scholarly journals Antifungal activity in thrips soldiers suggests a dual role for this caste

2012 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 526-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Turnbull ◽  
Holly Caravan ◽  
Thomas Chapman ◽  
David Nipperess ◽  
Siobhan Dennison ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Social Insect ◽  
Antifungal Compounds ◽  
Response To Selection ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
The Social ◽  
Selective Agents ◽  
Micro Organisms

The social insect soldier is perhaps the most widely known caste, because it often exhibits spectacular weapons, such as highly enlarged jaws or reinforced appendages, which are used to defend the colony against enemies ranging in size from wasps to anteaters. We examined the function of the enlarged forelimbs of soldiers (both male and female) of the eusocial, gall-inhabiting insect Kladothrips intermedius , and discovered that they have little impact on their ability to repel the specialized invading thrips Koptothrips species. While the efficacy of the enlarged forelimb appears equivocal, we show that soldiers secrete strong antifungal compounds capable of controlling the specialized insect fungal pathogen, Cordyceps bassiana . Our data suggest that these thrips soldiers have evolved in response to selection by both macro- and micro-organisms. While it is unknown whether specialized fungal pathogens have been major selective agents in the evolution of the soldier caste in general, they were probably present when sociality first evolved and may have been the primordial enemies of social insects.

A GacS deficiency does not affectPseudomonas chlororaphisPA23 fitness when growing on canola, in aged batch culture or as a biofilm

2006 ◽  
Vol 52 (12) ◽  
pp. 1177-1188 ◽  
Author(s):  
N Poritsanos ◽  
C Selin ◽  
W G.D Fernando ◽  
S Nakkeeran ◽  
T.R. de Kievit
Keyword(s):  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Batch Culture ◽  
Hydrogen Cyanide ◽  
Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Biocontrol Agent ◽  
Antifungal Compounds ◽  
Pseudomonas Chlororaphis ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Biocontrol Activity ◽  
Competition Assays

Pseudomonas chlororaphis PA23 is a biocontrol agent that protects against the fungal pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Employing transposon mutagenesis, we isolated a gacS mutant that no longer exhibited antifungal activity. Pseudomonas chlororaphis PA23 was previously reported to produce the nonvolatile antibiotics phenazine 1-carboxylic acid and 2-hydroxyphenazine. We report here that PA23 produces additional compounds, including protease, lipase, hydrogen cyanide, and siderophores, that may contribute to its biocontrol ability. In the gacS mutant background, generation of these products was markedly reduced or delayed with the exception of siderophores, which were elevated. Not surprisingly, this mutant was unable to protect canola from disease incited by S. sclerotiorum. The gacS mutant was able to sustain itself in the canola phyllosphere, therefore, the loss of biocontrol activity can be attributed to a reduced production of antifungal compounds and not a declining population size. Competition assays between the mutant and wild type revealed equivalent fitness in aged batch culture; consequently, the gacS mutation did not impart a growth advantage in the stationary phase phenotype. Under minimal nutrient conditions, the gacS-deficient strain produced a tenfold less biofilm than the wild type. However, no difference was observed in the ability of the mutant biofilm to protect cells from lethal antibiotic challenge.Key words: Pseudomonas, biocontrol, gacS, fitness, biofilms.

scholarly journals Antifungal potency and modes of action of a novel olive tree defensin against closely related ascomycete fungal pathogens

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Li ◽  
Siva L. S. Velivelli ◽  
Dilip M. Shah
Keyword(s):  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Olive Tree ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Core Motif ◽  
Antifungal Peptides ◽  
Cultivated Species ◽  
High Concentrations

AbstractAntimicrobial peptides play a pivotal role in the innate immunity of plants. Defensins are cysteine-rich antifungal peptides with multiple mechanisms of action (MOA). A novel Oleaceae-specific defensin gene family was discovered in the genome sequences of the wild and cultivated species of a perennial olive tree, Olea europaea. Antifungal properties of an olive tree defensin OefDef1.1 were investigated against a necrotrophic ascomycete fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea in vitro and in planta. OefDef1.1 displayed potent antifungal activity against this pathogen by rapidly permeabilizing the plasma membrane of the conidial and germling cells. Interestingly, it was translocated to the cytoplasm and induced reactive oxygen species in the germlings, but not in the conidia. In medium containing high concentrations of Na1+, antifungal activity of OefDef1.1 against B. cinerea was significantly reduced. In contrast, OefDef1.1_V1 variant in which the γ-core motif of OefDef1.1 was replaced by that of a Medicago truncatula defensin MtDef4 displayed Na1+-tolerant antifungal activity and was more potent in reducing the virulence of B. cinerea in planta. OefDef1.1 also exhibited potent antifungal activity against three hemibiotrophic ascomycete pathogens Fusarium graminearum, F. oxysporum and F. virguliforme. Significant differences were observed among the four pathogens in their responses to OefDef1.1 in growth medium with or without the high concentrations of Na1+. The varied responses of closely related ascomycete pathogens to this defensin have implications for engineering disease resistance in plants.

Antifungal activity of rare actinobacterium isolated from forest soil

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. 92-101
Author(s):  
Muralidharan Sasidhar ◽  
Selvam Masilamani ◽  
Abirami Baskaran ◽  
Manigundan Kaari ◽  
Radhakrishnan Manikkam
Keyword(s):  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Forest Soil ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Antifungal Agents ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Antifungal Drugs ◽  
Antifungal Compound ◽  
Antifungal Compounds ◽  
Promising Source

Prolonged use of antifungal drugs has led to the emergence of drug resistant fungal pathogens that pose serious threat to public health and challenge to researchers for discovering novel antifungal agents. Natural products from the members of phylum actinobacteria are the promising source of antibiotics including antifungal agents. Twenty-seven morphologically different actinobacterial cultures were isolated from the forest soils of Sabarimala, Kerala and Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh. Actinobacterial strain LA34 showed promising antifungal activity when screened against Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans, hence selected as potential strain. Antifungal compounds were produced from the strain LA34 using agar surface fermentation and its extraction was done using ethyl acetate and methanol. Results of cultural, microscopic and physiological characteristics as well as cell wall amino acid and sugars analysis revealed that the strain LA34 was nonstreptomyces or rare actinobacterium. Various carbon sources, nitrogen sources and minerals were found to influence antifungal compound production by the strain LA34. The present study concluded that the rare actinobacterial strain LA34 isolated from Lucknow forest soil is a promising source for the isolation of antifungal compounds.

scholarly journals Fungal–bacterial interaction selects for quorum sensing mutants with increased production of natural antifungal compounds

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea G. Albarracín Orio ◽  
Daniel Petras ◽  
Romina A. Tobares ◽  
Alexander A. Aksenov ◽  
Mingxun Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Quorum Sensing ◽  
Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Antifungal Compounds ◽  
Environmental Strain ◽  
Sensing System ◽  
Bacterial Interaction ◽  
Quorum Sensing System ◽  
Genome Analyses ◽  
Setophoma Terrestris

AbstractSoil microorganisms coexist and interact showing antagonistic or mutualistic behaviors. Here, we show that an environmental strain of Bacillus subtilis undergoes heritable phenotypic variation upon interaction with the soil fungal pathogen Setophoma terrestris (ST). Metabolomics analysis revealed differential profiles in B. subtilis before (pre-ST) and after (post-ST) interacting with the fungus, which paradoxically involved the absence of lipopeptides surfactin and plipastatin and yet acquisition of antifungal activity in post-ST variants. The profile of volatile compounds showed that 2-heptanone and 2-octanone were the most discriminating metabolites present at higher concentrations in post-ST during the interaction process. Both ketones showed strong antifungal activity, which was lost with the addition of exogenous surfactin. Whole-genome analyses indicate that mutations in ComQPXA quorum-sensing system, constituted the genetic bases of post-ST conversion, which rewired B. subtilis metabolism towards the depletion of surfactins and the production of antifungal compounds during its antagonistic interaction with S. terrestris.

scholarly journals Antifungal Activity of Capridine β as a Consequence of Its Biotransformation into Metabolite Affecting Yeast Topoisomerase II Activity

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 189
Author(s):  
Iwona Gabriel ◽  
Kamila Rząd ◽  
Ewa Paluszkiewicz ◽  
Katarzyna Kozłowska-Tylingo
Keyword(s):  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Topoisomerase Ii ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Antifungal Compounds ◽  
Metabolite Formation ◽  
Frequent Use ◽  
Fungal Dna ◽  
Inhibitory Potential

In the last few years, increasing importance is attached to problems caused by fungal pathogens. Current methods of preventing fungal infections remain unsatisfactory. There are several antifungal compounds which are highly effective in some cases, however, they have limitations in usage: Nephrotoxicity and other adverse effects. In addition, the frequent use of available fungistatic drugs promotes drug resistance. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the development of a novel antifungal drug with a different mechanism of action, blocking of the fungal DNA topoisomerases activity appear to be a promising idea. According to previous studies on the m-AMSA moderate inhibitory effect on fungal topoisomerase II, we have decided to study Capridine β (also acridine derivative) antifungal activity, as well as its inhibitory potential on yeast topoisomerase II (yTOPOII). Results indicated that Capridine β antifungal activity depends on the kind of strains analyzed (MICs range 0.5–64 μg mL−1) and is related to its biotransformation in the cells. An investigation of metabolite formation, identified as Capridine β reduction product (IE1) by the fungus Candida albicans was performed. IE1 exhibited no activity against fungal cells due to an inability to enter the cells. Although no antifungal activity was observed, in contrast to Capridine β, biotransformation metabolite totally inhibited the yTOPOII-mediated relaxation at concentrations lower than detected for m-AMSA. The closely related Capridine β only slightly diminished the catalytic activity of yTOPOII.

Perceived social support and burden of care of male and female caregivers of patient with schizophrenia

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Narendra Kumar Singh ◽  
Nishant Goyal
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Perceived Social Support ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Burden Of Care ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Difference

Background: Schizophrenia is associated with a high familial, social and economic burden. Schizophrenia is also associated with a high level of disability which may create impediments on the social and economic areas of the patients as well as on their respective family networks. Families with schizophrenia may encounter problems such as impairment of health and well being of other family members, restriction of social activities of the family members and shrinking of support from the social network. Aims: The present study examined the difference in perceived social support and burden of care between the male and female caregivers of patients with schizophrenia. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study examining the difference in perceived social support and burden of care between the male and female caregivers of patients with schizophrenia. The sample consisted of 60 (30 male and 30 female) caregivers of the patients with the diagnosis of schizophrenia as per ICD-10-DCR. Results and Conclusion: This study revealed that male caregivers perceived more social support and less burden of care as compared to female caregivers. Key words: Gender, social support, burden

scholarly journals pH-Dependant Antifungal Activity of Valproic Acid against the Human Fungal Pathogen Candida albicans

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julien Chaillot ◽  
Faiza Tebbji ◽  
Carlos García ◽  
Hugo Wurtele ◽  
René Pelletier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Valproic Acid ◽  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Human Fungal Pathogen

Transition from Childcare Institutions to Adulthood for Youth: Through the Lens of Identity and Gender

2020 ◽  
pp. 234930032098055
Author(s):  
Garima Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Social Factor ◽  
Smooth Transition ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Youth ◽  
Youth Identity ◽  
The Social ◽  
And Gender

This article explores the transition of youth from childcare institutions as young adults through the lens of youth identity and gender. The research revolves around rethinking the delicate boundaries of adolescence and adulthood for the ‘institutionalised’ youth that is already on the edge of the society. This research tries to understand and decode the experiences of youth, who have lived in the childcare institutions. The childcare institutions reinforce the gender roles through its practices and structure, enabling gaps and challenges for both male and female youth outside the childcare institutions. There is an absence of a strong mechanism, enabling the smooth transition of youth from childcare institutions to adulthood. This results in unprepared young adults for an unplanned transition, fostering several challenges on them as they exit the childcare system. This is a qualitative study. The research includes both male and female youth who have lived in childcare institutions situated in Delhi. The data was collected using semi-structured interviews with the youth. This study finds that youth leaving the childcare institutions are at higher risks of having negative adult outcomes in life. While there is an absolute absence of any body or mechanism to help the youth transit smoothly, childcare institutions reinforce the inferiority and exclusion on a child during the stay period, creating a foundation for youth to perceive the social factor outside the institutions.

scholarly journals Nicotinamide Effectively Suppresses Fusarium Head Blight in Wheat Plants

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 2968
Author(s):  
Yasir Sidiq ◽  
Masataka Nakano ◽  
Yumi Mori ◽  
Takashi Yaeno ◽  
Makoto Kimura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Head Blight ◽  
Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Antifungal Compounds ◽  
Pyridine Nucleotides ◽  
Fungal Metabolites ◽  
Dna Hypomethylation ◽  
Metabolome Analysis ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Ergosterol Peroxide ◽  
Nicotinamide Mononucleotide

Pyridine nucleotides such as a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) are known as plant defense activators. We previously reported that nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) enhanced disease resistance against fungal pathogen Fusarium graminearum in barley and Arabidopsis. In this study, we reveal that the pretreatment of nicotinamide (NIM), which does not contain nucleotides, effectively suppresses disease development of Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) in wheat plants. Correspondingly, deoxynivalenol (DON) mycotoxin accumulation was also significantly decreased by NIM pretreatment. A metabolome analysis showed that several antioxidant and antifungal compounds such as trigonelline were significantly accumulated in the NIM-pretreated spikes after inoculation of F. graminearum. In addition, some metabolites involved in the DNA hypomethylation were accumulated in the NIM-pretreated spikes. On the other hand, fungal metabolites DON and ergosterol peroxide were significantly reduced by the NIM pretreatment. Since NIM is relative stable and inexpensive compared with NMN and NAD, it may be more useful for the control of symptoms of FHB and DON accumulation in wheat and other crops.

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