scholarly journals Local differentiation in the presence of gene flow in the citril finch Serinus citrinella

2005 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Carlos Senar ◽  
Antoni Borras ◽  
Josep Cabrera ◽  
Toni Cabrera ◽  
Mats Björklund
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Genetic Differentiation ◽  
High Probability ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Morphological Differentiation ◽  
Citril Finch ◽  
Geographical Scale ◽  
Local Differentiation ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Very High

It is well known theoretically that gene flow can impede genetic differentiation between populations. In this study, we show that in a highly mobile bird species, where dispersal is well documented, there is a strong genetic and morphological differentiation over a very short geographical scale (less than 5 km). Allocation tests revealed that birds caught in one area were assigned genetically to the same area with a very high probability, in spite of current gene flow. Populations were also morphologically differentiated. The results suggest that the relationship between gene flow and differentiation can be rather complicated and non-intuitive.

Genetic and morphological differentiation among populations of the Rivoli’s Hummingbird (Eugenes fulgens) species complex (Aves: Trochilidae)

The Auk ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 137 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Luz E Zamudio-Beltrán ◽  
Juan Francisco Ornelas ◽  
Andreia Malpica ◽  
Blanca E Hernández-Baños
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Gene Flow ◽  
Genetic Differentiation ◽  
Species Complex ◽  
Ecological Niche Modeling ◽  
Demographic History ◽  
Morphological Differentiation ◽  
Last Interglacial ◽  
Haplotype Networks ◽  
Isthmus Of Tehuantepec

Abstract Genetic variation and phylogeographic studies have been crucial for understanding mechanisms of speciation. We analyzed genetic variation and phylogeography to reconstruct the demographic history of the Rivoli’s Hummingbird (Eugenes fulgens) species complex and also evaluated their morphological differentiation. This widely distributed species inhabits the highlands of Mexico and northern Central America, with 2 subspecies separated by the Isthmus of Tehuantepec (west: E. f. fulgens, east: E. f. viridiceps). We surveyed genetic variation in 2 mitochondrial DNA markers (mtDNA, with 129 individuals) and nuclear DNA (6 microsatellites, with 85 individuals). We also inferred the demographic history, estimated divergence times, and analyzed morphological variation using 470 vouchered specimens. We modeled the current potential distribution of the species using ecological niche modeling and projected it into the past to model the effects of the Pleistocene climatic cycles. Haplotype networks, pairwise FST comparisons, AMOVA, and morphological analysis revealed differences between geographically isolated populations separated by the Isthmus of Tehuantepec (IT; corresponding to the 2 recognized subspecies: fulgens and viridiceps), and by the Motagua-Polochic-Jocotán (MPJ) system fault. Demographic scenarios revealed a contraction in distribution during the last interglacial, and expansion during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) with little change since the LGM. Divergence between groups separated by the Isthmus of Tehuantepec ~59,600 yr ago occurred in the presence of gene flow, suggesting that the Isthmus of Tehuantepec is a semipermeable barrier to gene flow. STRUCTURE analyses of microsatellite data detected 3 genetically differentiated groups. Several results fit a model of recent lineage divergence, including a significant signal of genetic differentiation, demographic expansion, decreased gene flow from past to present, and northward expansion during the LGM and contraction during the interglacial periods. We conclude that the genetic differentiation of E. fulgens in the Madrean Pine-Oak Woodlands resulted from recent geographical isolation of populations separated by natural barriers (IT and MPJ).

Costs and Benefits of the Transition to Low-carbon Economyin Russia: Perspectives up to 2050

2014 ◽  
pp. 70-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Bashmakov ◽  
A. Myshak
Keyword(s):  
Emission Reduction ◽  
High Probability ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Ghg Emission ◽  
Research Groups ◽  
Emissions Mitigation ◽  
Very High

This paper investigates costs and benefits associated with low-carbon economic development pathways realization to the mid XXI century. 30 scenarios covering practically all “visions of the future” were developed by several research groups based on scenario assumptions agreed upon in advance. It is shown that with a very high probability Russian energy-related GHG emissions will reach the peak before 2050, which will be at least 11% below the 1990 emission level. The height of the peak depends on portfolio of GHG emissions mitigation measures. Efforts to keep 2050 GHG emissions 25-30% below the 1990 level bring no GDP losses. GDP impact of deep GHG emission reduction - by 50% of the 1990 level - varies from plus 4% to minus 9%. Finally, very deep GHG emission reduction - by 80% - may bring GDP losses of over 10%.

TAFSIR AYAT-AYAT ZAKAT SEBAGAI PENGUAT KONSEP FILANTROPI EKONOMI KEUMMATAN (Tafsir Verses Of Zakat As The Booster Of Public Economic Philanthropy Concept)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-137
Author(s):  
Mustaqim Makki
Keyword(s):  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Minimum Level ◽  
Relationship With God ◽  
Public Economic ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Vertical Relationship ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Very High ◽  
Functional Content

Zakat merupakan salah satu sendi pokok ajaran Islam. Urgensi zakat yang merupakan anjuran agama Islam untuk menunaikan zakat dan memberikannya kepada yang berhak dengan ketentuan mencapai nishabnya, (kadar minimum harta tertentu) mempunyai nilai sangat signifikan dalam kehidupan manusia. Seorang insan yang sarat akan segala permasalahan pada fitrahnya menuntut untuk selalu berinteraksi kepada sesama, baik berupa materi maupun non materi. Zakat merupakan maliyah ijtima’iyyah yang mengandung nilai-nilai filantropi yang sangat tinggi, karena ketika mengaplikasikan kewajiban zakat kita telah membantu sesama serta mengurangi kesenjangan yang disebabkan beberapa sifat manusia diantaranya adalah sifat kikir, dengki dan iri hati. Menguatnya kembali harapan banyak kalangan terhadap implementasi filantropi Islam, baik dalam bentuk zakat, infak, sedekah, dan wakaf, memiliki keterkaitan erat dengan kondisi bangsa yang belum sepenuhnya bangkit dari keterpurukan sebagai dampak dari krisis ekonomi yang berkepanjangan. Kondisi ini berakibat kesenjangan penguasaan perekonomian antar warga negara menjadi kian lebar. Pada saat itulah, ziswaf (zakat, infak, sedekah, dan wakaf) kembali dilirik dan diharapkan menjadi alternatif solusi terhadap problem kemiskinan umat. Manusia sebagai khalifah fil ardh dalam Al Qurán menekankan muatan fungsional yang harus diemban oleh manusia dalam melaksanakan tugas-tugas kesejarahan dalam kehidupannya di muka bumi. Kaitan dengan konsep tersebut, ada dua fungsi manusia. Pertama: Manusia sebagai hamba (ábid), dituntut untuk sukses menjalin hubungan secara vertikal dalam hal ini hubungannya dengan ketuhanan (Teologis). Kedua adalah manusia sebagai khalifah, dituntut untuk sukses menjalin hubungan secara horizontal dalam hal ini hubungan terhadap manusia.Kata kunci: tafsir ayat zakat, filantropi, ekonomi keummatanAbstract:Zakat is one of the main points of Islamic teachings. The urgency of zakat which is suggested by Islam to fulfill and give it to those who are referred to with the provisions to reach their nishab, (minimum level of certain assets) has a very significant value in human life. A person who is full of all problems in his/her natural demands will always get interaction with other people, either material or non-material. Zakat is maliyah ijtima’iyyah which contains very high philanthropic values, because when applying the obligation of zakat we have helped others and reduced the gaps caused by some human traits including miser, jealousy and envy. The reinforcement of the expectations (estimation) from any levels on the implementation of Islamic philanthropy, which in the form of zakat, donation, alms and endowments, has a close relationship with the condition of the country that has not fully risen from bad economic adversity due to economic crisis. This condition causes a widening of the economic mastery among the citizens. At that moment, ziswaf (zakat, infaq, alms, and waqf) was again given a serious attentition and expected to be an alternative solution to the problem of poverty among citizens. Humans as khalifah fil ardh in the Qur'an emphasize the functional content that must be carried by humans in carrying out historical tasks in their lives on earth. In accordance with this concept, there are two human functions. First: Humans as servants (ábid), are required to succeed in establishing a vertical relationship in this case the relationship with God (Theological). Second, humans as caliphs, are required to succeed in establishing horizontal relationships in this case the relationship to humans.

The relationship betweenparityand the incident of perinealruptures on women’s physiological maternity

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Evi Rosita ◽  
Siti Nurnaningrum
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Center ◽  
P Value ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Midwifery Care ◽  
Public Health Center ◽  
Record Data ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Very High

There are about 2.8 million incident of perineal rupture in maternal physiological labor. In 2050,it is estimated that the incidence of perineal rupture can be 6.3 million if it is not accompanied by a good midwifery care. In 2016, in Trawas, there was (89%) perineal rupture in primiparas and (57%) perineal rupture in multiparas. Perineal rupture incidences due to parity were still very high. This study aims to analyze the relationship between parity and the incidence of perineal rupture . It is quantitative studyusing a cross sectional approach, by using analysis of physiological maternity women  medical record data from January to April 2017 of 130 peoplein Trawas Public Health Center, Mojokerto Regency.The dataanalysis used was Chi - Square , indicated by p value = 0,000 with ɑ = 0,05. It means that the value of p <ɑ, so H1 is accepted. It can be concluded that there is a relationship between parity and the incidence of perineal rupture on physiological maternity women in Trawas Public Health Center,Mojokerto Regency. Midwives can apply collaboration with patients and their families to have physical and psychologicalpreparation with an alternative of hypnobirthing methods.

scholarly journals Domain randomization-enhanced deep learning models for bird detection

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Mao ◽  
Jun Kang Chow ◽  
Pin Siang Tan ◽  
Kuan-fu Liu ◽  
Jimmy Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Continuous Monitoring ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Training Data ◽  
Learning Models ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Bird Detection ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractAutomatic bird detection in ornithological analyses is limited by the accuracy of existing models, due to the lack of training data and the difficulties in extracting the fine-grained features required to distinguish bird species. Here we apply the domain randomization strategy to enhance the accuracy of the deep learning models in bird detection. Trained with virtual birds of sufficient variations in different environments, the model tends to focus on the fine-grained features of birds and achieves higher accuracies. Based on the 100 terabytes of 2-month continuous monitoring data of egrets, our results cover the findings using conventional manual observations, e.g., vertical stratification of egrets according to body size, and also open up opportunities of long-term bird surveys requiring intensive monitoring that is impractical using conventional methods, e.g., the weather influences on egrets, and the relationship of the migration schedules between the great egrets and little egrets.

scholarly journals Adaptive Divergence under Gene Flow along an Environmental Gradient in Two Coexisting Stickleback Species

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 435
Author(s):  
Thijs M. P. Bal ◽  
Alejandro Llanos-Garrido ◽  
Anurag Chaturvedi ◽  
Io Verdonck ◽  
Bart Hellemans ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Brackish Water ◽  
Environmental Gradient ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Morphological Differentiation ◽  
Genotyping By Sequencing ◽  
Adaptive Divergence ◽  
Linkage Groups ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Genomic Patterns

There is a general and solid theoretical framework to explain how the interplay between natural selection and gene flow affects local adaptation. Yet, to what extent coexisting closely related species evolve collectively or show distinctive evolutionary responses remains a fundamental question. To address this, we studied the population genetic structure and morphological differentiation of sympatric three-spined and nine-spined stickleback. We conducted genotyping-by-sequencing and morphological trait characterisation using 24 individuals of each species from four lowland brackish water (LBW), four lowland freshwater (LFW) and three upland freshwater (UFW) sites in Belgium and the Netherlands. This combination of sites allowed us to contrast populations from isolated but environmentally similar locations (LFW vs. UFW), isolated but environmentally heterogeneous locations (LBW vs. UFW), and well-connected but environmentally heterogenous locations (LBW vs. LFW). Overall, both species showed comparable levels of genetic diversity and neutral genetic differentiation. However, for all three spatial scales, signatures of morphological and genomic adaptive divergence were substantially stronger among populations of the three-spined stickleback than among populations of the nine-spined stickleback. Furthermore, most outlier SNPs in the two species were associated with local freshwater sites. The few outlier SNPs that were associated with the split between brackish water and freshwater populations were located on one linkage group in three-spined stickleback and two linkage groups in nine-spined stickleback. We conclude that while both species show congruent evolutionary and genomic patterns of divergent selection, both species differ in the magnitude of their response to selection regardless of the geographical and environmental context.

Shallow genetic divergence and distinct phenotypic differences between two Andean hummingbirds: Speciation with gene flow?

The Auk ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 136 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Catalina Palacios ◽  
Silvana García-R ◽  
Juan Luis Parra ◽  
Andrés M Cuervo ◽  
F Gary Stiles ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Genetic Differentiation ◽  
Incomplete Lineage Sorting ◽  
Lineage Sorting ◽  
Phenotypic Differences ◽  
Adaptive Mechanisms ◽  
The Face ◽  
Gloger’S Rule ◽  
Divergence With Gene Flow ◽  
Neutral Markers

Abstract Ecological speciation can proceed despite genetic interchange when selection counteracts the homogenizing effects of migration. We tested predictions of this divergence-with-gene-flow model in Coeligena helianthea and C. bonapartei, 2 parapatric Andean hummingbirds with marked plumage divergence. We sequenced putatively neutral markers (mitochondrial DNA [mtDNA] and nuclear ultraconserved elements [UCEs]) to examine genetic structure and gene flow, and a candidate gene (MC1R) to assess its role underlying divergence in coloration. We also tested the prediction of Gloger’s rule that darker forms occur in more humid environments, and examined morphological variation to assess adaptive mechanisms potentially promoting divergence. Genetic differentiation between species was low in both ND2 and UCEs. Coalescent estimates of migration were consistent with divergence with gene flow, but we cannot reject incomplete lineage sorting reflecting recent speciation as an explanation for patterns of genetic variation. MC1R variation was unrelated to phenotypic differences. Species did not differ in macroclimatic niches but were distinct in morphology. Although we reject adaptation to variation in macroclimatic conditions as a cause of divergence, speciation may have occurred in the face of gene flow driven by other ecological pressures or by sexual selection. Marked phenotypic divergence with no neutral genetic differentiation is remarkable for Neotropical birds, and makes C. helianthea and C. bonapartei an appropriate system in which to search for the genetic basis of species differences employing genomics.

The Use of Protein Electrophoresis for Determining Species Boundaries in Amphipods

Crustaceana ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara A. Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Genetic Differentiation ◽  
Morphological Variation ◽  
Protein Electrophoresis ◽  
Species Boundaries ◽  
Allopatric Populations ◽  
A Value ◽  
Electrophoretic Data

AbstractThe use of protein electrophoretic data for determining species boundaries in amphipods is addressed. Analysis of published literature on genetic differentiation in amphipods showed that pairs of allopatric populations which have genetic identities (I) above a value of 0.85 probably represent intraspecific populations, whereas pairs of populations which have genetic identities below about 0.45 probably represent different species. It was recommended that if I values fall between 0.45 and 0.85, additional factors such as evidence of a lack of gene flow between the populations, and concordant morphological variation should be considered.

Genetic differentiation and gene flow among six sheep breeds of Mongolian group in China

2008 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 338-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Geng ◽  
Zhangping Yang ◽  
Hong Chang ◽  
Yongjiang Mao ◽  
Wei Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Genetic Differentiation ◽  
Sheep Breeds

scholarly journals Dispersal and Differentiation of Deep-Sea Mussels of the GenusBathymodiolus(Mytilidae, Bathymodiolinae)

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akiko Kyuno ◽  
Mifue Shintaku ◽  
Yuko Fujita ◽  
Hiroto Matsumoto ◽  
Motoo Utsumi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Genetic Differentiation ◽  
Shallow Water ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
Dispersal Ability ◽  
Evolutionary Transition ◽  
Significant Genetic Differentiation ◽  
Evolutionary Processes ◽  
High Dispersal ◽  
High Gene

We sequenced the mitochondrial ND4 gene to elucidate the evolutionary processes ofBathymodiolusmussels and mytilid relatives. Mussels of the subfamily Bathymodiolinae from vents and seeps belonged to 3 groups and mytilid relatives from sunken wood and whale carcasses assumed the outgroup positions to bathymodioline mussels. Shallow water mytilid mussels were positioned more distantly relative to the vent/seep mussels, indicating an evolutionary transition from shallow to deep sea via sunken wood and whale carcasses.Bathymodiolus platifronsis distributed in the seeps and vents, which are approximately 1500 km away. There was no significant genetic differentiation between the populations. There existed high gene flow betweenB. septemdierumandB. breviorand low but not negligible gene flow betweenB. marisindicusandB. septemdierumorB. brevior, although their habitats are 5000–10 000 km away. These indicate a high adaptability to the abyssal environments and a high dispersal ability ofBathymodiolusmussels.

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