scholarly journals The sound of arousal in music is context-dependent

2012 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 744-747 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel T. Blumstein ◽  
Gregory A. Bryant ◽  
Peter Kaye
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Acoustic Stimulus ◽  
Video Image ◽  
Visual Modality ◽  
Vocal Cords ◽  
Nonlinear Simulations ◽  
Context Dependent ◽  
Influence Perceptions ◽  
Arousal And Valence

Humans, and many non-human animals, produce and respond to harsh, unpredictable, nonlinear sounds when alarmed, possibly because these are produced when acoustic production systems (vocal cords and syrinxes) are overblown in stressful, dangerous situations. Humans can simulate nonlinearities in music and soundtracks through the use of technological manipulations. Recent work found that film soundtracks from different genres differentially contain such sounds. We designed two experiments to determine specifically how simulated nonlinearities in soundtracks influence perceptions of arousal and valence. Subjects were presented with emotionally neutral musical exemplars that had neither noise nor abrupt frequency transitions, or versions of these musical exemplars that had noise or abrupt frequency upshifts or downshifts experimentally added. In a second experiment, these acoustic exemplars were paired with benign videos. Judgements of both arousal and valence were altered by the addition of these simulated nonlinearities in the first, music-only, experiment. In the second, multi-modal, experiment, valence (but not arousal) decreased with the addition of noise or frequency downshifts. Thus, the presence of a video image suppressed the ability of simulated nonlinearities to modify arousal. This is the first study examining how nonlinear simulations in music affect emotional judgements. These results demonstrate that the perception of potentially fearful or arousing sounds is influenced by the perceptual context and that the addition of a visual modality can antagonistically suppress the response to an acoustic stimulus.

Distinguishing between the Meanings of Music: When Background Music Affects Product Perceptions

2005 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 333-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rui (Juliet) Zhu ◽  
Joan Meyers-Levy
Keyword(s):  
Music Theory ◽  
External World ◽  
Background Music ◽  
Message Processing ◽  
Musical Sound ◽  
Embodied Meaning ◽  
Context Dependent ◽  
Influence Perceptions

Music theory distinguishes between two types of meanings that music can impart: (1) embodied meaning, which is purely hedonic, context independent, and based on the degree of stimulation the musical sound affords, and (2) referential meaning, which is context dependent and reflects networks of semantic-laden, external world concepts. Two studies investigate which (if either) of these background music meanings influence perceptions of an advertised product and when. Findings suggest that people who engage in nonintensive processing are insensitive to either type of meaning. However, more intensive processors base their perceptions on the music's referential meaning when ad message processing requires few resources, but they use the music's embodied meaning when such processing is relatively resource demanding.

A note on the reproductive performance of ewes of different genotypes following active immunization against androstenedione

1987 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 326-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Rhind
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Active Immunization ◽  
Reproductive Response ◽  
Lambing Rate

It has been demonstrated with Australian breeds and conditions that active immunization of ewes against androstenedione can induce increases in lambing rate of 20 or more lambs per 100 ewes mated (Cox, Wilson, Scaramuzzi, Hoskinson, George and Bindon, 1982; Geldard and Scaramuzzi, 1983). More recent work (Geldard, 1985) involving active immunization against androstenedione (Fecundin®, Coopers Animal Health, UK) has shown that similar results can also be achieved with some United Kingdom breeds. However, the successful application of this product in practice requires a knowledge of the patterns of reproductive response that can be obtained with a much wider range of genotypes and production systems.

scholarly journals Kant’s Contextualism

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 555-579
Author(s):  
Katrin Flikschuh
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
Moral Relativism ◽  
Moral Judgement ◽  
Primary Concern ◽  
Reasons For Action ◽  
Limited Extent ◽  
Moral Judgements ◽  
Context Dependent

AbstractThis article builds on David Velleman’s recent work on moral relativism to argue that Kant’s account of moral judgement is best read in a contextualist manner. More specifically, I argue that while for Kant the form of moral judgement is invariant, substantive moral judgements are nonetheless context-dependent. The same form of moral willing can give rise to divergent substantive judgements. To some limited extent, Kantian contextualism is a development out of Rawlsian constructivism. Yet while for constructivists the primary concern is with the derivation of generally valid principles of morality, Velleman’s Kant-inspired form of moral relativism demonstrates the indispensability to a Kantian approach of indexical reasons for action. I argue in turn that Velleman’s focus on the indexical nature of reasons for action must be supplemented by an account of agential reflexivity. The latter divides Kantian contextualism from Kantian relativism.

Quantum Information and Probability: My Collaboration with Professor Ingarden

2011 ◽  
Vol 18 (02) ◽  
pp. 109-128
Author(s):  
Masanori Ohya
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Information ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Adaptive Systems ◽  
Scientific Collaboration ◽  
Context Dependent

I first met Professor Ingarden nearly 30 years ago. Since then, he visited my University in Tokyo many times and I also often visited him in Toruń. In this paper, I will recall our scientific collaboration and I will review what I have done under his advice. Moreover, I will report on my recent work with A. Khrennikov on formulating new probability law appearing in the context-dependent adaptive systems, important e.g. in biology.

scholarly journals Not always a matter of context: direct effects of red on arousal but context-dependent moderations on valence

PeerJ ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. e2515 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa L. Buechner ◽  
Markus A. Maier
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Direct Effects ◽  
Arousal Theory ◽  
Valence Component ◽  
Context Dependent ◽  
Arousal And Valence ◽  
Context Theory

The arousal theory of color proposes that red is associated with arousal. Research on the color-in-context theory, in turn, states that the context in which red is perceived influences its valence-related meaning and behavioral responses to it. This study faces and integrates these theories by examining the influence of red on both arousal and valence perceptions of test-relevant and neutral stimuli, rendering a color 2 (red vs. blue) × context 2 (test vs. neutral) between-subjects design. Participants rated different pictures regarding their arousal and valence component, respectively. In line with the assumptions of both theories, red increased arousal perceptions of stimuli irrespective of their valence but a context × color interaction was found for valence perceptions: for participants viewing test-relevant pictures, red increased their perceptions of negativity compared to neutral pictures. The present study shows that both theories are actually compatible when differentiating the arousal and valence component.

A Polarizing Issue: Diversity in the Mechanisms Underlying Apico-Basolateral Polarization In Vivo

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 285-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa A. Pickett ◽  
Victor F. Naturale ◽  
Jessica L. Feldman
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Symmetry Breaking ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Epithelial Polarity ◽  
Epithelial Tissues ◽  
Polarity Establishment ◽  
Context Dependent ◽  
Different Tissues

Polarization along an apico-basolateral axis is a hallmark of epithelial cells and is essential for their selective barrier and transporter functions, as well as for their ability to provide mechanical resiliency to organs. Loss of polarity along this axis perturbs development and is associated with a wide number of diseases. We describe three steps involved in polarization: symmetry breaking, polarity establishment, and polarity maintenance. While the proteins involved in these processes are highly conserved among epithelial tissues and species, the execution of these steps varies widely and is context dependent. We review both theoretical principles underlying these steps and recent work demonstrating how apico-basolateral polarity is established in vivo in different tissues, highlighting how developmental and physiological contexts play major roles in the execution of the epithelial polarity program.

Divine Agency and Divine Action

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
William J. Abraham
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
General Concept ◽  
Systematic Theology ◽  
Christian Tradition ◽  
Divine Action ◽  
Half Century ◽  
Divine Agency ◽  
Context Dependent ◽  
To Come ◽  
Open Concept

The fundamental problems that have arisen over the last half-century in treatments of divine action in the Christian tradition stem from a failure to come to terms with the concept of action. Theologians and philosophers have assumed that we can have a closed conception of agency on a par with the concept of knowledge. On the contrary, the concept of action is a general concept like “event,” “quality,” or “thing.” It is an open concept with a great variety of context-dependent criteria. Recent work on the concept of action can provide an initial and utterly indispensable orientation in work on divine agency and divine action, but it cannot resolve fundamental questions about what God has really done; nor can it illuminate the particular actions of God that are so important in theology. For that we need to turn to theology proper, that is, to work in historical and systematic theology.

scholarly journals Context dependency of time-based event-related expectations for different modalities

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix Ball ◽  
Julia Andreca ◽  
Toemme Noesselt
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Times ◽  
Context Dependency ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Visual Modality ◽  
Uncertain Environments ◽  
Opposite Pattern ◽  
Target Uncertainty ◽  
Increased Sensitivity ◽  
Context Dependent ◽  
Waking Up

AbstractExpectations about the temporal occurrence of events (when) are often tied with the expectations about certain event-related properties (what and where) happening at these time points. For instance, slowly waking up in the morning we expect our alarm clock to go off; however, the longer we do not hear it the more likely we already missed it. However, most current evidence for complex time-based event-related expectations (TBEEs) is based on the visual modality. Here we tested whether TBEEs can also act cross-modally. To this end, visual and auditory stimulus streams were presented which contained early and late targets embedded among distractors (to maximise temporal target uncertainty). Foreperiod-modality-contingencies were manipulated run-wise so that visual targets either occurred early in 80% of trials and auditory targets occurred late in 80 % of trials or vice versa. Participants showed increased sensitivity for expected auditory early/visual late targets which increased over time while the opposite pattern was observed for visual early/auditory late targets. A benefit in reaction times was only found for auditory early trials. Together, this pattern of results suggests that context-dependent TBEEs for auditory targets after short foreperiods (be they correct or not) dominated and determined which modality became more expected at the late position irrespective of the veridical statistical regularity. Hence, TBEEs in cross-modal and uncertain environments are context-dependent, shaped by the dominant modality in temporal tasks (i.e. auditory) and only boost performance cross-modally when expectations about the event after the short foreperiod match with the run-wise context (i.e. auditory early/visual late).

scholarly journals Context dependency of time-based event-related expectations for different modalities

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix Ball ◽  
Julia Andreca ◽  
Toemme Noesselt
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Times ◽  
Context Dependency ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Visual Modality ◽  
Uncertain Environments ◽  
Opposite Pattern ◽  
Target Uncertainty ◽  
Increased Sensitivity ◽  
Context Dependent ◽  
Waking Up

AbstractExpectations about the temporal occurrence of events (when) are often tied with the expectations about certain event-related properties (what and where) happening at these time points. For instance, slowly waking up in the morning we expect our alarm clock to go off; however, the longer we do not hear it the more likely we already missed it. However, most current evidence for complex time-based event-related expectations (TBEEs) is based on the visual modality. Here we tested whether implicit TBEEs can act cross-modally. To this end, visual and auditory stimulus streams were presented which contained early and late targets embedded among distractors (to maximise temporal target uncertainty). Foreperiod-modality-contingencies were manipulated run-wise: visual targets either occurred early in 80% of trials and auditory targets occurred late in 80% of trials or vice versa. Participants showed increased sensitivity for expected auditory early/visual late targets which increased over time while the opposite pattern was observed for visual early/auditory late targets. A benefit in reaction times was only found for auditory early trials. Together, this pattern of results suggests that implicit context-dependent TBEEs for auditory targets after short foreperiods (be they correct or not) dominated and determined which modality became more expected at the late position irrespective of the veridical statistical regularity. Hence, TBEEs in cross-modal and uncertain environments are context-dependent, shaped by the dominant modality in temporal tasks (i.e., auditory) and only boost performance cross-modally when expectations about the event after the short foreperiod match with the run-wise context (i.e., auditory early/visual late).

What sentimentalists should say about emotion

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlie Kurth
Keyword(s):  
Moral Judgment ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Moral Cognition ◽  
Multilevel Structure

Abstract Recent work by emotion researchers indicates that emotions have a multilevel structure. Sophisticated sentimentalists should take note of this work – for it better enables them to defend a substantive role for emotion in moral cognition. Contra May's rationalist criticisms, emotions are not only able to carry morally relevant information, but can also substantially influence moral judgment and reasoning.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document