scholarly journals X- and Y-chromosome linked paternal effects on a life-history trait

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Urban Friberg ◽  
Andrew D. Stewart ◽  
William R. Rice
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Life History ◽  
Parental Care ◽  
Maternal Effects ◽  
Phenotypic Variation ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Life History Trait ◽  
Paternal Effects ◽  
Epigenetic Effects ◽  
Males And Females

Males and females usually invest asymmetrically in offspring. In species lacking parental care, females influence offspring in many ways, while males only contribute genetic material via their sperm. For this reason, maternal effects have long been considered an important source of phenotypic variation, while paternal effects have been presumed to be absent or negligible. The recent surge of studies showing trans-generational epigenetic effects questions this assumption, and indicates that paternal effects may be far more important than previously appreciated. Here, we test for sex-linked paternal effects in Drosophila melanogaster on a life-history trait, and find substantial support for both X- and Y-linked effects.

scholarly journals Genetic basis of offspring number and body weight variation in Drosophila melanogaster

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamilla Akhund-Zade ◽  
Shraddha Lall ◽  
Erika Gajda ◽  
Denise Yoon ◽  
Benjamin de Bivort
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Life History ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Resource Constraints ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
Life History Trait ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Offspring Number ◽  
Weight Variation

AbstractDrosophila melanogaster egg production, a proxy for fecundity, is an extensively studied life-history trait with a strong genetic basis. As eggs develop into larvae and adults, space and resource constraints can put pressure on the developing offspring, leading to a decrease in viability, body size, and lifespan. Our goal was to map the genetic basis of offspring number and weight under the restriction of a standard laboratory vial. We screened 143 lines from the Drosophila Genetic Reference Panel for offspring numbers and weights to create an ‘offspring index’ that captured the number vs. weight trade-off. We found 30 associated variants in 18 genes. Validation of hid, Sox21b, CG8312, and mub candidate genes using gene disruption mutants demonstrated a role in adult stage viability, while mutations in Ih and Rbp increased offspring number and increased weight, respectively. The polygenic basis of offspring number and weight, with many variants of small effect, as well as the involvement of genes with varied functional roles, support the notion of Fisher’s “infinitesimal model” for this life-history trait.

scholarly journals Life-history Trait Variation in Native vs. Invasive Asexual New Zealand Mud Snails

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carina Donne ◽  
Katelyn Larkin ◽  
Claire Adrian-Tucci ◽  
Abby Good ◽  
Carson Kephart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Life History ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Phenotypic Variation ◽  
Freshwater Snail ◽  
Life History Trait ◽  
Life History Variation ◽  
Trait Variation ◽  
Low Genetic Diversity ◽  
Native Diversity

Abstract Potamopyrgus antipodarum is a New Zealand freshwater snail that is invasive worldwide. While native P. antipodarum populations are characterized by frequent coexistence between obligately sexual and obligately asexual individuals, only the asexual snails are known to invade other ecosystems. Despite low genetic diversity and the absence of sex, invasive asexual P. antipodarum are highly successful. Here, we quantified variation in three key life-history traits across invasive P. antipodarum lineages and compared this variation to already documented variation in these same traits in asexual native lineages to provide a deeper understanding of why some lineages become invasive. In particular, we evaluated 1) if invasive lineages of P. antipodarum could be successful because they represent life-history variation from native ancestors that could facilitate invasion, and 2) if invasive populations with higher genetic variation would display relatively high phenotypic variation. We found that invasive snails displayed a non-representative sample of native diversity, with invasive snails growing more slowly and maturing more rapidly than their native counterparts. These results are consistent with expectations of a scenario where invasive lineages represent a subset of native variation that is beneficial in the setting of invasion. Nevertheless, there was no evidence for a relationship between genetic and phenotypic variation, indicating that increased genetic variation does not necessarily translate into greater phenotypic variation, and consistent with earlier studies suggesting an important role for phenotypic plasticity in the P. antipodarum invasion. Together, these results help illuminate the mechanisms driving the worldwide expansion of invasive populations of these snails.

scholarly journals Genetic basis of offspring number-body weight tradeoff in Drosophila melanogaster

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamilla Akhund-Zade ◽  
Shraddha Lall ◽  
Erika Gajda ◽  
Denise Yoon ◽  
Julien F Ayroles ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Life History ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Resource Constraints ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
Life History Trait ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Offspring Number ◽  
Drosophila Genetic Reference Panel

Abstract Drosophila melanogaster egg production, a proxy for fecundity, is an extensively studied life-history trait with a strong genetic basis. As eggs develop into larvae and adults, space and resource constraints can put pressure on the developing offspring, leading to a decrease in viability, body size, and lifespan. Our goal was to map the genetic basis of offspring number and weight under the restriction of a standard laboratory vial. We screened 143 lines from the Drosophila Genetic Reference Panel for offspring numbers and weights to create an ‘offspring index’ that captured the number vs. weight trade-off. We found 18 genes containing 30 variants associated with variation in the offspring index. Validation of hid, Sox21b, CG8312, and mub candidate genes using gene disruption mutants demonstrated a role in adult stage viability, while mutations in Ih and Rbp increased offspring number and increased weight, respectively. The polygenic basis of offspring number and weight, with many variants of small effect, as well as the involvement of genes with varied functional roles, support the notion of Fisher’s “infinitesimal model” for this life-history trait.

scholarly journals Maternal and paternal sugar consumption interact to modify offspring life history and physiology

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tara-Lyn Camilleri-Carter ◽  
Damian K Dowling ◽  
Rebecca Robker ◽  
Matthew Piper
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Life History ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Adaptive Response ◽  
Fruit Flies ◽  
Sugar Consumption ◽  
Paternal Effects ◽  
Intergenerational Effects ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
Additive Interactions

Intergenerational effects on offspring phenotypes occur in response to variation in both maternal and paternal nutrition. Because the combined maternal and paternal effects are rarely considered together however, their relative contributions, and the capacity for interactions between parental diets to shape offspring life history and physiology are not understood. To address this, we altered sucrose levels of adult fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) prior to mating, across two generations, producing parent-parent and parent-offspring combinations that were either matched or mismatched in dietary sucrose. We then measured lifespan, fecundity, body mass, and triglyceride levels in parents and offspring. We reveal complex non-additive interactions, that involve diets of each parent and offspring to shape offspring phenotypes, but the effects were generally not consistent with an adaptive response to parental diet. Notably, we find that interacting parental flies (sires and dams) lived longer when their sucrose treatments were matched, but they produced shorter-lived offspring.

Cross-Generation Effects for Cold Resistance in Tropical Populations of Drosophila-Melanogaster and Drosophila-Simulans

1995 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 51 ◽  
Author(s):  
MJO Watson ◽  
AA Hoffmann
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Cold Stress ◽  
Maternal Effects ◽  
Cold Resistance ◽  
Drosophila Simulans ◽  
Small Decrease ◽  
Paternal Effects ◽  
F2 Generation ◽  
Different Levels

Cross-generation effects on the cold resistance of Drosophila melanogaster and D. simulans were investigated by exposing adults to different levels of cold stress and testing the resistance of female F1s and F2s. Maternal and paternal treatments had different effects on progeny resistance. Maternal effects were not detected for either species when progeny were held at 25-degrees-C, but were detected when progeny were acclimated at 13-degrees-C prior to testing. When dams were exposed to a non-lethal cold stress following acclimation, the cold resistance of their progeny was increased, particularly in D. simulans. Grandmaternal exposure to 13-degrees-C and a non-lethal stress led to a small decrease in the cold resistance of D. melanogaster, and a small increase in the resistance of D. simulans. When sires of D. melanogaster and D. simulans were exposed to a cold stress, the resistance of their progeny decreased when progeny were tested without acclimation at 13-degrees-C, but decreased only in D. melanogaster when progeny were acclimated. Paternal effects were smaller than maternal effects and were not evident in the F2 generation.

scholarly journals Degree of anisogamy is unrelated to the intensity of sexual selection

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Judit Mokos ◽  
István Scheuring ◽  
András Liker ◽  
Robert P. Freckleton ◽  
Tamás Székely
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sexual Selection ◽  
Life History ◽  
Parental Care ◽  
Sex Roles ◽  
Sexual Size Dimorphism ◽  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Size Dimorphism ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Males And Females

AbstractMales and females often display different behaviours and, in the context of reproduction, these behaviours are labelled sex roles. The Darwin–Bateman paradigm argues that the root of these differences is anisogamy (i.e., differences in size and/or function of gametes between the sexes) that leads to biased sexual selection, and sex differences in parental care and body size. This evolutionary cascade, however, is contentious since some of the underpinning assumptions have been questioned. Here we investigate the relationships between anisogamy, sexual size dimorphism, sex difference in parental care and intensity of sexual selection using phylogenetic comparative analyses of 64 species from a wide range of animal taxa. The results question the first step of the Darwin–Bateman paradigm, as the extent of anisogamy does not appear to predict the intensity of sexual selection. The only significant predictor of sexual selection is the relative inputs of males and females into the care of offspring. We propose that ecological factors, life-history and demography have more substantial impacts on contemporary sex roles than the differences of gametic investments between the sexes.

Mating success and wing morphometry in Drosophila melanogaster after long-term rearing on different diets

Behaviour ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 150 (12) ◽  
pp. 1431-1448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jelena Trajković ◽  
Sofija Pavković-Lučić ◽  
Tatjana Savić
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Sexual Selection ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Mate Choice ◽  
Mating Success ◽  
Phenotypic Variation ◽  
Wing Size ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Ethological Isolation

Different environmental factors are important for development, physiology, behaviour and, therefore, adaptation of Drosophila species. Additionally, the presence of genetic and phenotypic variation in traits affecting mate choice forms the basis for sexual selection that may lead to isolation between populations in different nutritive environments. The aim of this research was to determine mating success and wing morphometry of Drosophila melanogaster flies after more than a decade of growing on banana and carrot substrates. Males and females reared on carrot medium were more successful in mating than flies reared on banana diet. Females originating from banana medium rather chose males originating from carrot substrate, while females developed on carrot medium equally chose males developed on both substrates. Differences in wing size and shape were observed between sexes and nutritional strains. Furthermore, the results showed absence of ethological isolation between two ‘nutritional’ strains.

Experimentally increased costs of parental care are shunted to offspring in species with extended care

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gretchen F. Wagner ◽  
Emeline Mourocq ◽  
Michael Griesser
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Parental Care ◽  
Total Duration ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Life History Strategy ◽  
Experimental Treatment ◽  
Cost Of Care ◽  
Adult Survival ◽  
Supporting Evidence ◽  
Trade Offs

Biparental care systems are a valuable model to examine conflict, cooperation, and coordination between unrelated individuals, as the product of the interactions between the parents influences the fitness of both individuals. A common experimental technique for testing coordinated responses to changes in the costs of parental care is to temporarily handicap one parent, inducing a higher cost of providing care. However, dissimilarity in experimental designs of these studies has hindered interspecific comparisons of the patterns of cost distribution between parents and offspring. Here we apply a comparative experimental approach by handicapping a parent at nests of five bird species using the same experimental treatment. In some species, a decrease in care by a handicapped parent was compensated by its partner, while in others the increased costs of care were shunted to the offspring. Parental responses to an increased cost of care primarily depended on the total duration of care that offspring require. However, life history pace (i.e., adult survival and fecundity) did not influence parental decisions when faced with a higher cost of caring. Our study highlights that a greater attention to intergenerational trade-offs is warranted, particularly in species with a large burden of parental care. Moreover, we demonstrate that parental care decisions may be weighed more against physiological workload constraints than against future prospects of reproduction, supporting evidence that avian species may devote comparable amounts of energy into survival, regardless of life history strategy.

Life History Traits in a Population of Pelobates syriacus (Boettger, 1889) from Turkey

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 195-200
Author(s):  
Ufuk Bülbül ◽  
Halime Koç ◽  
Yasemin Odabaş ◽  
Ali İhsan Eroğlu ◽  
Muammer Kurnaz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Age Structure ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Spadefoot Toad ◽  
Males And Females

Age structure of the eastern spadefoot toad, Pelobates syriacus from the Kızılırmak Delta (Turkey) were assessed using phalangeal skeletochronology. Snout-vent length (SVL) ranged from 42.05 to 86.63 mm in males and 34.03 to 53.27 mm in females. Age of adults ranged from 2 to 8 years in males and 3 to 5 years in females. For both sexes, SVL was significantly correlated with age. Males and females of the toads reached maturity at 2 years of age.

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