scholarly journals Diploid males and their triploid offspring in the paper wasp Polistes dominulus

2005 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 200-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aviva E Liebert ◽  
Annagiri Sumana ◽  
Philip T Starks
Keyword(s):  
Social Evolution ◽  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
Paper Wasp ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Polistes Dominulus ◽  
Diploid Males ◽  
Colony Cycle ◽  
Introduced Populations ◽  
Two Generations

Although the hymenopteran sex-determining mechanism generally results in haploid males and diploid females, diploid males can be produced via homozygosity at the sex-determining locus. Diploid males have low fitness because they are effectively sterile or produce presumably sterile triploid offspring. Previously, triploid females were observed in three species of North American Polistes paper wasps, and this was interpreted as indirect evidence of diploid males. Here we report what is, to our knowledge, the first direct evidence: four of five early male-producing Polistes dominulus nests from three populations contained diploid males. Because haploid males were also found, however, the adaptive value of early males cannot be ignored. Using genetic and morphological data from triploid females, we also present evidence that both diploid males and triploid females remain undetected throughout the colony cycle. Consequently, diploid male production may result in a delayed fitness cost for two generations. This phenomenon is particularly relevant for introduced populations with few alleles at the sex-determining locus, but cannot be ignored in native populations without supporting genetic data. Future research using paper wasp populations to test theories of social evolution should explicitly consider the potential impacts of diploid males.

Prey capture and caste-specific payload capacities in the European paper wasp Polistes dominulus

2012 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 519-525 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Brown ◽  
A. Payne ◽  
K. K. Graham ◽  
P. T. Starks
Keyword(s):  
Prey Capture ◽  
Paper Wasp ◽  
Polistes Dominulus

scholarly journals Clypeal patterning in the paper wasp Polistes dominulus: no evidence of adaptive value in the wild

2013 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 623-633 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan P. Green ◽  
Ellouise Leadbeater ◽  
Jonathan M. Carruthers ◽  
Neil S. Rosser ◽  
Eric R. Lucas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Paper Wasp ◽  
Polistes Dominulus ◽  
Adaptive Value ◽  
In The Wild

Collection, characterization, conservation and utilization of Cordia sinensis Lam.: An underexploited multipurpose fruit species of hot arid regions

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Rahul Dev ◽  
M. Sureshkumar ◽  
Sushil Kumar ◽  
K. Venkatesan ◽  
Traloki Singh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arid Regions ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Fruit Species ◽  
Fruit Samples ◽  
Maximum Coefficient ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Collar Diameter ◽  
Scrub Forests ◽  
Number Of Branches

Abstract Cordia sinensis, locally known as ‘Goondi’ in India, is an underexploited multipurpose fruit species found in hot arid regions that is well adapted to drought, salt and hot conditions. The present study was undertaken to collect fruit samples from different locations in the Kachchh region of Gujarat, India, and to determine their field establishment for characterization, conservation and utilization. The maximum distribution of the species was observed in Bhuj (45%) and Mandvi (25%). Field boundaries (35%) and scrub forests (30%) had greater frequencies, whereas backyards had rarer frequencies (10%). The species most commonly occurred on levelled topography (60%) with a soil pH in the range of 8–8.5 (63%). Morphological data of three-year-old plants in the field gene bank showed a maximum coefficient of variation in the number of leaves per plant (66.6), followed by the number of branches per plant (45.62) and collar diameter (27.69). Wide variations were recorded in plant height (121.67–212 cm), spread (118–223 cm2) and the number of branches per plant (6–24.33). Specific accessions were identified for fodder (CBCG-12, CBCG-13 and CBCG-16), early flowering and fruiting (CBCG-12, CBCG-13 and CBCG-14), easier propagation by seeds (CBCG-12 and CBCG-13) and salt tolerance (CBCG-15 and CBCG-16). Preliminary findings and information provided about this species' utilization and other aspects might be useful for future research on its domestication, sole plantation and conservation aspects, improving the exploitation of this species by present and future generations.

Metamorphic Fluids in Orogenic Settings

Elements ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 381-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katy A. Evans ◽  
Andrew G. Tomkins
Keyword(s):  
Phase Equilibria ◽  
Melting Temperature ◽  
Fluid Inclusions ◽  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
Ore Deposits ◽  
Variable Composition ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Temperature Cycle ◽  
Thermodynamic Models ◽  
Metamorphic Fluids

Metamorphic reactions within the Earth’s crust produce fluids of variable composition that play a major role in the evolution of continents. Metamorphic fluids facilitate reactions that alter crustal rheology, reduce melting temperature, cycle elements between geological reservoirs and form ore deposits. These fluids are relatively inaccessible, other than by study of fluid inclusions, so most studies rely on a combination of indirect evidence and predictive thermodynamic models to determine the characteristics and roles of the fluids. In this article, the origins, compositions, controlling phase equilibria, and roles of metamorphic fluids are reviewed, followed by a discussion of selected areas of current and future research.

scholarly journals Towards a phylogeny of the Metazoa: evaluating alternative phylogenetic positions of Platyhelminthes, Nemertea, and Gnathostomulida, with a critical reappraisal of cladistic characters

2004 ◽  
Vol 73 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 3-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald A. Jenner
Keyword(s):  
Sister Group ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Total Evidence ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Sister Group Relationship ◽  
Cladistic Analyses ◽  
Phylogenetic Hypotheses ◽  
Data Matrices

This paper critically assesses all morphological cladistic analyses of the Metazoa that were published during the last one and a half decades. Molecular and total evidence analyses are also critically reviewed. This study focuses on evaluating alternative phylogenetic positions of the ‘acoelomate’ worms: Platyhelminthes, Nemertea, and Gnathostomulida. This paper consists of two parts. In Part I, all recently proposed sister group hypotheses and the supporting synapomorphies for these phyla are evaluated. Discrepancies in the treatment of corresponding characters in different cladistic analyses are identified, and where possible, resolved. In Part II, the overall phylogenetic significance across the Metazoa of all characters relevant for placing the ‘acoelomate’ worms is examined. The coding and scoring of these characters for other phyla are evaluated, and uncertainties in our understanding are pointed out in order to guide future research. The characters discussed in this paper are broadly categorized as follows: epidermis and cuticle, reproduction and sexual condition, development, larval forms, coeloms and mesoderm source, nervous system and sensory organs, nephridia, musculature, digestive system, and miscellaneous characters. Competing phylogenetic hypotheses are compared in terms of several criteria: 1) taxon sampling and the fulfillment of domain of definition for each character; 2) character sampling; 3) character coding; 4) character scoring and quality of primary homology; 5) quality of the proposed diagnostic synapomorphies as secondary homologies. On the basis of this study I conclude that a sister group for the Platyhelminthes has not yet been unambiguously established. A clade minimally composed of Neotrochozoa (Mollusca, Sipuncula, Echiura, Annelida) emerges as the most likely sister group of the Nemertea on the basis of morphological and total evidence analyses. Finally, morphological data currrently favor a sister group relationship of Gnathostomulida and Syndermata (probably plus Micrognathozoa). In contrast, molecular or total evidence analyses have not identified a reliable sister group of Gnathostomulida.Further progress in our understanding of metazoan phylogeny crucially depends on the improvement of the quality of currently adopted cladistic data matrices. A thorough reassessment of many of the more than 70 morphological characters discussed here is necessary. Despite the recent compilation of comprehensive data matrices, the power to test competing hypotheses of higher-level metazoan relationships is critically compromised due to uncritical data selection and poor character study in even the most recently published cladistic analyses.

scholarly journals The emerging contribution of social wasps to grape rot disease ecology

PeerJ ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. e3223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne A. Madden ◽  
Sean D. Boyden ◽  
Jonathan-Andrew N. Soriano ◽  
Tyler B. Corey ◽  
Jonathan W. Leff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Community ◽  
Disease Ecology ◽  
Marker Gene ◽  
Social Wasps ◽  
Fruit Flies ◽  
Host Susceptibility ◽  
Paper Wasp ◽  
Polistes Dominulus ◽  
Sour Rot ◽  
Rot Disease

Grape sour (bunch) rot is a polymicrobial disease of vineyards that causes millions of dollars in lost revenue per year due to decreased quality of grapes and resultant wine. The disease is associated with damaged berries infected with a community of acetic acid bacteria, yeasts, and filamentous fungi that results in rotting berries with high amounts of undesirable volatile acidity. Many insect species cause the initial grape berry damage that can lead to this disease, but most studies have focused on the role of fruit flies in facilitating symptoms and vectoring the microorganisms of this disease complex. Like fruit flies, social wasps are abundant in vineyards where they feed on ripe berries and cause significant damage, while also dispersing yeasts involved in wine fermentation. Despite this, their possible role in disease facilitation and dispersal of grape rots has not been explored. We tested the hypothesis that the paper wasp Polistes dominulus could facilitate grape sour rot in the absence of other insect vectors. Using marker gene sequencing we characterized the bacterial and fungal community of wild-caught adults. We used a sterilized foraging arena to determine if these wasps transfer viable microorganisms when foraging. We then tested if wasps harboring their native microbial community, or those inoculated with sour rot, had an effect on grape sour rot incidence and severity using a laboratory foraging arena. We found that all wasps harbor some portion of the sour rot microbial community and that they have the ability to transfer viable microorganisms when foraging. Foraging by inoculated and uninoculated wasps led to an increase in berry rot disease symptom severity and incidence. Our results indicate that paper wasps can facilitate sour rot diseases in the absence of other vectors and that the mechanism of this facilitation may include both increasing host susceptibility and transmitting these microbial communities to the grapes. Social wasps are understudied but relevant players in the sour rot ecology of vineyards.

Migration and nutrition

2018 ◽  
pp. 197-216
Author(s):  
Janice L. Thompson ◽  
Joy Merrell ◽  
Barry Bogin ◽  
Hannah Jennings ◽  
Michael Heinrich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Future Research ◽  
Cultural Norms ◽  
Eating Behaviours ◽  
Care Needs ◽  
Future Health ◽  
Family Structures ◽  
Health And Social Care ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Actual Health

This chapter describes Project MINA, an intergenerational and transnational project using a mixed-methods approach to investigate migration, nutrition, and ageing in two generations of Bangladeshi women living in the UK or Sylhet, Bangladesh. Results indicate that varied migration histories and changing family structures play an important role in influencing nutritional status, perceived and actual health status, and future health and social care needs of ageing Bangladeshis in the UK. Future research should focus on developing culturally and linguistically tailored research tools to assess dietary intake and eating behaviours within this population, and examine the complex interplay between family dynamics, cultural norms and social influences that impact the ability of older Bangladeshi adults to eat more healthfully and engage in physical and social activities that promote healthy ageing.

Evidence of Sensitivity to Structural Contrasts in the Literature on Children's Language Comprehension

1996 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 1304-1314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann Sutton
Keyword(s):  
Language Comprehension ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
Detailed Examination ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Response Patterns ◽  
Developmental Sequence ◽  
Grammatical Structure ◽  
Grammatical Knowledge ◽  
Grammatical Structures

This paper reviews the developmental literature on grammatical knowledge in language comprehension in the preschool years from the perspective of sensitivity to structural contrasts. This concept differs from mastery of individual grammatical structures. Structural sensitivity focuses on increments of partial grammatical knowledge that can be observed in distinctive response patterns to contrasting grammatical structures. Direct evidence of sensitivity to structural contrasts is found in comprehension studies that measured differential responding. Indirect evidence of sensitivity can also be discovered by detailed examination of the data presented in several additional studies. The evidence suggests that there may be a developmental sequence of increasing sensitivity with age to finer distinctions and to more detailed aspects of grammatical structure. The notion of sensitivity to structural contrasts has implications for future research.

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