scholarly journals Maintenance of essential amino acid synthesis pathways in the Blattabacterium cuenoti symbiont of a wood-feeding cockroach

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 20121153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaku Tokuda ◽  
Liam D. H. Elbourne ◽  
Yukihiro Kinjo ◽  
Seikoh Saitoh ◽  
Zakee Sabree ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Essential Amino Acid ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
High Fidelity ◽  
Amino Acid Synthesis ◽  
Gut Microbes ◽  
Intracellular Symbiont ◽  
Rotting Wood ◽  
Cryptocercus Punctulatus

In addition to harbouring intestinal symbionts, some animal species also possess intracellular symbiotic microbes. The relative contributions of gut-resident and intracellular symbionts to host metabolism, and how they coevolve are not well understood. Cockroaches and the termite Mastotermes darwiniensis present a unique opportunity to examine the evolution of spatially separated symbionts, as they harbour gut symbionts and the intracellular symbiont Blattabacterium cuenoti . The genomes of B. cuenoti from M. darwiniensis and the social wood-feeding cockroach Cryptocercus punctulatus are each missing most of the pathways for the synthesis of essential amino acids found in the genomes of relatives from non-wood-feeding hosts. Hypotheses to explain this pathway degradation include: (i) feeding on microbes present in rotting wood by ancestral hosts; (ii) the evolution of high-fidelity transfer of gut microbes via social behaviour. To test these hypotheses, we sequenced the B. cuenoti genome of a third wood-feeding species, the phylogenetically distant and non-social Panesthia angustipennis . We show that host wood-feeding does not necessarily lead to degradation of essential amino acid synthesis pathways in B. cuenoti , and argue that ancestral high-fidelity transfer of gut microbes best explains their loss in strains from M. darwiniensis and C. punctulatus .

scholarly journals Genome Economization in the Endosymbiont of the Wood Roach Cryptocercus punctulatus Due to Drastic Loss of Amino Acid Synthesis Capabilities

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 1437-1448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Neef ◽  
Amparo Latorre ◽  
Juli Peretó ◽  
Francisco J. Silva ◽  
Miguel Pignatelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Amino Acid Synthesis ◽  
Cryptocercus Punctulatus

scholarly journals Lysine provisioning by horizontally acquired genes promotes mutual dependence between whitefly and two intracellular symbionts

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (11) ◽  
pp. e1010120
Author(s):  
Xi-Yu Bao ◽  
Jin-Yang Yan ◽  
Ya-Lin Yao ◽  
Yan-Bin Wang ◽  
Paul Visendi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Essential Amino Acid ◽  
Gene Knockout ◽  
Protein Localization ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Amino Acid Synthesis ◽  
Mutual Dependence ◽  
Knockout Mutants ◽  
First Time ◽  
Lysine Synthesis

Horizontal gene transfer is widespread in insects bearing intracellular symbionts. Horizontally transferred genes (HTGs) are presumably involved in amino acid synthesis in sternorrhynchan insects. However, their role in insect-symbiont interactions remains largely unknown. We found symbionts Portiera, Hamiltonella and Rickettsia possess most genes involved in lysine synthesis in the whitefly Bemisia tabaci MEAM1 although their genomes are reduced. Hamiltonella maintains a nearly complete lysine synthesis pathway. In contrast, Portiera and Rickettsia require the complementation of whitefly HTGs for lysine synthesis and have lysE, encoding a lysine exporter. Furthermore, each horizontally transferred lysine gene of ten B. tabaci cryptic species shares an evolutionary origin. We demonstrated that Hamiltonella did not alter the titers of Portiera and Rickettsia or lysine gene expression of Portiera, Rickettsia and whiteflies. Hamiltonella also did not impact on lysine levels or protein localization in bacteriocytes harboring Portiera and ovaries infected with Rickettsia. Complementation with whitefly lysine synthesis HTGs rescued E. coli lysine gene knockout mutants. Silencing whitefly lysA in whiteflies harboring Hamiltonella reduced lysine levels, adult fecundity and titers of Portiera and Rickettsia without influencing the expression of Hamiltonella lysA. Furthermore, silencing whitefly lysA in whiteflies lacking Hamiltonella reduced lysine levels, adult fecundity and titers of Portiera and Rickettsia in ovarioles. Therefore, we, for the first time, demonstrated an essential amino acid lysine synthesized through HTGs is important for whitefly reproduction and fitness of both obligate and facultative symbionts, and it illustrates the mutual dependence between whitefly and its two symbionts. Collectively, this study reveals that acquisition of horizontally transferred lysine genes contributes to coadaptation and coevolution between B. tabaci and its symbionts.

scholarly journals Energy Availability Determines Strategy of Microbial Amino Acid Synthesis in Volatile Fatty Acid–Fed Anaerobic Methanogenic Chemostats

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian Yao ◽  
Yan Zeng ◽  
Miaoxiao Wang ◽  
Yue-Qin Tang
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Public Goods ◽  
Functional Group ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Microbial Evolution ◽  
Community Level ◽  
Energy Availability ◽  
Amino Acid Synthesis

In natural communities, microbes exchange a variety of metabolites (public goods) with each other, which drives the evolution of auxotroph and shapes interdependent patterns at community-level. However, factors that determine the strategy of public goods synthesis for a given community member still remains to be elucidated. In anaerobic methanogenic communities, energy availability of different community members is largely varied. We hypothesized that this uneven energy availability contributed to the heterogeneity of public goods synthesis ability among the members in these communities. We tested this hypothesis by analyzing the synthetic strategy of amino acids of the bacterial and archaeal members involved in four previously enriched anaerobic methanogenic communities residing in thermophilic chemostats. Our analyses indicate that most of the members in the communities did not possess ability to synthesize all the essential amino acids, suggesting they exchanged these essential public goods to establish interdependent patterns for survival. Importantly, we found that the amino acid synthesis ability of a functional group was largely determined by how much energy it could obtain from its metabolism in the given environmental condition. Moreover, members within a functional group also possessed different amino acid synthesis abilities, which are related to their features of energy metabolism. Our study reveals that energy availability is a key driver of microbial evolution in presence of metabolic specialization at community level and suggests the feasibility of managing anaerobic methanogenic communities for better performance through controlling the metabolic interactions involved.

Hour-to-hour variation in amino acid arterio-venous concentration differences across the lactating goat mammary gland

1974 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. B. Mepham ◽  
J. L. Linzell
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Arterial Infusion ◽  
Amino Acid Synthesis ◽  
Lactating Goats ◽  
Arterial Concentration ◽  
Infusion Technique

SummaryArterio-venous (AV) blood plasma concentration differences of amino acids across the mammary glands of 2 lactating goats were measured at intervals throughout a day. One gland of each animal had been transplanted to the neck for experimental purposes. The variation throughout the day in arterial concentration of all amino acids was similar. The variation in AV differences was slight for most essential amino acids, greater for glutamic acid and proline and very marked for aspartic acid, alanine, glycine and citrulline. There was no statistical difference between the AV difference of any amino acid measured simultaneously across the 2 glands of either goat. The arterial concentrations of certain pairs of amino acids were significantly correlated. The implications of the results for estimation of rates of amino-acid synthesis in the mammary gland using the intra-arterial infusion technique are discussed.

scholarly journals Biosynthesis of ‘essential’ amino acids by scleractinian corals

1997 ◽  
Vol 322 (1) ◽  
pp. 213-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa M. FITZGERALD ◽  
Alina M. SZMANT
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Reef Coral ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Acropora Cervicornis ◽  
Isoleucine Leucine ◽  
Amino Acid Synthesis ◽  
Protein Amino Acids

Animals rely on their diet for amino acids that they are incapable either of synthesizing or of synthesizing in sufficient quantities to meet metabolic needs. These are the so-called ‘essential amino acids’. This set of amino acids is similar among the vertebrates and many of the invertebrates. Previously, no information was available for amino acid synthesis by the most primitive invertebrates, the Cnidaria. The purpose of this study was to examine amino acid synthesis by representative cnidarians within the Order Scleractinia. Three species of zooxanthellate reef coral, Montastraea faveolata, Acropora cervicornis and Porites divaricata, and two species of non-zooxanthellate coral, Tubastrea coccinea and Astrangia poculata, were incubated with 14C-labelled glucose or with the 14C-labelled amino acids glutamic acid, lysine or valine. Radiolabel tracer was followed into protein amino acids. A total of 17 amino acids, including hydroxyproline, were distinguishable by the techniques used. Of these, only threonine was not found radiolabelled in any of the samples. We could not detect tryptophan or cysteine, nor distinguish between the amino acid pairs glutamic acid and glutamine, or aspartic acid and asparagine. Eight amino acids normally considered essential for animals were made by the five corals tested, although some of them were made only in small quantities. These eight amino acids are valine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine histidine, methionine and lysine. The ability of cnidarians to synthesize these amino acids could be yet another indicator of a separate evolutionary history of the cnidarians from the rest of the Metazoa.

scholarly journals Molecular and Histologic Adaptation of Horned Gall Induced by the Aphid Schlechtendalia chinensis (Pemphigidae)

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (10) ◽  
pp. 5166
Author(s):  
Qin Lu ◽  
Xiaoming Chen ◽  
Zixiang Yang ◽  
Nawaz Haider Bashir ◽  
Juan Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid Synthesis ◽  
Glucose Content ◽  
Anatomical Structures ◽  
Synthesis And Degradation

Chinese galls are the result of hyperplasia in host plants induced by aphids. The metabolism and gene expression of these galls are modified to accommodate the aphids. Here, we highlight the molecular and histologic features of horned galls according to transcriptome and anatomical structures. In primary pathways, genes were found to be unevenly shifted and selectively expressed in the galls and leaves near the galls (LNG). Pathways for amino acid synthesis and degradation were also unevenly shifted, favoring enhanced accumulation of essential amino acids in galls for aphids. Although galls enhanced the biosynthesis of glucose, which is directly available to aphids, glucose content in the gall tissues was lower due to the feeding of aphids. Pathways of gall growth were up-regulated to provide enough space for aphids. In addition, the horned gall has specialized branched schizogenous ducts and expanded xylem in the stalk, which provide a broader feeding surface for aphids and improve the efficiency of transportation and nutrient exchange. Notably, the gene expression in the LNG showed a similar pattern to that of the galls, but on a smaller scale. We suppose the aphids manipulate galls to their advantage, and galls lessen competition by functioning as a medium between the aphids and their host plants.

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