footprint ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Industrial Pollution ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Adaptation Strategies ◽  
Viable Solution ◽  
The World

Adaptation strategies to the climate change include measures that can be taken to take account of the new climatic conditions. This paper aims at assessing the effects of climate change on environmental sustainability. This sustainability constitutes a major problem in many countries and regions around the world that experience industrial pollution, degradation of land as well as natural disasters caused by the global warming. The paper shows that adaptation strategies are often parallel strategies that can be integrated simultaneously with the management of natural resources. They can make resources more efficient and resilient to climate change. The paper shows that reducing the carbon footprint by more than 50 percent by 2030 and eliminating it by 2050 might be a viable solution how to tackle the climate change and support the environmental sustainability.

scholarly journals A preliminary study of the behaviour of water buffaloes (<i>Bubalus bubalis</i>) imported to Poland (Short Communication)

2012 ◽  
Vol 55 (5) ◽  
pp. 415-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Antkowiak ◽  
J. Pytlewski ◽  
A. Purczyńska ◽  
R. Skrzypek
Keyword(s):  
Short Communication ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Bubalus Bubalis ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Drainage Ditch ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Summer Temperatures ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Time Of Year ◽  
Lying Down

Abstract. This study was carried out on 26 adult water (river) buffaloes (25 females and 1 male) imported in 2006 to an eco-tourism farm in the Wielkopolska province, Poland. During the growing season, animals were kept on a logged pasture covering an area of about 15 ha. The pasture was divided into three approximately equal parts, each with a different facility available for wallowing; i.e. pond, drainage ditch and stream. Behavioural observations were carried out three times in July and August 2007 in approximately 14-d intervals, each time during one day on a different part of the pasture, always between 06.00 and 16.00. The method of registration was instantaneous scan sampling, performed at approximately 60 min intervals. On the days of observations mean daily temperature varied from 20.2 to 20.8 °C. Grazing was the behaviour shown by the highest percentage of animals in the herd (58.6%), followed by rumination (28.2%), lying down (26.5%), wallowing (12.9%) and standing (1.4%). When they had access to a pond or ditch, the proportion of animals wallowing was twice as much compared to stream access (P<0.05). It was concluded that the welfare of the investigated buffaloes was not compromised during the high summer temperatures that can be encountered in Poland. Results also indicate that the highest level of welfare can be reached in this time of year when animals are provided with access to ample facility for wallowing. Under our climatic conditions facilities with still or slowly moving water appeared to be preferred by river buffaloes. However, this study has a limitation which is short period of observation, thus it is possible that a longer and more representative period of observations could change these conclusions.

scholarly journals Hardware – wheat pests as elements of the species consortium

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 106-112
Author(s):  
T. M. Kolombar
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Organic Production ◽  
The State ◽  
Insect Species ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
The Face

Annually in the world, insect pests kill 10–15 % of the crop yield, which in the face of increasing humanity creates a global problem for food security. For the territory of Ukraine in some years, the loss of wheat yields reach 25 % and, in the face of this tendency, real risks to the security of the state are created. Considering that the agrarian trend of the state development has been increasing in recent years, the development of grain-adapted to the ecological and climatic conditions of Ukraine is a priority direction of the development of domestic agriculture. And the development of new environmentally friendly methods of controlling pests of wheat using parasitic organisms will become a fundamentally new and pressing issue in the development of organic production in the country. The general list of pest species that can cause serious wheat yield and forage reduction in Ukraine includes more than 230 names, but only 18 species are able toentail the biggest losses. Among them belong to the order Coleoptera. One insect species is usually a host of several species of mites, nematodes and up to ten species of gregarines and microsporidia. Unfortunately, the taxonomic composition of parasites of phytophagous pets of wheat in Ukraine has not been thoroughly investigated. We studied the interrelation between parasites of 4 phytophagous insects of wheat as well as of 14 insect species found in granaries. The study of the species composition of parasitic organisms of wheat and grain pests is based on the study of the elementary part of the consortium ecosystem, where they act as second order consortia. Phytophagous parasites of wheat and collar pests of cereals, as second-order consorts, have been fragmented worldwide. The purpose of this work is to determine the species composition of gregarine as a component of wheat consortium for their further use in the creation of integrated methods of protection of wheat and products of its processing. As a result, 28 species of gregarines were registered, which belong to seven families (Didymophyidae, Ophryocystidae, Hirmocystidae, Lipotrophidae, Stylocephalidae, Actinocephalidae and Gregarinidae). On the average, 1–2 species of gregarines parasitize in one pest species. 7–10 species of parasites were identified in some insects of the family Tenebrionidae (Tenebrio molitor Linnaeus, 1758 and Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val, 1863). Each presented parasite is characteristic of 1–2 species of pests, but there are species of gregarines that infect up to four species of model species, such as Gregarina cuneata Stein, 1848. The largest number of individuals who are infested with gregarines belong to such families as Tenebrionidae and Dermestidae (38,6 % and 36,0 % of the total number of species, respectively). On pests – phytophages parasitizes about 8 species of gregarine families Stylocephalidae, Gregarinidae, Actinocephalidae. For barns pests are recorded barnacles of all 7 families.

THE DIRECTIONS FOR OPTIMIZING UKRAINE’S EXPORT POTENTIAL OF GRAIN CROPS IN THE CONTEXT OF CHANGING CLIMATIC CONDITIONS

2021 ◽  
Vol 14(63) (1) ◽  
pp. 129-136
Author(s):  
Kateryna VASYLKOVSKA ◽  
Oleksii VASYLKOVSKYI ◽  
Svitlana POPOVA ◽  
Valentyna Malakhovska
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Qualitative Change ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Agricultural Producers ◽  
Grain Crops ◽  
New Challenges

"The production and yield of grain crops in Ukraine from 2000 to 2019 was analysed in the article. The comparative analysis of gross harvest and export of grain during these years was carried out and the dependence of exports on gross harvest and its share was determined. The results point out that the export of grain crops has increased over the years under research, which indicates Ukraine’s significant export potential. Thus, leaving for the needs of the country from 16.0 to 36.6 million tons of grain (on average, 25.9 million tons), Ukrainian farmers export an average of 40.7% of the crop. During the period from 2000 to 2019, the gross harvest of grains in the country averaged 48.4 million tons resulting in the annual potential share of exports of at least 22.4 million tons. It was also found that the increase in the share of exports was made possible by a qualitative change in yield, which was due to the changes in crop growing technology. However, with global warming and climate change, new challenges for agricultural producers are emerging. The recommendations were given in order to improve the crop growing technology that will allow to overcome these challenges, further increase yields and Ukraine's export potential. "

scholarly journals Vector Competence: What Has Zika Virus Taught Us?

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 867 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sasha R. Azar ◽  
Scott C. Weaver
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Vector Competence ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Large Data ◽  
Mosquito Vector ◽  
Zikv Infection ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Meta Analyses

The unprecedented outbreak of Zika virus (ZIKV) infection in the Americas from 2015 to 2017 prompted the publication of a large body of vector competence data in a relatively short period of time. Although differences in vector competence as a result of disparities in mosquito populations and viral strains are to be expected, the limited competence of many populations of the urban mosquito vector, Aedes aegypti, from the Americas (when its susceptibility is viewed relative to other circulating/reemerging mosquito-borne viruses such as dengue (DENV), yellow fever (YFV), and chikungunya viruses (CHIKV)) has proven a paradox for the field. This has been further complicated by the lack of standardization in the methodologies utilized in laboratory vector competence experiments, precluding meta-analyses of this large data set. As the calls for the standardization of such studies continue to grow in number, it is critical to examine the elements of vector competence experimental design. Herein, we review the various techniques and considerations intrinsic to vector competence studies, with respect to contemporary findings for ZIKV, as well as historical findings for other arboviruses, and discuss potential avenues of standardization going forward.

scholarly journals A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Nature-Based Mindfulness: Effects of Moving Mindfulness Training into an Outdoor Natural Setting

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (17) ◽  
pp. 3202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Djernis ◽  
Lerstrup ◽  
Poulsen ◽  
Stigsdotter ◽  
Dahlgaard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Mindfulness Training ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Natural Setting ◽  
Positive Health ◽  
Post Intervention ◽  
Registration Number ◽  
Mindfulness Interventions ◽  
Meta Analyses

Research has proven that both mindfulness training and exposure to nature have positive health effects. The purpose of this study was to systematically review quantitative studies of mindfulness interventions conducted in nature (nature-based mindfulness), and to analyze the effects through meta-analyses. Electronic searches revealed a total of 25 studies to be included, examining 2990 participants. Three analyses were conducted: Nature-based mindfulness interventions evaluated as open trials (k = 13), nature-based mindfulness compared with groups in non-active control conditions (k = 5), and nature-based mindfulness compared with similar interventions but without contact with nature (k = 7). The overall combined psychological, physiological, and interpersonal effects from pre- to post-intervention were statistically significant and of medium size (g = 0.54, p < 0.001). Moderation analyses showed that natural environments characterized as forests/wild nature obtained larger numerical effects than environments characterized as gardens/parks, as did informal mindfulness compared with formal mindfulness. The small number of studies included, as well as the heterogeneity and generally low quality of the studies, must be taken into consideration when the results are interpreted. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42017065639.

Sheep production on the north coast of New South Wales. 2. A feasibility study of prime lamb production

1980 ◽  
Vol 20 (102) ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
RDH Cohen
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
North Coast ◽  
The North ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Short Period ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Sheep Production

Lamb production was studied in an experiment that ran for four years, 1968 to 1972, at Grafton, New South Wales, in a region where no commercial sheep are grown. Merino and Dorset Horn x Merino ewes stocked at 15 ewes ha-1 were mated in spring to Border Leicester rams and the lambs sold for slaughter in October. The mean number of lambs born per 100 ewes mated was 81.7 for crossbred ewes and 48.4 for Merino ewes (P< 0.05) and the mean carcase weights of the lambs were 14.8 kg and 12.7 kg, respectively (P< 0.01). The mean weight of fleeces cut from Merino ewes (3.24 kg) was greater (P< 0.01) than that from crossbred ewes (2.58 kg). The ewes were treated with anthelmintics either every four weeks or according to climatic conditions. There were no significant differences between the anthelmintic treatments for lamb liveweights at birth, weaning or slaughter; carcase weight; ewe fleece weight; or mortality rate. Treatment every four weeks increased ewe live weight during only one short period from August 1971 to February 1972 (P< 0.05). Data from this experiment compared favourably with survey data for the high rainfall zone in Australia and it was concluded that prime lamb production on the north coast of New South Wales is biologically feasible.

Grapevine insect pests and their natural enemies in the age of global warming

2016 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 313-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annette Reineke ◽  
Denis Thiéry
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Insect Pests
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