Seeding Rate and Planting Date Impacts Stand Density, Diseases, and Yield of Irrigated Peanuts

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 63-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. Hagan ◽  
H. L. Campbell ◽  
K. L. Bowen ◽  
L. Wells
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Stem Rot ◽  
Spot Intensity ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Tomato Spotted Wilt ◽  
Peanut Cultivars

Release of peanut cultivars with enhanced tomato spotted wilt (TSW) resistance along with the decline in the incidence of this disease gives Alabama producers the option of earlier planting of irrigated peanuts to optimize farm operations and lower seeding rates to reduce input costs. Mid-April and mid-May plantings of the cvs. Florida-07, Georgia-06G, and Georgia Green at 6.6, 9.8, 13.1, and 19.7 seed/m were monitored over three years for TSW, stem rot, and leaf spot diseases as well as yield. Despite low TSW pressure and lack of a seeding rate response, disease incidence was higher in Georgia Green than Florida-07 and Georgia-06G with higher TSW indices noted for the April than May plantings of the former but not latter two cultivars. While not impacted by planting date, stem rot incidence, which was higher at 13.1 and 19.7 than 6.6 seed/m, was lower on Florida-07 than Georgia-06G and Georgia Green with the latter proving most susceptible. Although leaf spot intensity was not impacted by seeding rate, disease ratings were higher for May than April plantings, with Florida-07 and Georgia-06G having lower leaf spot ratings than Georgia Green in two of three study years. While planting date did not impact yield in two of three years, higher yields were recorded at 13.1 and 19.7 than 6.6 seed/m, with Florida-07 and Georgia-06G having higher yields than Georgia Green. Accepted for publication 16 February 2015. Published 20 April 2015.

Influence of Planter Type and Seeding Rate on Yield and Disease Incidence in Peanut1

1994 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Wehtje ◽  
R. Weeks ◽  
M. West ◽  
L. Wells ◽  
P. Pace
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Stem Rot ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Tomato Spotted Wilt ◽  
Disease Occurrence ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L

Abstract Variability of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) seedling spacing, and yield were compared for a conventional and a vacuum-type planter in field studies conducted in 1991 and 1992. Vacuum-type planters have an improved seed metering system and are considered to be more precise. This added precision may serve to compensate for lower than normal seeding rates. Seeding rates evaluated decreased in a step-wise manner from the normal range of 123 to 101 kg/ha, to a minimum of 34 kg/ha. Spacing between individual seedlings was measured after emergence. The occurrence of tomato spotted wilt (TSWV) and southern stem rot were also determined. In 1991 and across all seeding rates, variability in seedling spacing (i.e. standard deviation) was identical between the two planters. In 1992, at 3 of the five seeding rates (34,56, and 101 kg/ha) standard deviation was less with the vacuum planter. In both years yield and disease occurrence was influenced only by seeding rate, and was independent of planter type. TSWV was inversely related to seeding rate, the opposite relationship occurred with southern stem rot. Maximum yield was achieved with a seeding rate of 101 kg/ha.

Row Pattern and Seeding Rate Effects on Agronomic, Disease, and Economic Factors in Large-Seeded Runner Peanut

2011 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Scott Tubbs ◽  
John P. Beasley ◽  
Albert K. Culbreath ◽  
Robert C. Kemerait ◽  
Nathan B. Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Stem Rot ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Great Resistance ◽  
Net Returns ◽  
Net Revenue ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Wilt Virus

ABSTRACT Recent peanut cultivar releases are trending to a larger seed size, but have great resistance to tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV). Larger-seeded cultivars cost more to plant than smaller at an equivalent population. Reduced seeding rates could save growers on seed costs and impede the spread of southern stem rot, but can reduce plant stands which can lower yields and increase TSWV incidence. Therefore, the objectives of this experiment were to compare seven peanut cultivars (Georgia Green, Georgia-06G, AT 3085RO, Florida-07, Tifguard, AP-3, and Georgia-03L) in single and twin row patterns at three seeding rates (17, 20, and 23 seed/m) on a sandy loam soil at Plains, GA for disease incidence, agronomic, and economic performance. Measured variables included yield and grade, plant height and stand, TSWV and southern stem rot incidence, and adjusted net revenue in 2008 and 2009. Twin rows outperformed single rows whenever differences occurred. The only factors consistently affected by reducing seeding rate were plant height and stand, both decreased at the lowest seeding rate. There was a trend toward lower yields (approximately 6% reduction) at the 17 seed/m rate in twin row pattern, although net returns were not diminished compared to the higher seeding rates since lower seed costs offset yield reductions. The cultivars Georgia-06G and Florida-07 had the highest yield and adjusted net revenue among the seven cultivars in both years. Tifguard and Georgia Green had lowest overall yields and would not be preferred cultivars in sandy loam soils. This study demonstrates that twin rows have higher yield, plant stands, and net revenue, plus reduced TSWV incidence than single row pattern, and a reduction in seeding rate to 17 seed/m can be made without serious risk of lost revenue. However, benefits of reducing seeding rate in twin rows were not as pronounced as they were for single rows, and exhibited a greater potential for lower yield. A grower planting in single rows would likely have the most to gain from planting fewer seed, especially under heavy southern stem rot pressure, but planting in twin rows would still be a preferred option over single rows.

scholarly journals Binucleate Rhizoctonia on Tobacco in Zimbabwe

Plant Disease ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Masuka
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Stem Rot ◽  
Damping Off ◽  
Binucleate Rhizoctonia ◽  
Tobacco Seedlings ◽  
Disease Rating ◽  
Causal Pathogen

Rhizoctonia solani Kühn (teleomorph Thanatephorus cucumeris (A. B. Frank) Donk) anastomosis groups AG 4 and AG 3 cause, respectively, widespread stem rot and leaf spot diseases of tobacco in Zimbabwe (2). Stem rot leads to substantial field losses, necessitating routine chemical and biological control (1). A recent increase in reports on Rhizoctonia-induced damping-off in tobacco seedlings and lodging of mature field plants prompted detailed studies on the causal pathogen. Nuclear fluorescence microscopy studies of 83 isolates from diseased tobacco revealed the presence of binucleate isolates. The isolates were collected in 1981 (1 isolate), 1990 (1 isolate), 1996 (3 isolates), and 1997 (1 isolate) and caused damping-off in seedlings (2 isolates) and stem rot and lodging in field tobacco (4 isolates). We confirmed that all binucleate isolates contained only two nuclei per cell. There was variability in the number of nuclei among the multinucleate stem rot (mean 4.2, SE 0.265) and leaf spot (mean 7.5, SE 0.259) isolates. Two tested binucleate Rhizoctonia isolates were pathogenic to 7-week-old tobacco seedlings (cv. Kutsaga 35) in a greenhouse experiment, laid out as a randomized complete block design. Uninoculated healthy plants served as control. Based on a disease rating scale of 1 to 5 (1 = no disease and 5 = >50% stem damage), overall disease incidence was 88.9% 5 days after inoculation with macerated mycelium at the rate of 3.60 × 105 CFU per seedling, applied around the stem base. Over 50% of inoculated seedlings were rated in disease categories 4 and 5. Binucleate Rhizoctonia were consistently isolated from infected plants. A country-wide survey is being conducted to determine the incidence, distribution and severity of diseases caused by binucleate Rhizoctonia on tobacco in Zimbabwe. References: (1) J. S. Cole and Z. Zvenyika. Plant Pathol. 37:271, 1988. (2) S. I. Mpofu and A. M. Julian. J. Phytopathol. 140: 367, 1994.

scholarly journals Effects of Row Pattern, Seeding Rate, and Inoculation Date on Fungicide Efficacy and Development of Peanut Stem Rot

Plant Disease ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 91 (3) ◽  
pp. 273-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. E. Sconyers ◽  
T. B. Brenneman ◽  
K. L. Stevenson ◽  
B. G. Mullinix
Keyword(s):  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Sclerotium Rolfsii ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Stem Rot ◽  
Relative Efficacy ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Plant Populations ◽  
Fungicide Efficacy ◽  
Infested Field

Two field studies were conducted in 2000, 2001, and 2002 to determine the effects of row pattern (91.4-cm single or 20.3-cm twin) and seeding rate (single: 12.5, 17.4, or 22.6 seed m-1or twin: 6.2, 8.9, or 11.5 seed m-1) on peanut stem rot (Sclerotium rolfsii) development. The first study was conducted in a naturally infested field and relative efficacy of azoxystrobin (Abound 2.08 F, applied at a rate of 0.3 kg a.i. ha-1 at 60 and 90 days after planting [DAP]) also was evaluated. In this study, stem rot incidence was significantly greater (P < 0.05) in single rows planted at high seeding rates than in twin rows planted at any of the seeding rates. Row pattern did not affect azoxystrobin efficacy, and disease incidence was nearly half as much in twin rows treated with fungicide than incidence in single rows treated with fungicide. In the second field study, individual peanut plants in fumigated plots were inoculated once with S. rolfsii at 50, 70, or 90 DAP. Stem rot incidence at harvest was significantly greater on plants inoculated 50 DAP than plants inoculated 70 or 90 DAP. The incidence of spread to adjacent rows was higher in plots where plants were inoculated at 50 than at 90 DAP. Plants inoculated 90 DAP had less disease at harvest, but often developed more severe symptoms within the first week after inoculation compared with plants inoculated 50 or 70 DAP. Symptoms were more severe in single than in twin rows, and at the higher seeding rates. Data from these studies suggest that the physical spacing between plants is a critical factor in stem rot development both on individual plants and in plant populations.

Managing early leaf spot and stem rot with reduced fungicide inputs on disease-resistant peanut cultivars

2010 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. Hagan ◽  
H. L. Campbell ◽  
K. L. Bowen ◽  
L. Wells ◽  
R. Goodman
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Stem Rot ◽  
Fungicide Application ◽  
Net Returns ◽  
Disease Resistant ◽  
Peanut Production ◽  
Peanut Cultivars ◽  
Study Application

Abstract Fungicide inputs are a costly but critical component of peanut production systems in the southeast U.S. Current strategies for reducing fungicide application numbers that are needed to control diseases on peanut include extending application intervals beyond a 2-wk schedule or implementation of a fungicide advisory, such as AU-Pnuts. In this study, fungicide programs with azoxystrobin, chlorothalonil, and tebuconazole, using different application schedules, were compared for the control of early leaf spot and stem rot. Application schedules were the standard 2-wk calendar interval, extended 3- and 4-wk intervals, and applications were made according to the AU-Pnuts leaf spot advisory. Studies were conducted on the disease resistant cultivars DP-1 in 2003 and C-99R in 2004 and 2005. The numbers of fungicide applications for the 2, 3, and 4-wk schedules were 7, 5, and 4, respectively, in 2003 and 2004, and were 6, 5, and 4, respectively, in 2005. One less fungicide application was scheduled according to AU-Pnuts than with the 2-wk calendar schedule in all three years, yet final early leaf spot levels with these schedules were similar in 2 of 3 years. With one fewer fungicide application, the 3-wk schedule had higher leaf spot levels than the AU-Pnuts advisory in 2003 and 2004. Further, when application intervals were extended from 2 wk to 3 or 4-wk intervals, a significant increase in early leaf spot was noted in two of three years. Despite these differences in early leaf spot severity, application schedule had limited impact on yield in this study. Application interval also had little impact on stem rot incidence, but incidence of this disease was lower with the azoxystrobin than chlorothalonil programs in 2 of 3 years. The azoxystrobin program significantly increased yield in 2 of 3 years compared with the chlorothalonil or tebuconazole programs. Yield was also higher for the tebuconazole compared with chlorothalonil programs in 2 of 3 years. When fungicide product and application costs were calculated, and those and other typical peanut production costs were deducted from estimated returns based on actual yields, the resulting net returns did not significantly differ among fungicide programs or application schedules.

Response of Eight Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Cultivars to the Herbicide AC 263,222

1995 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
John S. Richburg ◽  
John W. Wilcut ◽  
Albert K. Culbreath ◽  
Craig K. Kvien
Keyword(s):  
Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Stem Rot ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Tomato Spotted Wilt ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Peanut Cultivars ◽  
Ac 263,222 ◽  
Wilt Virus

Abstract Field experiments conducted in 1992 and 1993 in Georgia evaluated the response of the peanut cultivars Florunner, Georgia Runner, Goldkist GK 7, NC 7, NC-V11, Southern Runner, Sunrunner, and AgraTech VC-1 to AC 263,222 applied early-postemergence (EPOST) at 71 g ha-1. Visual injury, which was less than 13%, was independent of cultivar, and injury was not evident on any cultivar midseason. AC 263,222 slightly reduced canopy width consistently on all cultivars. The only significant effect on percentage fancy pods, medium, No. 1, sound splits, damaged, and other kernels was the main effect of cultivar. There was a significant cultivar, AC 263,222, and cultivar-by-AC 263,222 effect on extra large kernels (ELK) and jumbo kernel percentages. Southern Runner and NC-V11 had significantly lower percentage jumbo and ELK, respectively when treated with AC 263,222. In addition, Florunner and Sunrunner also had numerically less percentage jumbo kernels. Reductions in percentages of ELK and jumbo were probably the result of AC 263,222-induced maturity delays. However, these reductions were not reflected in peanut yields. The occurence of late and early leaf spot, tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), and southern stem rot was independent of both cultivar and AC 263,222.

scholarly journals Use of Resistant Cultivars and Reduced Fungicide Programs to Manage Peanut Diseases in Irrigated and Nonirrigated Fields

Plant Disease ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 92 (6) ◽  
pp. 896-902 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Woodward ◽  
T. B. Brenneman ◽  
R. C. Kemerait ◽  
N. B. Smith ◽  
A. K. Culbreath ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Sclerotium Rolfsii ◽  
Stem Rot ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Cercospora Arachidicola ◽  
Spot Intensity ◽  
Economic Returns ◽  
Irrigation Effects

Field experiments were conducted in 2004 and 2005 to evaluate the response of several peanut cultivars to standard and reduced-input fungicide programs under production systems which differed in the duration of crop rotation, disease history within a field, or in the presence or absence of irrigation. Effects on early leaf spot (caused by Cercospora arachidicola), late leaf spot (caused by Cercosporidium personatum), and southern stem rot (caused by Sclerotium rolfsii), pod yields, and economic returns were assessed. Standard fungicide programs were similar for both sets of experiments and included applications of pyraclostrobin, tebuconazole, azoxystrobin, or chlorothalonil. Reduced-fungicide programs, comprising combinations of the aforementioned fungicides, resulted in two and four applications for the cultivar and irrigation experiment, respectively. Two additional programs (a seven-spray chlorothalonil and a nontreated control) were included in the cultivar experiment. Fungicide programs provided adequate levels of leaf spot suppression, and stem rot incidence was similar among fungicide programs within the two management systems. In the cultivar experiment, returns were significantly lower for the reduced program compared with the full program and seven-spray chlorothalonil program; however, they were significantly higher than the nontreated control. Significant differences in leaf spot, stem rot, and yield were observed among cultivars in both experiments. Overall, leaf spot intensity was lowest for the cvs. Georgia-03L and Georgia-01R and greatest for Georgia Green and Georgia-02C. Georgia-03L, Georgia-02C, and AP-3 consistently had lower incidence of stem rot than the other cultivars. Pod yields for all cultivars were equivalent to or greater than Georgia Green in both experiments; however, the performance of reduced-fungicide programs was inconsistent.

scholarly journals Relative Tomato Spotted Wilt Incidence and Field Performance among Peanut Cultivars as Influenced by Different Input Production Practices in Georgia.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
William D. Branch ◽  
W. D. Branch ◽  
N. Brown ◽  
D. J. Mailhot ◽  
A. K. Culbreath
Keyword(s):  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
The Other ◽  
Input Field ◽  
Tomato Spotted Wilt ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Peanut Cultivars ◽  
Production Practices ◽  
Yield Trials

During 2017-19, 30 replicated yield trials were conducted to determine relative tomato spotted wilt (TSW) incidence and general field performance among 19 runner and virginia market type peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars.  Four different input production practices were compared across three Georgia locations (Tifton, Plains, and Midville).  Two early-planted (April) field tests were conducted at Tifton and Plains each year.  One early-planted trial involved maximum-input practices of recommended pesticides with irrigation, and the other early-planted field trial did not receive any fungicides, insecticides, or irrigation.  Early-planted maximum-input production practices with irrigation resulted in the highest percentage of mid-season TSW and late-season total disease incidences while also producing the highest pod yields and dollar values.  Two other optimum-planted (May) maximum-input field tests were conducted at Tifton, Plains, and Midville, GA as part of the official statewide variety trials (OVT). These OVT utilized maximum-input production practices of pesticides both with and without irrigation.  In the OVT, midseason TSW incidence showed no difference between irrigated and non-irrigated; however, the end-of-season total disease percentages which were predominantly TSW did show significantly higher disease percentage, produced the highest pod yields and dollar values within the irrigated field tests compared to the non-irrigated tests.  In the overall four tests comparison, disease results showed significantly lower TSW incidence in the early-planted tests without fungicides and insecticides input production practices and no-irrigation; whereas, both optimum planted OVT(s) had the lowest total disease incidence.  Overall average field performance for pod yields and dollar values were significantly highest in the optimum-planted tests with maximum-inputs including irrigation.  Significant differences were also found among the 19 peanut cultivars.  ‘Georgia-06G’, ‘Georgia-12Y’, and ‘Georgia-18RU’ had the lowest relative TSW incidence compared to the other runner-type cultivars.  ‘Georgia-19HP’ had the lowest TSW incidence and total disease incidence among the virginia-type cultivars.  Among the runner cultivars, Georgia-12Y had the lowest total disease incidence at the end of the season.  The highest pod yields were found with Georgia-06G and ‘Georgia-16HO’; whereas, Georgia-18RU and Georgia-06G had the highest dollar values among the runner-type peanut cultivars.  Georgia-19HP had the highest pod yield and dollar value among the virginia-type cultivars.

Microclimate Modification through Groundnut-Pigeon Pea Intercropping System and its Effect on Physiological Responses, Disease Incidence and Productivity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Sudhalakshmi ◽  
S. Rani ◽  
N.K. Sathyamoorthi ◽  
B. Meena ◽  
S.P. Ramanathan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Canopy Temperature ◽  
Light Interception ◽  
Stem Rot ◽  
Oilseed Crop ◽  
Kernel Yield

Background: Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) is the predominant leguminous oilseed crop of India which has turned out to be a sensitive victim to climate change episodes like rising CO2 levels, erratic rainfall pattern, high temperature and moisture stress leaving deleterious imprints in physiology, disease resistance, fertility and productivity. Globally climate change is anticipated to pull down groundnut productivity by 11-25%. Agronomic manipulations like altered time of sowing, intercropping and irrigation management helps in microclimate modification towards reaping higher productivity and economic returns in groundnut. Methods: Field experiments were conducted during 2019-2021 on sandy clay loam soil (Fluventic Ustropept) in a Randomized Block Design with three factors viz., differential cropping systems (sole groundnut, groundnut + red gram intercropping), rainfed and irrigation systems and differential sowing windows (Second fortnight of June, first and second fortnights of July). Growth parameters, physiological traits viz., photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, canopy temperature and light interception, incidence of foliar diseases viz., leaf spot and rust; soil borne disease viz., stem rot, root rot and productivity of groundnut were recorded at critical crop growth stages. Result: Canopy temperature was higher in sole groundnut system while light interception was higher in groundnut - redgram intercropping system, however system productivity did not register statistical superiority between the cropping systems. Irrigated system exerted its influence over rainfed system in terms of pod and kernel yield of groundnut. Sowing of groundnut during second fortnight of June was beneficial than July sowing in pod and kernel yield of groundnut due to uniform distribution of rainfall during the growth and reproductive phases of crop. Although differential cropping systems did not register their impact on disease incidence of groundnut, irrigated system and first sowing windows recorded minimum incidence of root rot, stem rot, early leaf spot, late leaf spot and rust diseases compared to rainfed system and July sowing.

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