scholarly journals Studies on Maize streak virus and Maize mottle/chlorotic stunt virus in Lagos, Nigeria

Plant Disease ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 90 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Taiwo ◽  
J. d'A. Hughes ◽  
K. E. Oke
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Germ Plasm ◽  
Maize Streak Virus ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Streak Virus ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Visual Examination ◽  
Effective Utilization ◽  
Coated Plate

Despite the development and deployment of maize streak-resistant (SR) germ plasm, virus-induced symptoms are still commonly observed on maize in Lagos, Nigeria. Therefore, surveys were conducted between April 2001 and February 2002 to determine the identity, prevalence, and incidence of maize viruses in 18 local government areas (LGAs) in and around Lagos by visual examination and serodiagnostic screening of symptomatic plants. All 112 fields surveyed during the dry season (September to December) and 18 fields surveyed during the late dry season (December to February) had plants infected by Maize streak virus (MSV), whereas 97.1% of the 170 fields surveyed during the wet season (April to August) had plants infected by MSV. Maize mottle/chlorotic stunt virus (MMCSV) was prevalent in 99.1, 88.9, and 67.4% of the fields surveyed during the dry, late dry, and wet seasons, respectively. The incidence of MSV was higher in 16 of the LGAs. The highest incidence of MSV was 18.9%, whereas that of MMCSV was 7.4%. Serodiagnostic screening of leaf samples showing virus-induced symptoms, using antigen-coated plate enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, indicated that 1,192/1,475 (80.8%) and 949/1,210 (78.4%) of the samples were positive for MSV and MMCSV, respectively. Vector transmission and host range studies confirmed the identity of the viruses. The results confirm the presence of MSV and MMCSV in Lagos and suggest that the use of MSV-susceptible cultivars is still widespread. Methods of ensuring effective utilization of existing SR germ plasm and controlling maize viruses in general are discussed.

ASSESSMENT OF POLLUTION HAZARDS OF GROUNDWATER RESOURCE IN ABEOKUTA NORTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, OGUN STATE, SOUTHWESTERN NIGERIA

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-56
Author(s):  
S A ISHOLA ◽  
V MAKINDE ◽  
I C OKEYODE ◽  
F G AKINBORO ◽  
H AYEDUN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Local Government ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Total Hardness ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Physico Chemical

Pollution of wells and borehole water, either from point or non-point sources, has become a matter of health concern both in urban and rural areas. Groundwater is tapped for domestic uses through the con-struction of hand dug wells and boreholes. However, while providing an alternative to the public water supply sources; most of the boreholes are often located too close to possible contamination sources. Various land use and human activities such as solid waste landfills, cemetery and animal wastes, among others can result in ground water contamination. In an open or buried dumping solid waste or sanitary landfill, the organic and inorganic by-products resulting from the decomposition of wastes are leached out by the infiltration of rainfall. A release of leachate to the surrounding soil without proper collection and treatment could contaminate groundwater resources. Many of the wells and boreholes in the study area were found to be indiscriminately located and scattered among such impairing lands/features. This study was therefore aimed at assessing the pollution hazards and vulnerability of groundwater resource in Abe-okuta North Local Government Area (LGA) by sampling some boreholes from selected locations in the area. Water samples were collected and analyzed for water quality parameters using standard proce-dures. The parameters determined were Turbidity, Temperature, Electrical Conductivity (EC), pH, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Total Solids (TS), Total hardness, cations {Potassium (K), Sodium (Na), Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Manganese (Mn), iron (Fe)}, anions {Chloride (Cl-), Nitrate (NO3-), Sulphate (SO42-), Phosphate (PO43-)}, and heavy metals {lead (Pb2+), Zinc (Zn2+), Copper (Cu2+)}. Results were subjected to statistical evaluations using SPSS 18.0 for descriptive statistics and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). It was observed that the elemental parameters in the bore-holes sampled have mean values of the concentrations of Fe2+, Na+, Cl- , SO42-, Pb2+, Mn2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+ higher during the wet season relative to dry season. For the physico-chemical parameters, it was equally observed that parameters such as EC, TDS, TS, TSS were higher during the wet season than dry season while turbidity, temperature, pH and total hardness were higher during dry season than in the wet season. Water quality parameters such as Fe2+, Pb2+, NO3-, and EC have mean values greater than World Health Organization and NESREA maximum permissible standards for drinking water. Elevated values of these parameters are of great concern to public health when the water from these boreholes is consumed without treatment by people. It is recommended that well and borehole waters in this area be adequately treated before consumption using advanced inorganic removal techniques such as Nano-filtration and Reverse Osmosis to safeguard human health in the study area.Keywords: Boreholes, pollution, water quality, public health, physico-chemical

scholarly journals Appraisal on Microbiologal Qualities of Hospital Wastewaters from off a Local Government Area of Kwara State, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
pp. 25-38
Author(s):  
Usman Kolawole Muftau ◽  
Arotupin Daniel Juwon ◽  
Ekundayo, Fatuyi Olanipekun
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Bacterial Load ◽  
Alcaligenes Faecalis ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Local Government Area ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Hospital Wastewater ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Hospital Wastewaters

Aims: This study investigates the microorganisms associated with hospital wastewaters collected from the Offa Local Government Area of Kwara State, Nigeria, during the wet and dry seasons. Study Design: This project was a cross sectional descriptive study in which subjects were hospital wastewater samples collected from the study site. Place and Duration of Study: the samples were analyzed in the department of microbiology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria. Methodology: Microbiological study of one hundred and twenty-six samples of hospital wastewater collected both during wet season and dry season periods in the years 2018 – 2019 from Offa Local Government Area of Kwara State, Nigeria, was carried out using conventional and molecular techniques respectively and the Global Positioning System (GPS) of each collection site was accurately recorded. Results: The microbial load of wet season samples collected from Offa Local Government Area ranged between 7±4,00 and 150±43.59 while that of dry season samples ranged between 10±2.00 x 105 and 225±67.27 (x 105cfu/ml). The bacteria isolated from wet season samples included; Alcaligenes faecalis, A. aquatilis and Staphylococcus saprophyticus with percentage occurrences of 65.4, 19.2 and 15.4 respectively, while bacteria isolated from dry season sample were A. faecalis and S. saprophyticus with percentages occurrence of 79.17 and 20.89, respectively. Conclusion: The findings from this study showed that hospital wastewater collected during dry season period had more bacterial load than that of wet season period. The findings also confirmed A. faecalis as the most predominant and prevailing bacteria inhabiting hospital wastewater. Thus, care must be taken by avoiding hospital wastewater from getting into the municipal water supply to prevent infections associated with A. faecalis, A. aquatilis and S. saprophyticus.

scholarly journals Resistance of Four Inbred Maize Lines to Inoculation with 20 Isolates of Maize streak virus from Zimbabwe

Plant Disease ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 90 (12) ◽  
pp. 1485-1489 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Mawere ◽  
V. Vincent ◽  
J. De Meyer ◽  
K. V. Pixley
Keyword(s):  
Symptom Severity ◽  
Germ Plasm ◽  
Inbred Lines ◽  
Maize Streak Virus ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Streak Virus ◽  
Symptom Scores ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Important Disease

Maize streak is the most widespread and important disease of maize in sub-Saharan Africa. Maize streak virus (MSV)-resistant maize germ plasm is available in several countries, but little is known about the stability of its resistance to MSV strains that may differ from one region to another. We used four maize inbred lines (CML312, CML206, CML216, and MSR) known to differ widely for their resistance to MSV in Harare, and evaluated their resistance to 20 MSV isolates collected from the wild during 2 years at locations across Zimbabwe. Maize streak development and symptom severity were evaluated in replicated greenhouse experiments using artificial inoculation via viruliferous leafhoppers. All 20 MSV isolates induced maize streak symptoms on moderately and highly susceptible genotypes by about 1 week after inoculation (WAI). Differences among isolates for severity of early maize streak symptoms were ephemeral, and resistance was accurately differentiated by all isolates by 3 to 4 WAI. Differences in final maize streak symptom scores induced by the isolates were statistically significant, but differed only by a maximum of 7% in 1999 and 19% in 2000. Although genotype, isolate, and genotype by isolate effects for maize streak symptom scores were significant (P < 0.01), relative MSV resistance of the genotypes was consistently ranked by all 20 MSV isolates.

scholarly journals Varietal Response to Groundnut Rosette Disease and the First Report of Groundnut ringspot virus in Ghana

Plant Disease ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 100 (5) ◽  
pp. 946-952 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew S. Appiah ◽  
Samuel K. Offei ◽  
Robert S. Tegg ◽  
Calum R. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Ringspot Virus ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Sources Of Resistance ◽  
First Report ◽  
Reduced Height

Twelve cultivars of groundnut were screened in field trials for resistance to groundnut rosette disease (GRD), caused by coinfection with Groundnut rosette assistor virus (GRAV), Groundnut rosette virus (GRV), and its satellite RNA in the coastal savannah of Ghana. ‘Oboshie’ groundnut was rated as highly resistant; ‘Bremaowuo’, ‘Nkatefufuo’, and ‘Behenase’ as resistant; and ‘Nkosuor’, ‘Kumawu’, and ‘Otuhia’ as moderately resistant. GRAV infection rates of 11.8 to 61.8% (dry season) and 13.9 to 100% (wet season) were found, which included symptomless plants, suggesting that some lacked coinfection with GRV and its satellite. Chlorotic ringspot and line-pattern symptoms were observed, suggesting infection with Groundnut ringspot virus (GRSV). Virus identity was confirmed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, and amplicon sequencing. This is the first report of GRSV in Ghana. GRSV infection rates were 0.0 to 69.5% (dry season) and 26.1 to 69.5% (wet season). Mixed infections of GRAV and GRSV were common in all cultivars except Nkosuor and Bremaowuo in the dry season. Most cultivars graft inoculated with GRD showed significantly reduced height, leaf area, chlorophyll content, dry haulm weight, and seed yield compared with healthy plants. The sources of resistance to GRD and possibly GRAV and GRSV identified in this study could be exploited in groundnut breeding programs.

scholarly journals The seasonal changes of the gut microbiome of the population living in traditional lifestyles are represented by characteristic species-level and functional-level SNP enrichment patterns

BMC Genomics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xue Zhu ◽  
Jiyue Qin ◽  
Chongyang Tan ◽  
Kang Ning
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Urban Setting ◽  
Snp Analysis ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Human Gut Microbiome ◽  
Genome Level ◽  
Prevalent Species

Abstract Background Most studies investigating human gut microbiome dynamics are conducted on humans living in an urban setting. However, few studies have researched the gut microbiome of the populations living traditional lifestyles. These understudied populations are arguably better subjects in answering human-gut microbiome evolution because of their lower exposure to antibiotics and higher dependence on natural resources. Hadza hunter-gatherers in Tanzania have exhibited high biodiversity and seasonal patterns in their gut microbiome composition at the family level, where some taxa disappear in one season and reappear later. Such seasonal changes have been profiled, but the nucleotide changes remain unexplored at the genome level. Thus, it is still elusive how microbial communities change with seasonal changes at the genome level. Results In this study, we performed a strain-level single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis on 40 Hadza fecal metagenome samples spanning three seasons. With more SNP presented in the wet season, eight prevalent species have significant SNP enrichment with the increasing number of SNP calling by VarScan2, among which only three species have relatively high abundances. Eighty-three genes have the most SNP distributions between the wet season and dry season. Many of these genes are derived from Ruminococcus obeum, and mainly participated in metabolic pathways including carbon metabolism, pyruvate metabolism, and glycolysis. Conclusions Eight prevalent species have significant SNP enrichments with the increasing number of SNP, among which only Eubacterium biforme, Eubacterium hallii and Ruminococcus obeum have relatively high species abundances. Many genes in the microbiomes also presented characteristic SNP distributions between the wet season and the dry season. This implies that the seasonal changes might indirectly impact the mutation patterns for specific species and functions for the gut microbiome of the population that lives in traditional lifestyles through changing the diet in wet and dry seasons, indicating the role of these variants in these species’ adaptation to the changing environment and diets.

scholarly journals Seasonal Climate Impacts on Vocal Activity in Two Neotropical Nonpasserines

Diversity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 319
Author(s):  
Cristian Pérez-Granados ◽  
Karl-L. Schuchmann
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Daily Rainfall ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Climate Impacts ◽  
Calling Behavior ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Focal Species ◽  
Calling Activity ◽  
Vocal Activity

Climatic conditions represent one of the main constraints that influence avian calling behavior. Here, we monitored the daily calling activity of the Undulated Tinamou (Crypturellus undulatus) and the Chaco Chachalaca (Ortalis canicollis) during the dry and wet seasons in the Brazilian Pantanal. We aimed to assess the effects of climate predictors on the vocal activity of these focal species and evaluate whether these effects may vary among seasons. Air temperature was positively associated with the daily calling activity of both species during the dry season. However, the vocal activity of both species was unrelated to air temperature during the wet season, when higher temperatures occur. Daily rainfall was positively related to the daily calling activity of both species during the dry season, when rainfall events are scarce and seem to act as a trigger for breeding phenology of the focal species. Nonetheless, air temperature was negatively associated with the daily calling activity of the Undulated Tinamou during the wet season, when rainfall was abundant. This study improves our understanding of the vocal behavior of tropical birds and their relationships with climate, but further research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms behind the associations found in our study.

Maize streak virus research in Africa: an end or a crossroad

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Emeraghi ◽  
Enoch G. Achigan-Dako ◽  
Chibuzo N. C. Nwaoguala ◽  
Happiness Oselebe
Keyword(s):  
Maize Streak Virus ◽  
Streak Virus ◽  
Virus Research
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document