scholarly journals Telencephalon enlargement by the convergent evolution of expanded subventricular zones

2008 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 134-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georg F Striedter ◽  
Christine J Charvet
Keyword(s):  
Subventricular Zone ◽  
Convergent Evolution ◽  
Ventricular Zone ◽  
Proliferating Cells ◽  
Mantle Zone ◽  
Subventricular Zones ◽  
Mechanical Constraint ◽  
Mitotic Cells

Some mammals and birds independently evolved an enlarged telencephalon. They appear to have done so, at least in part, by developing a thick telencephalic subventricular zone (SVZ). We suggest that this correlation between telencephalic enlargement and SVZ expansion is due to a mechanical constraint acting on the proliferative ventricular zone (VZ). Essentially, we argue that rapid proliferation in the VZ after post-mitotic cells in the overlying mantle zone have begun to form limits the VZ's tangential expandability and forces some proliferating cells to emigrate from the VZ and expand the pool of proliferating cells that comprise the SVZ.

scholarly journals A Comparison of the Patterns of Migration and the Destinations of Homotopically Transplanted Neonatal Subventricular Zone Cells and Heterotopically Transplanted Telencephalic Ventricular Zone Cells

1996 ◽  
Vol 173 (2) ◽  
pp. 459-474 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanja Zigova ◽  
Ranjita Betarbet ◽  
Betty Jean Soteres ◽  
Susannah Brock ◽  
Roy A.E. Bakay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Subventricular Zone ◽  
Ventricular Zone

scholarly journals Hippocampal Proliferation Is Increased in Presymptomatic Parkinson’s Disease and due to Microglia

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karlijn J. Doorn ◽  
Benjamin Drukarch ◽  
Anne-Marie van Dam ◽  
Paul J. Lucassen
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Subventricular Zone ◽  
Lewy Body Disease ◽  
Minichromosome Maintenance ◽  
Proliferating Cells ◽  
Cognitive Changes ◽  
Incidental Lewy Body Disease ◽  
Minichromosome Maintenance Protein ◽  
Microglial Response

Besides dopamine-deficiency related motor symptoms, nonmotor symptoms, including cognitive changes occur in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients, that may relate to accumulation ofα-synuclein in the hippocampus (HC). This brain region also contains stem cells that can proliferate. This is a well-regulated process that can, for example, be altered by neurodegenerative conditions. In contrast to proliferation in the substantia nigra and subventricular zone, little is known about the HC in PD. In addition, glial cells contribute to neurodegenerative processes and may proliferate in response to PD pathology. In the present study, we questioned whether microglial cells proliferate in the HC of established PD patients versus control subjects or incidental Lewy body disease (iLBD) cases as a prodromal state of PD. To this end, proliferation was assessed using the immunocytochemical marker minichromosome maintenance protein 2 (MCM2). Colocalization with Iba1 was performed to determine microglial proliferation. MCM2-positive cells were present in the HC of controls and were significantly increased in the presymptomatic iLBD cases, but not in established PD patients. Microglia represented the majority of the proliferating cells in the HC. This suggests an early microglial response to developing PD pathology in the HC and further indicates that neuroinflammatory processes play an important role in the development of PD pathology.

scholarly journals Interplay of SOX and POU Factors in Regulation of the Nestin Gene in Neural Primordial Cells

2004 ◽  
Vol 24 (20) ◽  
pp. 8834-8846 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shinya Tanaka ◽  
Yusuke Kamachi ◽  
Aki Tanouchi ◽  
Hiroshi Hamada ◽  
Naihe Jing ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Binding Sites ◽  
Ventricular Zone ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
High Level Expression ◽  
Enhancer Activity ◽  
Mouse Spinal Cord ◽  
Regulatory Link ◽  
Subventricular Zones ◽  
High Level ◽  
Expression Evidence

ABSTRACT Intermediate-filament Nestin and group B1 SOX transcription factors (SOX1/2/3) are often employed as markers for neural primordium, suggesting their regulatory link. We have identified adjacent and essential SOX and POU factor binding sites in the Nestin neural enhancer. The 30-bp sequence of the enhancer including these sites (Nes30) showed a nervous system-specific and SOX-POU-dependent enhancer activity in multimeric forms in transfection assays and was utilized in assessing the specificity of the synergism; combinations of either group B1 or group C SOX (SOX11) with class III POU proved effective. In embryonic day 13.5 mouse spinal cord, Nestin was expressed in the cells with nuclei in the ventricular and subventricular zones. SOX1/2/3 expression was confined to the nuclei of the ventricular zone; SOX11 localized to the nuclei of both subventricular (high-level expression) and intermediate (low-level expression) zones. Class III POU (Brn2) was expressed at high levels, localizing to the nucleus in the ventricular and subventricular zones; moderate expression was observed in the intermediate zone, distributed in the cytoplasm. These data support the model that synergic interactions between group B1/C SOX and class III POU within the nucleus determine Nestin expression. Evidence also suggests that such interactions are involved in the regulation of neural primordial cells.

scholarly journals Persistence of rhombomeric organisation in the postsegmental hindbrain

Development ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 122 (7) ◽  
pp. 2143-2152 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.J. Wingate ◽  
A. Lumsden
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Radial Glia ◽  
Ventricular Zone ◽  
In Situ Hybridisation ◽  
Proliferating Cells ◽  
Nuclear Organisation ◽  
Transverse Pattern ◽  
Marginal Zones ◽  
The Impact

Rhombomeres are morphological varicosities of the neural tube that are present between embryonic day (E) 1.5 and E5 and are characterised by compartment organisation, segmentally neuronal organisation and spatially restricted patterns of gene expression. After E5, the segmented origins of the hindbrain become indistinct, while the adult hindbrain has an longitudinal columnar nuclear organisation. In order to assess the impact of the early transverse pattern on later longitudinal organisation, we have used orthotopic quail grafts and in situ hybridisation to investigate the long-term fate of rhombomeres in the embryonic chick hindbrain. The uniformity of mixing between quail and chick cells was first verified using short-term aggregation cultures. The dispersal of the progeny of individual rhombomeres (r) was then assessed by the unilateral, isochronic and orthotopic transplantation of either r2, r3, r4, r5 or r6 from quail to chick at embryonic day E2. In addition, orthotopic, partial rhombomere grafts, encompassing an inter-rhombomere boundary and adjacent rhombomere bodies were used to assess cell mixing within rhombomeres. Operated embryos were incubated to either E7 or E10 when chimaeric brains were removed. Quail cells were identified in whole mounts or serial sections using the quail-specific antibody QCPN. Subsequently, radial glia morphology was assessed either by immunohistochemistry or DiI labelling. A series of fixed hindbrains between E6 and E9 were probed for transcripts of Hoxa-2 and Hoxb-1. Fate-mapping reveals that the progeny of individual rhombomeres form stripes of cells running dorsoventrally through the hindbrain. This pattern of dispersal precisely parallels the array of radial glia. Although the postmitotic progeny of adjacent rhombomeres spread to some extent into each others' territory in intermediate and marginal zones, there is little or no mixing between rhombomeres in the ventricular zone, which thus remains compartmentalised long after the rhombomeric morphology disappears. Segmental gene expression within this layer is also maintained after E5. A more detailed analysis of mixing between proliferating cells, using partial rhombomere grafts, reveals that both mixing and growth are non-uniform within the ventricular layer, suggesting, in particular, that longitudinal expansion within this layer is restricted. Together, these observations suggest that rhombomeres do not disappear at E5, as has previously been supposed, rather they persist in the ventricular zone to at least E9, ensuring a continuity in the presumed segmental cues that specify neuroepithelial cells in the hindbrain.

scholarly journals Subacute Transplantation of Native and Genetically Engineered Neural Progenitors Seeded on Microsphere Scaffolds Promote Repair and Functional Recovery After Traumatic Brain Injury

ASN NEURO ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 175909141983018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nolan B. Skop ◽  
Sweta Singh ◽  
Henri Antikainen ◽  
Chaitali Saqcena ◽  
Frances Calderon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cell ◽  
Functional Recovery ◽  
Subventricular Zone ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
Radial Glia ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Ventricular Zone ◽  
Neural Progenitors ◽  
Functional Improvement

There is intense interest and effort toward regenerating the brain after severe injury. Stem cell transplantation after insult to the central nervous system has been regarded as the most promising approach for repair; however, engrafting cells alone might not be sufficient for effective regeneration. In this study, we have compared neural progenitors (NPs) from the fetal ventricular zone (VZ), the postnatal subventricular zone, and an immortalized radial glia (RG) cell line engineered to conditionally secrete the trophic factor insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). Upon differentiation in vitro, the VZ cells were able to generate a greater number of neurons than subventricular zone cells. Furthermore, differentiated VZ cells generated pyramidal neurons . In vitro, doxycycline-driven secretion of IGF-1 strongly promoted neuronal differentiation of cells with hippocampal, interneuron and cortical specificity. Accordingly, VZ and engineered RG-IGF-1-hemagglutinin (HA) cells were selected for subsequent in vivo experiments. To increase cell survival, we delivered the NPs attached to a multifunctional chitosan-based scaffold. The microspheres containing adherent NPs were injected subacutely into the lesion cavity of adult rat brains that had sustained controlled cortical impact injury. At 2 weeks posttransplantation, the exogenously introduced cells showed a reduction in stem cell or progenitor markers and acquired mature neuronal and glial markers. In beam walking tests assessing sensorimotor recovery, transplanted RG cells secreting IGF-1 contributed significantly to functional improvement while native VZ or RG cells did not promote significant recovery. Altogether, these results support the therapeutic potential of chitosan-based multifunctional microsphere scaffolds seeded with genetically modified NPs expressing IGF-1 to promote repair and functional recovery after traumatic brain injuries.

Depletion of Hypocretin/Orexin Neurons Increases Cell Proliferation in the Adult Subventricular Zone

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 106-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oscar Arias-Carrion ◽  
Emmanuel Ortega-Robles ◽  
Benito de Celis-Alonso ◽  
Artur Palasz ◽  
Miguel A. Mendez-Rojas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Lateral Hypothalamus ◽  
Subventricular Zone ◽  
Brain Plasticity ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Proliferating Cells ◽  
Adult Rat ◽  
Complex Regulation ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Relationship

Background & Objective: Adult neurogenesis, a specific form of brain plasticity in mammals that occurs in the subventricular zone, is subject to complex regulation. Hypocretin/orexin neurons are implicated in the regulation of sleep and arousal states, among other functions. Here we report for the first time the presence of orexinergic projections within the adult rat subventricular zone. Post-mortem retrograde tracing combined with immunofluorescence indicated orexinergic projections toward the subventricular zone. To establish the relationship between the depletion of orexin neurons and the number of proliferating cells in the subventricular zone, we labeled mitotic cells. Histological analysis revealed proliferating cells to be in close contact with orexinergic fibers. Neurotoxinlesioning of orexin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus significantly activated precursor cell proliferation in the subventricular zone. Furthermore, cell proliferation in both normal and lesioned animals failed to reveal newly born orexin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus. Conclusion: Based on these findings, we suggest that the adult subventricular zone is affected by orexinergic signaling, the functional implication of which must be further elucidated.

scholarly journals Cortical upper layer neurons derive from the subventricular zone as indicated bySvet1gene expression

Development ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 128 (11) ◽  
pp. 1983-1993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Tarabykin ◽  
Anastassia Stoykova ◽  
Natalia Usman ◽  
Peter Gruss
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Cortical Neurons ◽  
Ventricular Zone ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Cdna Libraries ◽  
Cortical Plate ◽  
Cortical Layers ◽  
Proliferating Cells ◽  
Expression Domain

The cerebral cortex is composed of a large variety of different neuron types. All cortical neurons, except some interneurons, are born in two proliferative zones, the cortical ventricular (VZ) and subventricular (SVZ) zones. The relative contribution of both proliferative zones to the generation of the diversity of the cortical neurons is not well understood. To further dissect the underlying mechanism, molecular markers specific for the SVZ are required. Towards this end we performed a subtraction of cDNA libraries, generated from E15.5 and E18.5 mouse cerebral cortex. A novel cDNA, Svet1, was cloned which was specifically expressed in the proliferating cells of the SVZ but not the VZ. The VZ is marked by the expression of the Otx1 gene. Later in development, Svet1 and Otx1 were expressed in subsets of cells of upper (II-IV) and deep (V-VI) layers, respectively. In the reeler cortex, where the layers are inverted, Svet1 and Otx1 label precursors of the upper and deeper layers, respectively, in their new location. Interestingly, in the Pax6/small eye mutant, Svet1 activity was abolished in the SVZ and in the upper part of the cortical plate while the Otx1 expression domain remained unchanged. Therefore, using Svet1 and Otx1 as cell-type-specific molecular markers for the upper and deep cortical layers we conclude that the Sey mutation affects predominantly the differentiation of the SVZ cells that fail to migrate into the cortical plate. The abnormality of the SVZ coincides with the absence of upper layer cells in the cortex. Taken together our data suggest that while the specification of deep cortical layers occurs in the ventricular zone, the SVZ is important for the proper specification of upper layers.

Postmitotic neurons migrate tangentially in the cortical ventricular zone

Development ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 124 (5) ◽  
pp. 997-1005 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.A. O'Rourke ◽  
A. Chenn ◽  
S.K. McConnell
Keyword(s):  
Ventricular Zone ◽  
Cell Movement ◽  
Specific Marker ◽  
Cortical Cells ◽  
Neuronal Progenitor ◽  
Proliferative Zone ◽  
Postmitotic Neurons ◽  
Subventricular Zones ◽  
Migratory Patterns ◽  
Intact Cortex

Patterns of cell movement play a key role in the establishment of the brain's functional architecture during development. The migration of neuronal progenitor cells has been hypothesized to disperse clonally related cells among different areas of the developing cerebral cortex. To test this model, we explored the migratory patterns of cells in the proliferative zone of the intact cortex of the ferret. After focal injections of DiI, labeled cells migrated in all directions and over long distances within the ventricular and subventricular zones. These cells expressed the neuron-specific marker TuJ1 and did not incorporate BrdU after cumulative labeling. Our results reveal an extensive tangential dispersion of cortical cells mediated predominantly or exclusively by the non-radial migration of postmitotic neurons.

The Subventricular Zone: A Key Player in Human Neocortical Development

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 156-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Alberto Ortega ◽  
Fani Memi ◽  
Nevena Radonjic ◽  
Radmila Filipovic ◽  
Inseyah Bagasrawala ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Subventricular Zone ◽  
Ventricular Zone ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Projection Neurons ◽  
Cortical Projection ◽  
Intrauterine Development ◽  
Vitro Model ◽  
Primate Cerebral Cortex

One of the main characteristics of the developing brain is that all neurons and the majority of macroglia originate first in the ventricular zone (VZ), next to the lumen of the cerebral ventricles, and later on in a secondary germinal area above the VZ, the subventricular zone (SVZ). The SVZ is a transient compartment mitotically active in humans for several gestational months. It serves as a major source of cortical projection neurons as well as an additional source of glial cells and potentially some interneuron subpopulations. The SVZ is subdivided into the smaller inner (iSVZ) and the expanded outer SVZ (oSVZ). The enlargement of the SVZ and, in particular, the emergence of the oSVZ are evolutionary adaptations that were critical to the expansion and unique cellular composition of the primate cerebral cortex. In this review, we discuss the cell types and organization of the human SVZ during the first half of the 40 weeks of gestation that comprise intrauterine development. We focus on this period as it is when the bulk of neurogenesis in the human cerebral cortex takes place. We consider how the survival and fate of SVZ cells depend on environmental influences, by analyzing the results from in vitro experiments with human cortical progenitor cells. This in vitro model is a powerful tool to better understand human neocortex formation and the etiology of neurodevelopmental disorders, which in turn will facilitate the design of targeted preventive and/or therapeutic strategies.

scholarly journals Mimicking Neural Stem Cell Niche by Biocompatible Substrates

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Citlalli Regalado-Santiago ◽  
Enrique Juárez-Aguilar ◽  
Juan David Olivares-Hernández ◽  
Elisa Tamariz
Keyword(s):  
Subventricular Zone ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Ventricular Zone ◽  
Neurogenic Niche ◽  
Extracellular Matrix Components ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Cell Niche ◽  
Extracellular Environment

Neural stem cells (NSCs) participate in the maintenance, repair, and regeneration of the central nervous system. During development, the primary NSCs are distributed along the ventricular zone of the neural tube, while, in adults, NSCs are mainly restricted to the subependymal layer of the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles and the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus in the hippocampus. The circumscribed areas where the NSCs are located contain the secreted proteins and extracellular matrix components that conform their niche. The interplay among the niche elements and NSCs determines the balance between stemness and differentiation, quiescence, and proliferation. The understanding of niche characteristics and how they regulate NSCs activity is critical to buildingin vitromodels that include the relevant components of thein vivoniche and to developing neuroregenerative approaches that consider the extracellular environment of NSCs. This review aims to examine both the current knowledge on neurogenic niche and how it is being used to develop biocompatible substrates for thein vitroandin vivomimicking of extracellular NSCs conditions.

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