scholarly journals Loss of muscle fibres in a landlocked dwarf Atlantic salmon population

2005 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 419-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian A Johnston ◽  
Marguerite Abercromby ◽  
Øivind Andersen
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Continuous Production ◽  
Fork Length ◽  
Maximum Size ◽  
Maximum Diameter ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Salmon Population ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Fibre Number ◽  
Southern Norway

Growth of fast myotomal muscle in teleosts involves the continuous production of muscle fibres until some genetically pre-determined length. The dwarf landlocked (Bleke) population of Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar L.) from Byglands-fjord, Southern Norway mature at about 25 cm fork length and reach a maximum size of only 30 cm in the wild. The maximum diameter ( D max ) of fast muscle fibres in 4-year-old Bleke salmon (25–28 cm fork length) was 118 μm and not significantly different from that found in immature migratory salmon of a similar size. In contrast no evidence for active fibre recruitment was found in the Bleke salmon, such that the maximum fibre number, FN max , was only 21–30% of that reported in typical farmed and wild migratory populations, respectively. We hypothesise that, once established, the physiological consequences of the dwarf condition led to rapid selection for reduced fibre number, possibly to reduce the maintenance costs associated with ionic homeostasis.

scholarly journals Three Decades of Farmed Escapees in the Wild: A Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Atlantic Salmon Population Genetic Structure throughout Norway

PLoS ONE ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. e43129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin A. Glover ◽  
María Quintela ◽  
Vidar Wennevik ◽  
François Besnier ◽  
Anne G. E. Sørvik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Population Genetic Structure ◽  
Population Genetic ◽  
Temporal Analysis ◽  
Salmon Population ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Farmed Escapees

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in the lower Nastapoka River, Quebec: distribution and origins of salmon in eastern Hudson Bay

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (6) ◽  
pp. 1674-1681 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roderick Morin
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Reproductive Potential ◽  
River Estuary ◽  
Maximum Size ◽  
Hudson Bay ◽  
Gill Net ◽  
Salmon Population ◽  
Freshwater Zone ◽  
Rapid Current

Atlantic salmon have been occasionally reported along eastern Hudson Bay, north of Richmond Gulf; however, in the Nastapoka River estuary they dominated gill-net catches over a 3-year period. The results of surveys of native fishermen suggest that this is the only anadromous stock in eastern Hudson Bay. Salmon are also present in the Nastapoka River above a 35-m coastal escarpment. It is proposed that they colonized the river from Ungava Bay by headwater exchange with the Koksoak River following deglaciation. Atlantic salmon and brook trout accounted for >80% of gill-net catches in the lower Nastapoka River and estuary. Salmon and trout were similar in size up to age 7. Trout growth was linear whereas salmon growth slowed, resulting in a smaller maximum size, but longevity was greater in salmon than in trout. Salmon matured at a greater age and had lower fecundity and reproductive potential than trout. In the estuary, both species consumed mainly littoral marine amphipods and marine fishes. The salmon population is located at the northern limit of the thermal optimum reported for the species. Habitat in the lower Nastapoka River may favour salmon over trout because of the rapid current in the restricted freshwater zone below the coastal waterfall. This habitat is threatened by the proposed diversion of headwaters for hydroelectric development.

scholarly journals Muscle fibre number varies with haemoglobin phenotype in Atlantic cod as predicted by the optimal fibre number hypothesis

2006 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 590-592 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian A Johnston ◽  
Marguerite Abercromby ◽  
Øivind Andersen
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Fibre Diameter ◽  
Oxygen Affinity ◽  
Fork Length ◽  
Routine Metabolic Rate ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Fibre Number

Atlantic cod ( Gadus morhua L.) with the HbI-(2/2) haemoglobin phenotype have a higher blood oxygen affinity at low temperatures and a lower routine metabolic rate than individuals with the HbI-(1/1) phenotype. In the present study, muscle structure was found to be related to haemoglobin phenotype in a coastal population of Atlantic cod from the Saltenfjord region of Northern Norway. The maximum number of fast muscle fibres (FN max ) was reached at approximately 39 cm fork length and was 15% greater in the HbI-(1/1) than in the HbI-(2/2) phenotypes whereas the average fibre diameter for fish of the same fork length was significantly lower. Theoretically, the higher oxygen affinity of the HbI-(2/2) phenotype in the cold water of northern latitudes could have resulted in a relaxation of diffusional constraints at the level of individual muscle fibres, permitting the observed increase in fibre diameter. The results support the optimal fibre number hypothesis which envisages a trade-off between diffusional constraints and the energy cost of maintaining ionic homeostasis with fewer larger diameter muscle fibres in the HbI-(2/2) phenotype contributing to a lower routine metabolic rate.

Size selection from fishways and potential evolutionary responses in a threatened Atlantic salmon population

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (7) ◽  
pp. 1004-1015 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Maynard ◽  
M. T. Kinnison ◽  
J. D. Zydlewski
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Size Selection ◽  
Salmon Population

Variation in Male Parr Maturation Within and Among Populations of Atlantic Salmon, Salmo salar

1986 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
pp. 1242-1248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ransom A. Myers ◽  
Jeffrey A. Hutchings ◽  
R. John Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Fork Length ◽  
Detectable Effect ◽  
Genetic Changes ◽  
Mature Parr ◽  
Total Proportion ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Size Threshold ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Parr

The covariation of growth and maturation in male Atlantic salmon parr, Salmo salar, produces a relationship characterized by a size threshold below which individuals generally do not mature. The threshold of 70–72 mm fork length is evident both within and among populations. Parr maturation can reduce growth during the second year of life by an average of 4.0%. Among-year variation in growth rate affects the yearly incidence of maturation for males at age 1 + but has no detectable effect on the total proportion of male parr maturing in a population. Increases in the proportion of mature parr in the Matamek River, Quebec, can be explained by variation in growth alone; there is no evidence for genetic changes in this population.

scholarly journals A single nuclei transcriptomic analysis of the Atlantic salmon gill through smoltification and seawater transfer

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander C. West ◽  
Yasutaka Mizoro ◽  
Shona H. Wood ◽  
Louise M. Ince ◽  
Marianne Iversen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Prior Work ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Freshwater Environments ◽  
Transcriptomic Studies

AbstractAnadromous salmonids begin life adapted to the freshwater environments of their natal streams before a developmental transition, known as smoltification, transforms them into marine-adapted fish. In the wild, the extending photoperiods of spring stimulates smoltification, typified by radical reprogramming of the gill from an ion-absorbing organ to ion-excreting organ. Prior work has highlighted the role of specialized “mitochondrion-rich” cells in delivering this phenotype. However, transcriptomic studies identify thousands of smoltification-driven differentially regulated genes, indicating that smoltification causes a multifaceted, multicellular change; but direct evidence of this is lacking.Here, we use single-nuclei RNAseq to characterize the Atlantic salmon gill during smoltification and seawater transfer. We identify 20 distinct clusters of nuclei, including known, but also novel gill cell types. These data allow us to isolate cluster-specific, smoltification-induced changes in gene expression. We also show how cellular make-up of the gill changes through smoltification. As expected, we noted an increase in the proportion of seawater mitochondrion-rich cells, however, we also identify a reduction of several immune-related cells. Overall, our results provide unrivaled detail of the cellular complexity in the gill and suggest that smoltification triggers unexpected immune reprogramming directly preceding seawater entry.

Maladaptation and phenotypic mismatch in hatchery-reared Atlantic salmon Salmo salar released in the wild

2014 ◽  
Vol 85 (6) ◽  
pp. 1927-1945 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Stringwell ◽  
A. Lock ◽  
C. J. Stutchbury ◽  
E. Baggett ◽  
J. Taylor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
In The Wild

Early thermal experience has different effects on growth and muscle fibre recruitment in spring- and autumn-running Atlantic salmon populations

2000 ◽  
Vol 203 (17) ◽  
pp. 2553-2564 ◽  
Author(s):  
I.A. Johnston ◽  
H.A. McLay ◽  
M. Abercromby ◽  
D. Robins
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Satellite Cells ◽  
Temperature Regime ◽  
White Muscle ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Frequency Distributions ◽  
Muscle Satellite Cells ◽  
First Feeding

The consequence of early thermal experience for subsequent growth patterns was investigated in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Spring- and autumn-running salmon were caught in upland (Baddoch) and lowland (Sheeoch) tributaries of the River Dee, Aberdeenshire, Scotland, respectively, on the final stages of their spawning migrations. The eggs were incubated at the simulated natural temperature regime of each stream, which was on average 2.8 degrees C lower for the Baddoch. The offspring, representing 11 families per population, were transferred at first feeding to constant environmental conditions (12–14 degrees C; 16h:8h light:dark photoperiod) and reared in replicate tanks. Salmon of both populations were longer and heavier at 6 and 12 weeks in fish initially reared under the cooler Baddoch regime. Length frequency distributions became bimodal after 18 weeks, and only the upper growth mode was studied. Modelling of length distributions at 40 weeks revealed significantly different patterns of muscle growth according to initial temperature regime, but only for the Sheeoch salmon. In fish of Sheeoch origin, significantly more white muscle fibres were recruited per mm(2) increase in myotomal cross-sectional area at Sheeoch than at Baddoch temperatures (P<0.01). After 40 weeks, the density of white fibres was 10.4 % higher in fish initially reared at the Sheeoch (533+/−6 mm(−2)) than at the Baddoch (483+/−5 mm(−2)) thermal regimes (means +/− s.e.m., 16 fish per group; P<0.001). Muscle satellite cells were identified using an antibody to c-met. At 24 weeks, the density of muscle satellite cells was 29 % higher in Sheeoch salmon reared to first feeding at the temperature of their natal stream than at cooler Baddoch temperatures (P<0.01). In contrast, the number and size distributions of white muscle fibres in the myotomes of Baddoch salmon were independent of early thermal experience.

Advances in Fish Tagging and Marking Technology

2012 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Release Time ◽  
Tag Identification ◽  
Penobscot River ◽  
Salmon Population ◽  
Declining Populations ◽  
Simple Change ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Made In

<i>Abstract</i>.—Atlantic salmon <i>Salmo salar </i>smolts are stocked in the Penobscot River, Maine to supplement declining populations. Since 2000, approximately 550,000 hatchery smolts are annually released into the river, of which 32% of these (175,000) were marked with visual implant elastomer (VIE) tags indicating release time and location. Our study found that tag colors of adult returns were often misread due to confusion between green and yellow marks and between red and pink marks. Using data collected on mark readings in a controlled hatchery environment, we corrected for tag identification errors made in the field, thereby allowing adjustments to be made in the marked returns to accurately assess the number of returns from multiple stocking groups. When adult returns from multiple stocking groups were compared, significant differences were detected between stocking groups, including a three-fold difference between two of the stocking groups. Hence, a simple change in smolt stocking locations and times may be of value in the recovery of the Penobscot River salmon population.

scholarly journals Stable isotopes suggest the location of marine feeding grounds of South European Atlantic salmon in Greenland

2020 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 593-603 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Almodóvar ◽  
Graciela G Nicola ◽  
Daniel Ayllón ◽  
Clive N Trueman ◽  
Ian Davidson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Population Decline ◽  
Migration Route ◽  
North Atlantic Current ◽  
Migration Routes ◽  
Δ13c And Δ15n ◽  
Δ13c Values ◽  
The North ◽  
Salmon Population ◽  
And Migration

Abstract Historical data on the oceanic distribution and migration routes of southernmost Atlantic salmon Salmo salar populations from Europe are almost non-existent, as no rigorous tagging initiatives have been conducted. Here, we used stable isotope data (δ13C and δ15N) of historic scale collections to identify the potential marine feeding areas of the largest salmon population in the Iberian Peninsula. Data were compared with published datasets from Northern Ireland, Wales, south England, and northeast UK coast, which correspond to series between 15- and 33-year long within the time period from 1958 to 2009. Temporal covariation in sea surface temperature, primary productivity, and δ13C values suggests that feeding areas of Iberian salmon are located around Greenland, both in the Labrador and the Irminger seas. Furthermore, δ13C values of Atlantic salmon from Canadian rivers reported in the literature are similar to those found in individuals from Spanish rivers. Our results suggest that Iberian salmon follow a westerly migration route towards Greenland instead of following the easterly branch of the North Atlantic current into the Norwegian Sea. Characterization of feeding patterns and migration routes might help to understand the causes of ongoing population decline and establish targeted conservation programmes for threatened Iberian salmon.

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