scholarly journals Secondary eyes mediate the response to looming objects in jumping spiders ( Phidippus audax , Salticidae)

2012 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 949-951 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren Spano ◽  
Skye M. Long ◽  
Elizabeth M. Jakob
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Systems ◽  
Field Of View ◽  
Sense Organs ◽  
Jumping Spiders ◽  
Black Circle ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Types Of Information ◽  
Phidippus Audax

Some species have sensory systems divided into subsystems with morphologically different sense organs that acquire different types of information within the same modality. Jumping spiders (family Salticidae) have eight eyes. Four eyes are directed anteriorly to view objects in front of the spider: a pair of principal eyes track targets with their movable retinae, while the immobile anterior lateral (AL) eyes have a larger field of view and lower resolution. To test whether the principal eyes, the AL eyes, or both together mediate the response to looming stimuli, we presented spiders with a video of a solid black circle that rapidly expanded (loomed) or contracted (receded). Control spiders and spiders with their principal eyes masked were significantly more likely to back away from the looming stimulus than were spiders with their AL eyes masked. Almost no individuals backed away from the receding stimulus. Our results show that the AL eyes alone mediate the loom response to objects anterior to the spider.

Effect of sleep on memory for binding different types of visual information

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
John J Shaw ◽  
Zhisen Urgolites ◽  
Padraic Monaghan
Keyword(s):  
Visual Information ◽  
Storage Capacity ◽  
Declarative Memory ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Forced Choice ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Types Of Information

Visual long-term memory has a large and detailed storage capacity for individual scenes, objects, and actions. However, memory for combinations of actions and scenes is poorer, suggesting difficulty in binding this information together. Sleep can enhance declarative memory of information, but whether sleep can also boost memory for binding information and whether the effect is general across different types of information is not yet known. Experiments 1 to 3 tested effects of sleep on binding actions and scenes, and Experiments 4 and 5 tested binding of objects and scenes. Participants viewed composites and were tested 12-hours later after a delay consisting of sleep (9pm-9am) or wake (9am-9pm), on an alternative forced choice recognition task. For action-scene composites, memory was relatively poor with no significant effect of sleep. For object-scene composites sleep did improve memory. Sleep can promote binding in memory, depending on the type of information to be combined.

scholarly journals How the Multiplicity of Suggested Information Affects the Behavior of a User in a Recommender System

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 741
Author(s):  
Yuseok Ban ◽  
Kyungjae Lee
Keyword(s):  
High Precision ◽  
Recommender System ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Supplementary Information ◽  
Digital Platform ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Types Of Information

Many researchers have suggested improving the retention of a user in the digital platform using a recommender system. Recent studies show that there are many potential ways to assist users to find interesting items, other than high-precision rating predictions. In this paper, we study how the diverse types of information suggested to a user can influence their behavior. The types have been divided into visual information, evaluative information, categorial information, and narrational information. Based on our experimental results, we analyze how different types of supplementary information affect the performance of a recommender in terms of encouraging users to click more items or spend more time in the digital platform.

scholarly journals The Effects of Task Complexity on the Use of Different Types of Information in a Search Assistance Tool

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bogeum Choi ◽  
Austin Ward ◽  
Yuan Li ◽  
Jaime Arguello ◽  
Robert Capra
Keyword(s):  
Task Complexity ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Types Of Information ◽  
Assistance Tool

scholarly journals Examining the Effects of Message Framing and Social Norms on Judgments of Earthquake Legislation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Lauren Vinnell
Keyword(s):  
Risk Perceptions ◽  
Social Norm ◽  
Message Framing ◽  
Journal Article ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Risk Tolerance ◽  
Earthquake Risk ◽  
Injunctive Norms ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Types Of Information

<p>To increase earthquake preparation, it is beneficial to understand the effects of different types of information used in risk communications. This thesis adapts methods that have been used with other hazards or in hypothetical situations and applies them to increasing support for current earthquake-strengthening legislation in Wellington, New Zealand (NZ). Study 1 examined valence and numerical format framing. Expressing the number of buildings affected by the legislation as a negatively-valenced frequency was found to be most effective at increasing earthquake-related judgments¹. Study 2 examined descriptive and injunctive norms and found that a range of subject factors such as age and previous knowledge of the legislation influenced the effects of norms. Study 3 used the same manipulation and included a sample from Palmerston North, where earthquake risk perceptions are lower. This study showed several clear norm effects, with the combination of both descriptive and injunctive norms the most effective at increasing support for the earthquake legislation. All three studies showed that belief in the effectiveness of strengthening earthquake-prone buildings predicted support for the legislation and lower earthquake-risk tolerance, suggesting that this could be a key perception to target in communications. Overall, these studies suggest that certain messages are more effective at increasing support for the governmental legislation, but also that framing and social norm effects on real-world issues interact with other variables such as age and knowledge which ought to be examined further to increase the usefulness of psychological research to risk communication.  ¹ The results of this study have been accepted for publication as a peer-reviewed journal article: Vinnell, L. J., McClure, J., & Milfont, T. L. (in press). Do framing messages increase support for earthquake legislation? Disaster Prevention and Management, 26(1).</p>

scholarly journals Science & the Senses: Perceptions & Deceptions

2012 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 145-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
William D. Stansfield
Keyword(s):  
Science Education ◽  
Confirmation Bias ◽  
Sensory Systems ◽  
Sense Organs ◽  
Cognitive Error ◽  
Biology Textbooks ◽  
Sensory Signals ◽  
Scientific Investigations ◽  
Human Tendency ◽  
Derived Data

Science requires the acquisition and analysis of empirical (sense-derived) data. Given the same physical objects or phenomena, the sense organs of all people do not respond equally to these stimuli, nor do their minds interpret sensory signals identically. Therefore, teachers should develop lectures on human sensory systems that include some common examples of sensory limitations, variations, deficiencies, malfunctions, and diseases (as discussed herein) because they have important implications for conducting scientific investigations, science education, and introspection that are seldom included in biology textbooks. Students need to be made aware of the human tendency to self deception in order to avoid the cognitive error of confirmation bias.

Information Traffic and Information Effectiveness

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 21-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bixia Xu ◽  
Zhulin Huang
Keyword(s):  
Information Search ◽  
Accounting Information ◽  
Input Process ◽  
Investor Attention ◽  
Economic Downturns ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Process Output ◽  
Concept Of Information ◽  
Types Of Information ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT Search engines are among the most important information technology (IT) applications and platforms on which to conduct information search. This study contributes by investigating whether and how the search engine-enabled information search is related to accounting information effectiveness. We develop the concept of information traffic to conceptualize investor IT-enabled information search activities and to explore whether the searches captured by this concept provide any insights for understanding and enhancing accounting information effectiveness. Building upon the input-process-output model (Maines and McDaniel 2000) and with a sample of 59 accounting information items, we report that information items with higher information traffic have greater ability to explain and predict firm market value (i.e., higher information effectiveness). The impact of information traffic on information effectiveness is higher for economic upturns than for economic downturns and differs among different types of information. We propose a conceptual measure that integrates both information traffic and information effectiveness to capture information relative importance and to suggest empirically an order in importance of the ten types of information we investigate. Our dynamic analysis of information traffic reveals a significant increase of investor IT-enabled information search in the post-financial-crisis period. It also shows higher search increases for accounting items that received previously scant investor attention.

Coding Principles in Adaptation

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 427-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison I. Weber ◽  
Kamesh Krishnamurthy ◽  
Adrienne L. Fairhall
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Visual System ◽  
Functional Role ◽  
Receptive Fields ◽  
Sensory Systems ◽  
Spike Frequency Adaptation ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Common Principle

Adaptation is a common principle that recurs throughout the nervous system at all stages of processing. This principle manifests in a variety of phenomena, from spike frequency adaptation, to apparent changes in receptive fields with changes in stimulus statistics, to enhanced responses to unexpected stimuli. The ubiquity of adaptation leads naturally to the question: What purpose do these different types of adaptation serve? A diverse set of theories, often highly overlapping, has been proposed to explain the functional role of adaptive phenomena. In this review, we discuss several of these theoretical frameworks, highlighting relationships among them and clarifying distinctions. We summarize observations of the varied manifestations of adaptation, particularly as they relate to these theoretical frameworks, focusing throughout on the visual system and making connections to other sensory systems.

On the development of the two visual systems

2002 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 120-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
John van der Kamp ◽  
Geert J. P. Savelsbergh
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Sequence ◽  
Visual Systems ◽  
Two Visual Systems ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Types Of Information

Norman's reconciliation of the two theories of perception is challenged because it directly leads to the nature-nurture dichotomy in the development of the two visual systems. In contrast, the proposition of a separate development of the two visual systems may be better understood as involving different types of information that follow a distinct temporal sequence.

scholarly journals A Time-Varying Information Measure for Tracking Dynamics of Neural Codes in a Neural Ensemble

Entropy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 880
Author(s):  
Mohammad R. Rezaei ◽  
Milos R. Popovic ◽  
Milad Lankarany
Keyword(s):  
Kalman Filtering ◽  
Probability Distributions ◽  
Neural Code ◽  
Time Varying ◽  
Amount Of Information ◽  
Neural Ensemble ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Types Of Information ◽  
Different Time Scales ◽  
Filtering Approach

The amount of information that differentially correlated spikes in a neural ensemble carry is not the same; the information of different types of spikes is associated with different features of the stimulus. By calculating a neural ensemble’s information in response to a mixed stimulus comprising slow and fast signals, we show that the entropy of synchronous and asynchronous spikes are different, and their probability distributions are distinctively separable. We further show that these spikes carry a different amount of information. We propose a time-varying entropy (TVE) measure to track the dynamics of a neural code in an ensemble of neurons at each time bin. By applying the TVE to a multiplexed code, we show that synchronous and asynchronous spikes carry information in different time scales. Finally, a decoder based on the Kalman filtering approach is developed to reconstruct the stimulus from the spikes. We demonstrate that slow and fast features of the stimulus can be entirely reconstructed when this decoder is applied to asynchronous and synchronous spikes, respectively. The significance of this work is that the TVE can identify different types of information (for example, corresponding to synchronous and asynchronous spikes) that might simultaneously exist in a neural code.

A Conceptual Framework of Export Marketing Information Use: Key Issues and Research Propositions

1996 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 49-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne L. Souchon ◽  
Adamantios Diamantopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Information Use ◽  
Knowledge Use ◽  
The Social ◽  
Export Marketing ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Export Decision ◽  
Research Propositions ◽  
Marketing Information ◽  
Types Of Information

Information use within an export setting has been neglected in most studies’ they focus instead on the acquisition of information rather than its use. Knowledge use as a topic, however, has been under investigation in the social sciences since the mid-1970s. Various conceptualizations have been developed, and emphasis has been placed upon the multidimensional nature of knowledge use. This article reviews the literatures on export information and general knowledge use, and integrates them into a model of export information use. Specifically, different types of information use are distinguished, their antecedents are identified, and their effect on export decision making and ultimate export success is indicated. A number of propositions to guide further research are also developed.

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