scholarly journals Larger swordtail females prefer asymmetrical males

2005 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Molly R Morris ◽  
Oscar Rios-Cardenas ◽  
M Scarlett Tudor
Keyword(s):  
Detection System ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Female Preference ◽  
Female Size ◽  
Limited Size ◽  
Pigment Pattern ◽  
Vertical Bars ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Subsequent Selection

Many organisms, including humans, find symmetry more attractive than asymmetry. Is this bias towards symmetry simply a by-product of their detection system? We examined female preference for symmetry of the pigment pattern vertical bars in the swordtail fishes Xiphophorus cortezi and Xiphophorus malinche . We found a relationship between preference for symmetry and female size, with larger and thus older females spending significantly more time with the asymmetrical video animation as compared to the symmetrical video animation. The preference for asymmetry we report demonstrates that even if females can detect symmetrical males better, this does not preclude subsequent selection on females to prefer symmetrical or asymmetrical males. In addition, because the preference was correlated with female size, past studies may have missed preference for either asymmetry and/or symmetry by not examining the relationship between female preference and size/age or by measuring a limited size/age distribution of females. In both of the species of swordtail fishes examined, a high proportion of males are asymmetrical by more than one bar. We suggest that female preference may be maintaining fluctuating asymmetries in these fishes.

Social Well-Being of the Population of Russia During the Pandemic (Based on Sample Survey Data)

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 67-79
Author(s):  
L. A. Davletshina ◽  
N. A. Sadovnikova ◽  
A. V. Bezrukov ◽  
O. G. Lebedinskaya
Keyword(s):  
Health Status ◽  
Population Health ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Rank Correlation ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Russian Population ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Relationship

The article present results of the authors’ study of the social well-being of the Russian population – an assessment of the population’s health and attitudes towards a healthy lifestyle amid viral pandemic, based on materials of the Rosstat sample surveys of 2019 and 2020 and data from the All-Russian survey conducted by the Russian Public Opinion Research Center (VCIOM) on 27 September 2020. The authors described the transformation of living conditions in the light of the complex epidemiological situation and the increase in coronavirus cases among the population. Changes in the health status of the Russian population were analyzed by individual age groups.The article assesses the strength of the relationship between the social well-being of the population by selected socio-demographic groups and the period of self-isolation, quarantine, or other restrictions imposed during the coronavirus pandemic in 2020. To solve this problem, demographic and socio-economic characteristics of respondents are presented, the distribution of responses according to the survey results is estimated, and the most signifcant factor characteristics are selected. Respondent replies were grouped according to the selected questions, including in the territorial context (by federal districts). To determine the strength of the relationship between the respondents' answers to the question and their gender or age distribution, the coefcients of mutual conjugacy and rank correlation coefcients were calculated and analyzed.Analysis of the changes in the social well-being of population for 2019–2020 and the assessment of the strength of the relationship between the discussed indicators (gender, wealth, territory of residence) revealed the parameters that form the differences. After comparing the health status of the Russian population as a whole and by age groups in 2019 and 2020 based on data of sample survey on population health status, the following points were identifed. With the expected assessment of the population health status in the age distribution (deterioration in the older ages and better health in the younger ones), it also remains unchanged that more than half of the respondents characterize their health status as «very good» and «good». Noteworthy is the fact that the assessment of the health status of the Russian population has improved during the year. It is evidenced from changes in the structure of respondent replies, even though population health status survey of 2020 was conducted in the middle of lockdown amid the continuing negative trends in coronavirus morbidity and mortality.

Study on Grain Moisture Detection System Based on the Theory of Dielectric Properties

2013 ◽  
Vol 333-335 ◽  
pp. 1558-1563
Author(s):  
Ling Bin Tan ◽  
Hai Yan Ji
Keyword(s):  
Dielectric Properties ◽  
Detection System ◽  
Capacitive Sensor ◽  
Extreme Environment ◽  
Single Chip ◽  
Display Module ◽  
Temperature Detection ◽  
Grain Moisture ◽  
Moisture Detection ◽  
The Relationship

After studying the relationship between the moisture content of crops and their relative permittivity, the principle of capacitive sensor and the research results of measuring micro-capacitance, this paper summarizes the theoretical basis of dielectric properties of grain, the dielectric properties of wheat, corn and rice, the relationship between the dielectric properties of these crops and their water content. With these theory analyses, the paper gives a full look on the grain moisture detection system by the means of dielectric properties, which consists of six parts, a cylindrical capacitor, signal conditioning circuits, single-chip control module with an A/D converter, temperature detection module, keyboard module and display module. The system is simple, and can adapt to extreme environment and accomplish the rapid detection in manufacturing. A description is given of the principle, its hardware circuit and software programming flow chart.

The relationship between severity of obstructive sleep apnea and maxillofacial morphology and BMI; from the point of view of sex and age distribution

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 147-157
Author(s):  
Kiriko Amitani ◽  
Masaki Takeyama ◽  
Jun Nihara ◽  
Kojiro Takahashi ◽  
Yasuyoshi Ohshima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Obstructive Sleep Apnea ◽  
Sleep Apnea ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Obstructive Sleep ◽  
The Relationship

scholarly journals Epidemiology of pediatric femur fractures in children: the Swedish Fracture Register

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zandra Engström ◽  
Olof Wolf ◽  
Yasmin D. Hailer
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Treatment ◽  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Fracture Pattern ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Femur Fractures ◽  
Fractures In Children ◽  
Fracture Register ◽  
Lower Ratio ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Background Although femur fractures in children are rare, they are the most common fractures in need of hospitalization. We sought to describe the epidemiology and treatment of pediatric femur fractures recorded in the Swedish Fracture Register (SFR). We also studied the relationship between femur fractures, age, sex, fracture pattern, injury mechanism, seasonal variation and treatment. Methods This nationwide observational register study was based on the pediatric part of the SFR. We included all patients < 16 years of age who were registered in the SFR from 2015 to 2018. Results Of the 709 femur fractures, 454 (64%) occurred in boys. Sixty-two of these fractures were proximal (9%), 453 shaft (64%) and 194 distal (27%). A bimodal age distribution peak was observed in boys aged 2–3 and 16–19 years. In contrast, the age distribution among girls was evenly distributed. Younger children were mainly injured by a fall, whereas older children sustained their fracture because of traffic accidents. Non-surgical treatment prevailed among younger children; however, prevalence of surgical treatment increased with age. Conclusions We found a lower ratio between boys and girls (1.8:1) compared to earlier studies. The bimodal age distribution was seen only in boys. Falls were the most common injury in younger children, whereas traffic-related accidents were the most common in adolescents. With age, there was a corresponding increase in surgical treatment.

Fraud triangle in public procurement: evidence from Indonesia

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 951-968 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ni Wayan Rustiarini ◽  
Sutrisno Sutrisno ◽  
Nurkholis Nurkholis ◽  
Wuryan Andayani
Keyword(s):  
Negative Affect ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Detection System ◽  
Public Procurement ◽  
Fraud Triangle ◽  
Effective Prevention ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Procurement Fraud

Purpose This study aims to examine the effects of fraud triangle (pressure, opportunity and rationalization) on individual fraudulent behavior in Indonesian public procurement. Empirical research in this area is relatively sparse. Design/methodology/approach Data were collected using laboratory experiments. Findings The results revealed that fraudulent behavior is higher when an individual has high pressure and high opportunity. These factors play an important role in determining individual rationalization. Most of participants used “displacing responsibility” to rationalize their actions. This study also demonstrated that negative affect mediates the relationship between fraudulent behavior and rationalization. Research limitations/implications First, fraudulent behavior research cannot be separated from social desirability bias. Second, the experiments only involved individual decision-making, not in groups. Finally, this study did not examine the effectiveness of rationalization in reducing negative affect. Practical implications Over the years, the government has only focused on the identification of pressure and reduction of opportunities, but ignored individual psychological reasons. Considering that procurement fraud is always increasing, the government must more focus on individual reasons to design an effective prevention and detection system. Social implications There are various conflicts of interest in public procurement budgeting. These conflicts can distort resource allocation and causes budget leakage. As a result, the government is incapacitated to achieve social and economic goals of the community. Originality/value There is limited research about fraud in public procurement budgeting, especially in developing countries. In addition, the fraud triangle research, which focuses on rationalization is still limited.

The E-Derivative and Completeness on Circuit Error-Detection System of Differential Equations

2014 ◽  
Vol 643 ◽  
pp. 283-288
Author(s):  
Jing Lian Huang ◽  
Zhuo Wang ◽  
Juan Li
Keyword(s):  
Differential Equations ◽  
Error Detection ◽  
Detection System ◽  
Original System ◽  
System Of Differential Equations ◽  
Function Data ◽  
Data Value ◽  
Complete Circuit ◽  
Logical Functions ◽  
The Relationship

Through discuss the relations of e-derivative, derivative and logical functions, we propose e-derivative differential equations detective method of circuit error. We gives the theorems and proved theoretically that circuit error-detection system, which combines with e-derivative differential equations detective method and derivative differential equations detective method is having completeness, this system is able to detect all the circuit error. At the same time, we explain that the corresponding principles of the circuit error-detection system, and reveals the relationship between the circuit error and the function data (value). Finally, we give detection examples for all possible detected cases. For the present error-detection system only with derivative differential equations detective method, the circuit error-detection system which we proposed make up the deficiency and defect of the original system, which can not be detected for many circuit error and is do not know the reasons. We construct a complete circuit error-detection system.

scholarly journals Acanthocephalan size and sex affect the modification of intermediate host colouration

Parasitology ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 136 (8) ◽  
pp. 847-854 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. P. BENESH ◽  
O. SEPPÄLÄ ◽  
E. T. VALTONEN
Keyword(s):  
Intermediate Host ◽  
Adaptive Strategy ◽  
Female Size ◽  
Larval Size ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Establishment Success ◽  
Acanthocephalus Lucii ◽  
Host Mortality ◽  
Male Parasite ◽  
The Relationship

SUMMARYFor trophically transmitted parasites, transitional larval size is often related to fitness. Larger parasites may have higher establishment success and/or adult fecundity, but prolonged growth in the intermediate host increases the risk of failed transmission via natural host mortality. We investigated the relationship between the larval size of an acanthocephalan (Acanthocephalus lucii) and a trait presumably related to transmission, i.e. altered colouration in the isopod intermediate host. In natural collections, big isopods harboured larger worms and had more modified (darker) abdominal colouration than small hosts. Small isopods infected with a male parasite tended to have darker abdominal pigmentation than those infected with a female, but this difference was absent in larger hosts. Female size increases rapidly with host size, so females may have more to gain than males by remaining in and growing mutually with small hosts. In experimental infections, a large total parasite volume was associated with darker host respiratory operculae, especially when it was distributed among fewer worms. Our results suggest that host pigment alteration increases with parasite size, albeit differently for male and female worms. This may be an adaptive strategy if, as parasites grow, the potential for additional growth decreases and the likelihood of host mortality increases.

Body size, age distribution, and reproduction in a northern population of wood turtles (Clemmys insculpta)

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 462-469 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald J. Brooks ◽  
Cathy M. Shilton ◽  
Gregory P. Brown ◽  
Norman W. S. Quinn
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Clutch Size ◽  
Partial Correlation ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Egg Mass ◽  
Female Size ◽  
After Effects ◽  
Mean Width ◽  
Wood Turtles ◽  
Provincial Park

A population of the wood turtle (Clemmys insculpta) was studied on the east side of Algonquin Provincial Park, Ontario, from 1987 to 1990. A total of 77 adults (56 females, 21 males) and 13 juveniles were captured, measured, and individually marked. Age at maturity was 17–18 years at a minimum carapace length of 185 mm for females and 199 mm for males. Our data supported the hypothesis that turtles in northern populations are larger and older at maturity than are those in southern populations. For 21 nests, mean clutch size was 8.8 eggs and egg mass was 96 g. Predators destroyed 15 of 17 nests in 1990, and had injured 60% of adult turtles observed. Therefore, our population had low recruitment, few juveniles, and high levels of predation on nests and adults. Comparisons among females refuted two predictions from optimal egg size theory. Mean width and mass, but not length, of eggs correlated positively with female size, and correlated positively with clutch size, even after effects of body size were removed by partial correlation. However, smaller females in the population had relatively longer eggs than did larger females, whereas the Algonquin females have absolutely smaller eggs than do much smaller females in a New Jersey population.

scholarly journals Genetic association between male attractiveness and female differential allocation

2006 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 341-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan L Head ◽  
John Hunt ◽  
Robert Brooks
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Selection ◽  
Mate Choice ◽  
Genetic Association ◽  
Reproductive Effort ◽  
Female Preference ◽  
Acheta Domesticus ◽  
Female Size ◽  
Differential Allocation ◽  
Male Attractiveness ◽  
Analogous Manner

Differential allocation of reproductive effort towards offspring of attractive mates is a form of post-copulatory mate choice. Although differential allocation has been demonstrated in many taxa, its evolutionary implications have received little attention. Theory predicts that mate choice will lead to a positive genetic correlation between female preference and male attractiveness. This prediction has been upheld for pre-copulatory mate choice, but whether such a relationship between male attractiveness and female differential allocation exists has never been tested. Here, we show that both female pre-copulatory mate choice and post-copulatory differential allocation are genetically associated with male attractiveness in house crickets, Acheta domesticus . Daughters of attractive males mated sooner and laid more eggs when paired with larger males. These forms of mate choice are strongest in large females, suggesting that costs decrease with increasing female size. The genetic association between attractiveness and differential allocation suggests potential for differential allocation to become exaggerated by coevolutionary runaway processes in an analogous manner to pre-copulatory choice. Sexual selection is thus likely to be stronger than predicted by pre-copulatory choice alone.

A PCR-based method to detect species of Gondwanamyces and Ophiostoma on surfaces of insects colonizing Protea flowers

2006 ◽  
Vol 84 (6) ◽  
pp. 989-994 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francois Roets ◽  
Michael J. Wingfield ◽  
Léanne L. Dreyer ◽  
Pedro W. Crous ◽  
Dirk U. Bellstedt
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Detection System ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Ophiostomatoid Fungi ◽  
Universal Primer ◽  
African Species ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
28S Ribosomal Dna

Flower heads of economically important members of the genus Protea L. mature into conspicuous, often long-lived infructescences, which in South Africa are commonly colonized by species of the ophiostomatoid fungi Gondwanamyces G.J. Marais & M.J. Wingfield and Ophiostoma Syd. & P. Syd. It is suspected that these fungi are transported between infructescences by insects. To develop techniques that would enable detection of ophiostomatoid fungi on insects, primers GPR1 and OSP1 were designed based on unique 28S ribosomal DNA sequences of Gondwanamyces and Ophiostoma from Protea. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction of these primers, combined with universal primer LR6, yielded fragment lengths of 885 and 637 bp. Positive amplification was achieved from as little as 30 and 45 pg of fungal genomic DNA for Gondwanamyces and Ophiostoma, respectively, and fragments of identical lengths were amplified from insects artificially inoculated with these fungi. No other tested fungal species showed amplification with GPR1 or OSP1 and LR6. Using these primers two insect species ( Genuchus hottentottus Fabricius and Oxycarenus maculates Stal.) collected from Protea repens L. infructescences were confirmed as carriers of Gondwanamyces proteae (M.J. Wingfield et al.) G.J. Marais & M.J. Wingfield and Ophiostoma splendens G.J. Marais & M.J. Wingfield, respectively. The method developed in this study represents a rapid detection system that can be used to understand the relationship between insects and ophiostomatoid fungi found associated with flowers of South African species of Protea .

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