scholarly journals A Soil Inoculant Inhibits Armillaria mellea In Vitro and Improves Productivity of Grapevines with Root Disease

Plant Disease ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 90 (4) ◽  
pp. 439-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kendra Baumgartner ◽  
Amy E. Warnock
Keyword(s):  
Therapeutic Benefit ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Root Disease ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Juice Quality ◽  
Comamonas Testosteroni ◽  
Armillaria Mellea ◽  
Soil Inoculant ◽  
Armillaria Root Disease

A soil inoculant, Vesta (Biologically Integrated Organics, Inc., Sonoma, CA), was tested for its ability to inhibit Armillaria mellea, causal agent of Armillaria root disease of grapevine (Vitis vinifera). Colony diameter of A. mellea was significantly inhibited by undiluted inoculant (P < 0.0001) and by bacterial isolates cultured from the inoculant (Bacillus subtilis, B. lentimorbus, Comamonas testosteroni, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, P. mendocina; P < 0.0001) relative to diameter of the nontreated control. Efficacy of the inoculant for postinfection control of Armillaria root disease of grapevine was examined in an A. mellea-infested vineyard in northern California. Inoculant was applied via drip-irrigation to vine rows in replicate blocks in 2003 and 2004. Yield, growth, mineral nutrition, and juice quality parameters of healthy and symptomatic vines were measured in treated and nontreated vine rows. Significantly decreased petiole P and K concentrations and significantly lower soluble solids content in fruit from symptomatic vines demonstrated that Armillaria root disease negatively affects vine mineral nutritional status and fruit quality, findings that have not been previously reported for an agronomic host of A. mellea. The inoculant significantly increased cluster weights of symptomatic vines (109.63 g/cluster), relative to those of symptomatic-nontreated vines (92.05 g/cluster), to levels comparable to those of healthy vines (122.09 g/cluster). However, the inoculant did not decrease the rate of symptom development or mortality of treated vines from 2002 to 2004. The results of our field experiment suggest that the inoculant may not prevent Armillaria root disease, but can provide therapeutic benefit by improving productivity of infected vines.

scholarly journals Root Collar Excavation for Postinfection Control of Armillaria Root Disease of Grapevine

Plant Disease ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 88 (11) ◽  
pp. 1235-1240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kendra Baumgartner
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Tissue ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Root Disease ◽  
Armillaria Mellea ◽  
Cultural Approach ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Armillaria Root Disease ◽  
Shoot Weight ◽  
Soil Excavation ◽  
Root Collar

Root collar excavation for control of Armillaria root disease of grapevine was investigated in two California vineyards (vineyard K1 and vineyard N1) from 2002 to 2004. The hypothesis tested was that root collar excavation, when timed in early stages of root collar infection, may cause mycelial fans of the pathogen Armillaria mellea to recede from the root collar before severe disease results from vascular tissue decay. In vineyard N1, excavation significantly increased yield and cluster weight of symptomatic grapevines; symptomatic-excavated grapevines had the same high mean cluster weight as healthy grapevines, and there were no significant effects of excavation on yield or pruning weight of healthy grapevines. In vineyard K1, where excavated root collars frequently refilled with soil, excavation had no significant effects on yield or pruning weight of symptomatic grapevines, and significantly reduced pruning weight and shoot weight of healthy grapevines. Reexamination in March 2004 revealed that mycelial fans had receded from root collars of symptomatic-excavated grapevines, but remained on root collars of symptomatic-nonexcavated grapevines. Root collar excavation appears to be a promising cultural approach for control of Armillaria root disease, as long as excavated root collars are kept clear of soil.

scholarly journals Spatial Distribution of Armillaria mellea in Pear Orchards

Plant Disease ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 82 (11) ◽  
pp. 1226-1231 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Rizzo ◽  
E. C. Whiting ◽  
R. B. Elkins
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Root Disease ◽  
Lake County ◽  
Somatic Incompatibility ◽  
Armillaria Mellea ◽  
Primary Means ◽  
Armillaria Root Disease ◽  
Root Contact

Pears have traditionally been considered to be highly resistant to Armillaria root disease (causal agent: Armillaria mellea). In recent years, however, the incidence of Armillaria root disease in pears has increased in California. To determine the spatial distribution of Armillaria root disease in the field, a total of 156 isolates of Armillaria were collected from dead and dying pear trees located within two orchards in Lake County. All isolates from these two orchards, as well as from an additional 10 pear orchards, were identified as Armillaria mellea sensu stricto. Based on pairings among 102 Armillaria isolates, four somatic incompatibility groups (SIGs) were identified at orchard 1. Three of the four SIGs at this site were over 100 m in length; the largest SIG was at least 200 m in length. Pairings among 54 isolates identified five SIGs at orchard 2. The SIGs at orchard 2 were generally smaller than those detected at orchard 1 and ranged from 20 to 60 m in length. The size of the SIGs points toward long-term establishment of the fungus on the two sites, most likely predating the establishment of the pear orchards. Extensive root excavations of 19 trees indicated that the primary means of secondary spread of Armillaria was via rhizomorphs, as opposed to root-to-root contact.

scholarly journals Micropropagation and Field Evaluation of the Pear (Pyrus communis L.) `IGE 2002', A New Selection of the Cultivar Dr. Jules Guyot

2004 ◽  
Vol 129 (3) ◽  
pp. 389-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ignasi Iglesias ◽  
Pere Vilardell ◽  
Joan Bonany ◽  
Elisabet Claveria ◽  
Ramon Dolcet-Sanjuan
Keyword(s):  
Spontaneous Mutation ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Field Evaluation ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Multiplication Rate ◽  
Similar Time ◽  
Solids Concentration ◽  
Average Multiplication

A new spontaneous mutation of the pear variety Dr. Jules Guyot, named `IGE 2002', was selected from a pear growing area in Catalonia. The clone was established in vitro from a 40-year-old tree, a highly recalcitrant material unable to root by cuttings. An in vitro micropropagation protocol, with an average multiplication rate of 5, a 90% rooting, and an acclimation of 79% of the plantlets, was defined. Self-rooted plants were grown in two experimental stations, covering two distinct fruit growing areas. The main agronomic characteristics of the clone `IGE 2002' were evaluated during six seasons, 1997 to 2002. Blooming and harvest period were at a similar time than `Dr. Jules Guyot'. Soluble solids concentration and acidity are also similar to `Dr. Jules Guyot'. However, at the same harvest time, a lower fruit firmness of `IGE 2002' in comparison to `Dr. Jules Guyot' indicated an advanced ripening. In addition, a finer flesh texture of `IGE 2002' than `Dr. Jules Guyot', distinguished the former from the later variety. Important differences between both plot sites were found on cumulative fruit yield, fruit size, and fruit size distribution, of `IGE2002' grown on its own roots. However, the site did not affect the fruit quality parameters. Superior fruit yields were associated with higher vigor and yield efficiency of the self-rooted variety.

scholarly journals USE OF YIELD AND TOTAL SOLUBLE SOLIDS/TOTAL TITRATABLE ACIDITY RATIO IN ORANGE ON GROUP DEFINITION FOR STANDARD DRIS

2017 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
GRAZIELI SUSZEK ◽  
EDUARDO GODOY DE SOUZA ◽  
LUCIA HELENA PEREIRA NÓBREGA ◽  
FÁBIO PACHECO ◽  
CLAUDIA TATIANA ARAUJO DA CRUZ SILVA
Keyword(s):  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Integrated System ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Standard Group ◽  
Juice Quality ◽  
Total Soluble Solids ◽  
Best Response ◽  
Total Titratable Acidity ◽  
Orange Orchard

ABSTRACT The nutritional quality of orange influences directly on its juice quality. Therefore, the DRIS (Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System) allows the verification of nutrients balance in plants as well as determine if its growth is associated or not to nutritionals restrictions. Thus, this research applied the total soluble solids/total titratable acidity to identify the standard group and to define the DRIS. The experiment was carried out in an orange orchard (1 ha) of the Monte Parnaso variety, in Southern Brazil. Twenty trees were geo-referenced, aiming to collect samples for foliar analysis and quantify fruits quality parameters. Therefore, it was possible to observe that total soluble solids/total titratable acidity presented the best ratio with the nutritional balance index, when compared to yield. Hence, it presents the best response when choosing standard group for DRIS calculations.

scholarly journals Extended Shelf Life in Transgenic `Galia' Melon (Cucumis melo L. var. reticulatus Ser.)

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 861A-861
Author(s):  
Hector Nunez-Palenius* ◽  
Daniel Cantliffe ◽  
Harry Klee ◽  
Donald Huber
Keyword(s):  
Shelf Life ◽  
Fruit Quality ◽  
In Vitro Regeneration ◽  
Acc Oxidase ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Oxidase Gene ◽  
Ripening Process

`Galia' is a high-quality muskmelon cultivar that is grown in green-houses or tunnels to maximize fruit yield and to help improve fruit quality. Maximum fruit quality and flavor are achieved when `Galia' are harvested at maturity. This however leads to reduced firmness and short shelf life. In vitro regeneration and transformation of `Galia' melon is a strategy that can be used to increase fruit shelf life. Melon cotyledons were transformed with the ACC oxidase gene in antisense orientation according to the protocol described by Nunez-Palenius et al. (2001, 2003). Experiments were conducted to compare fruit quality parameters between transgenic (TT) and wild type (WT) fruits from plants grown in greenhouse conditions. The melon plants were grown using commercial growing practices that included pruning and training to one vertical stem and the use of soilless media and drip fertigation. Wild type fruits were harvested at 37, 42, and 50 days after pollination (DAP), whereas transgenic fruits were harvested at 42, 50, and 56 DAP. TT fruits were harvested with that delaying period since their ripening process was slower than WT. Thirteen preharvest parameters were evaluated in transgenic and wild type fruits. Wild type and transgenic weight, lenght, width, soluble solids, tritatable acidity, pH, firmness, flesh thickness, seed cavity size and seed number parameters were not significantly different. Ethylene production and ACC oxidase from 42 DAP wild type fruits were greater than from transgenic fruits. Transgenic (ACC oxidase) galia melon fruits had a delayed fruit ripening process compared with wild type fruits.

scholarly journals Evaluating Paradox Walnut Rootstocks for Resistance to Armillaria Root Disease

HortScience ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kendra Baumgartner ◽  
Phillip Fujiyoshi ◽  
Greg T. Browne ◽  
Chuck Leslie ◽  
Daniel A. Kluepfel
Keyword(s):  
Culture Medium ◽  
Juglans Regia ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Root Disease ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Armillaria Root Disease ◽  
English Walnut ◽  
Scion Cultivar

The most common rootstock for Juglans regia (Persian or “English” walnut) in California is Paradox, typically a hybrid of J. hindsii (Northern California black walnut) × J. regia. Unfortunately, Paradox is very susceptible to Armillaria root disease. The relative resistance to Armillaria mellea of six clonally propagated Paradox rootstocks (AX1, Px1, RR4 11A, RX1, Vlach, VX211) was evaluated and compared with that of clonally propagated J. hindsii rootstock selection W17, J. regia scion cultivar Chandler, and Pterocarya stenoptera (Chinese wingnut). In a growth-chamber assay, plants were micropropagated and rooted in vitro before inoculating the culture medium with A. mellea. At two months post-inoculation, the most resistant and susceptible Paradox rootstocks were AX1 and VX211, respectively, with 9% vs. 70% mortality, and this finding was consistent across three isolates of A. mellea and three replicate experiments. This broad range of resistance within Paradox is consistent with past field trials that tested other genotypes. Our finding of similarly high susceptibility of ‘Chandler’ and W17 (61% vs. 69% mortality) is in contrast to two field trials, in which other J. regia genotypes were more susceptible than those of J. hindsii. A third trial, however, identified some J. regia genotypes as more resistant than those of J. hindsii. Therefore, it is possible that W17, which was not previously tested, is an Armillaria-susceptible genotype of J. hindsii. Based on our findings of repeatable mortality levels across three isolates of A. mellea and three replicate experiments, the growth-chamber assay has promise, albeit with confirmed resistant and susceptible controls, for identifying putative resistant rootstocks (e.g., AX1) in preparation for a field trial with controlled inoculations.

scholarly journals Screening Almond Rootstocks for Sources of Resistance to Armillaria Root Disease

HortScience ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kendra Baumgartner ◽  
Phillip Fujiyoshi ◽  
Craig Ledbetter ◽  
Roger Duncan ◽  
Daniel A. Kluepfel
Keyword(s):  
Culture Medium ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Prunus Dulcis ◽  
Root Disease ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Sources Of Resistance ◽  
Horticultural Crops ◽  
Armillaria Root Disease

Prunus dulcis (almond) is one of the most susceptible horticultural crops to Armillaria root disease. Resistance to Armillaria mellea and Armillaria tabescens, the geographically isolated causal fungi that attack almond and closely related Prunus persica (peach), has been evaluated in studies of almond, peach, and other Prunus rootstocks, but not in one comprehensive study. We evaluated the relative resistance to A. mellea and A. tabescens of six clonally propagated almond and peach rootstocks (Bright’s 5, Empyrean 1, Hansen 536, Krymsk 1, Krymsk 86, and Lovell) in comparison with that of clonally propagated Marianna 2624 rootstock (resistant control) and clonally propagated Nemaguard rootstock (susceptible control). Replicate clones used in the growth chamber assay were micropropagated and rooted in vitro before inoculating the culture medium with Armillaria spp. At 2 months, the most resistant and susceptible rootstocks were Krymsk 86 and Hansen 536, respectively, with 27% vs. 89% mortality. This finding was consistent among two isolates of A. mellea and one isolate of A. tabescens in three replicate experiments. Our finding of low mortality among Krymsk 86, Krymsk 1, and Marianna 2624, which all share Prunus cerasifera (Myrobalan plum) parentage, is consistent with past reports of resistance in the field to A. mellea, but conflicts with reports of susceptibility to A. tabescens. Resistance to A. tabescens of genotypes with Myrobalan plum parentage in our assay may reflect the simplified rooting environment of tissue culture medium, which does not perfectly mimic a field trial, in which biotic and abiotic factors may affect host resistance. Nonetheless, our growth chamber assay may provide a more rapid alternative to identify sources of resistance for breeding and to screen progeny of such crosses.

scholarly journals Optimising Tropical Fruit Juice Quality Using Thermosonication-Assisted Extraction via Blocked Face-Centered Composite Design

Processes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 3
Author(s):  
Norazlin Abdullah ◽  
Nyuk Ling Chin
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Fruit Juice ◽  
Ascorbic Acid Content ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Quadratic Model ◽  
Juice Quality ◽  
Tropical Fruit ◽  
Total Soluble Solids ◽  
Juice Yield ◽  
Solids Content

Extraction of tropical fruit juice using simple, efficient, and environmentally friendly technologies is gaining importance to produce high quality juices. Juice from pink-fleshed guava, pink-fleshed pomelo, and soursop was extracted using direct and indirect thermosonication methods by varying intensity, time, and temperature, and compared to those extracted using water bath incubation. Improvised models of juice yield, ascorbic acid, and total soluble solids responses were generated by eliminating insignificant model terms of the factors in full quadratic model using backward eliminating procedure. Main effects, 3D, or 4D plots for each response were developed based on factors that influenced the response. Results showed that the best extraction method for guava and pomelo juices were within indirect thermosonication method of 1 kW, 55 °C and 30 min, and 2.5 kW, 54 °C and 23 min, respectively. Direct thermosonication method at 10% amplitude, 55 °C for 2 to 10 min was more suitable for soursop juice. Thermosonicated extraction of tropical fruit juice can improve its juice yield, ascorbic acid content, and total soluble solids content.

scholarly journals Preliminary Insights in Sensory Profile of Sweet Cherries

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 612
Author(s):  
Vânia Silva ◽  
Sandra Pereira ◽  
Alice Vilela ◽  
Eunice Bacelar ◽  
Francisco Guedes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Prunus Avium ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Sensory Profile ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Sensory Data

Sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) is a fruit appreciated by consumers for its well-known physical and sensory characteristics and its health benefits. Being an extremely perishable fruit, it is important to know the unique attributes of the cultivars to develop cultivation or postharvest strategies that can enhance their quality. This study aimed to understand the influence of physicochemical characteristics of two sweet cherry cultivars, Burlat and Van, on the food quality perception. Several parameters (weight, dimensions, soluble solids content (SSC), pH, titratable acidity (TA), colour, and texture) were measured and correlated with sensory data. Results showed that cv. Van presented heavier and firmer fruits with high sugar content. In turn, cv. Burlat showed higher pH, lower TA, and presented redder and brightest fruits. The principal component analysis revealed an evident separation between cultivars. Van cherries stood out for their sensory parameters and were classified as more acidic, bitter, and astringent, and presented a firmer texture. Contrarily, Burlat cherries were distinguished as being more flavourful, succulent, sweeter, and more uniform in terms of visual and colour parameters. The results of the sensory analysis suggested that perceived quality does not always depend on and/or recognize the quality parameters inherent to the physicochemical characteristics of each cultivar.

scholarly journals Effect of Storage Conditions on Storability and Antioxidant Potential of Pears cv. ‘Conference’

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 545
Author(s):  
Grzegorz P. Łysiak ◽  
Krzysztof Rutkowski ◽  
Dorota Walkowiak-Tomczak
Keyword(s):  
Mass Loss ◽  
Strong Influence ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Controlled Atmosphere ◽  
Postharvest Diseases ◽  
Market Prices ◽  
Long Period ◽  
The Impact

Late pear cultivars, such as ‘Conference’, can be stored for a long period if kept in good storage conditions. A three-year study (2011–2013) compared the impact of six-month storage using four technologies—normal atmosphere, normal atmosphere + 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), controlled atmosphere, and controlled atmosphere + 1-MCP—on the quality parameters of ‘Conference’ pears, such as mass loss, firmness, total soluble solids, acidity, antioxidant capacity, and the incidence of diseases and disorders. Additionally, the study analysed different storage conditions in terms of profitability, based on the market prices for pears in the seasons during which the pears were stored. The storage conditions had a very strong influence on the fruit quality parameters, and were found to affect most visibly the mass loss and the incidence of postharvest diseases and disorders. The storage of ‘Conference’ pears for 180 days in normal atmosphere is not economically viable, even if the fruit is subjected to 1-MCP treatment; at the same time, it is profitable to store ‘Conference’ pears in controlled atmosphere for the same period, no matter whether 1-MCP was applied or not.

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