Biological Control of Chestnut Blight: Use and Limitations of Transmissible Hypovirulence

Plant Disease ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 75 (7) ◽  
pp. 653 ◽  
Author(s):  
William L. MacDonald
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Chestnut Blight

scholarly journals Multiple introductions and recombination in C ryphonectria hypovirus 1 : perspective for a sustainable biological control of chestnut blight

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 580-596 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas Feau ◽  
Cyril Dutech ◽  
Jérémie Brusini ◽  
Daniel Rigling ◽  
Cécile Robin
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Chestnut Blight ◽  
Multiple Introductions

scholarly journals The Morphology and the Biological Control of Cryphonectria parasitica

2012 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen Emilia PUIA ◽  
Daniela Andreea GRIGORESCU ◽  
Raluca Vasilica MICLEA
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Virulent Strain ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Castanea Sativa ◽  
Cryphonectria Parasitica ◽  
Chestnut Blight ◽  
Dual Culture ◽  
Natural Form ◽  
Hypovirulent Strain ◽  
Endothia Parasitica

Cryphonectria parasitica  (Murr.) Bar [syn. Endothia parasitica (Murr. And.] (anamorf: Endothiella sp .) is the causal agent of chestnut bark disease or chestnut blight, disease which produced great damages throughout the world, for example, in Europe, the European chestnut tree ( Castanea sativa (P.) Mill) was heavily affected. Environmental concerns have focused attention on natural forms of disease control as an effective alternative to chemical pesticides. In the chestnut blight fungus, Cryphonectria parasitica deals with a natural form of biological control in which the virulence of a fungal pathogen is attenuated by an endogenous viral RNA genetic element- the hypovirulent strain. In our researches we picked samples of chestnut bark from different areas in Maramures county. We’ve isolated the fungus on PDA medium and we’ve studied the morphological characteristics of the usual virulent strain and we looked for a possible hypovirulent strain in order to study its capacity for biological control. The fungus develops in the bark and in cambium where forms a yellowish or brownish stroma and produces both conidia and ascospores. The pycnidia stromata break through the lenticels producing conidia and later in the same stroma develop the perithecia which produce ascospores. Both strains of the fungus were found in the research area. The hypovirulent strain had a slower development, showed no sporu lation and pigmentation “white cultural strain” and was tested in vitro for the capacity to convert the virulent isolates by dual culture tests.

scholarly journals New formulation and delivery method ofCryphonectria parasiticafor biological control of chestnut blight

2016 ◽  
Vol 122 (1) ◽  
pp. 180-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Kunova ◽  
C. Pizzatti ◽  
M. Cerea ◽  
A. Gazzaniga ◽  
P. Cortesi
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Chestnut Blight ◽  
Delivery Method ◽  
New Formulation

scholarly journals Natural dissemination of hypovirulent Cryphonectria parasiticastrain used for biological control of chestnut blight

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 278-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naciye Mükerrem ÇELİKER ◽  
Cevdet KAPLAN ◽  
Ersin ONOĞUR ◽  
Barbaros ÇETİNEL ◽  
Dilek POYRAZ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Chestnut Blight

scholarly journals Saprophytic Activity and Sporulation of Cryphonectria parasitica on Dead Chestnut Wood in Forests with Naturally Established Hypovirulence

2006 ◽  
Vol 96 (12) ◽  
pp. 1337-1344 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Prospero ◽  
M. Conedera ◽  
U. Heiniger ◽  
D. Rigling
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Dead Wood ◽  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Cryphonectria Parasitica ◽  
Chestnut Blight ◽  
Chestnut Blight Fungus ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Chestnut Wood

Sustainable biological control of the chestnut blight fungus Crypho-nectria parasitica with hypovirulence depends on the production and dissemination of hypovirus-infected propagules of the pathogen. We investigated the ability of C. parasitica to sporulate and produce hypo-virus-infected spores on recently dead chestnut wood in coppice stands in southern Switzerland where hypovirulence has been naturally established. The number and type (active, inactive, or none) of cankers was assessed on experimentally cut and stacked stems, firewood stacks, and natural dead wood. Hypovirus-free and hypovirus-infected strains readily survived for more than 1 year in the chestnut blight cankers of the stacked stems. Sporulation of C. parasitica was observed on the surface of preexisting inactive and active cankers, as well as on newly colonized bark areas and was significantly more abundant than on comparable cankers on living stems. On all types of dead wood, we observed more stromata with perithecia than with pycnidia; however, a large proportion of the stromata was not differentiated. All perithecia examined yielded only hypovirus-free ascospores. The incidence of pycnidia that produced hypovirus-infected conidia ranged from 5% on natural dead wood to 41% on the experimental stacks. The mean virus transmission rate into conidia was 69%. Our study demonstrates a considerable saprophytic activity of C. parasitica on recently dead chestnut wood and supports the hypothesis of a role of this saprophytic phase in the epidemiology of hypovirulence.

Mixed inoculum for the biological control of chestnut blight

EPPO Bulletin ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. TURCHETTI ◽  
G. MARESI
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Chestnut Blight ◽  
Mixed Inoculum

scholarly journals Relationship Between Biological Control, Incidence of Hypovirulence, and Diversity of Vegetative Compatibility Types of Cryphonectria parasitica in France

2000 ◽  
Vol 90 (7) ◽  
pp. 730-737 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cécile Robin ◽  
Carole Anziani ◽  
Paolo Cortesi
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Allelic Diversity ◽  
Background Level ◽  
Cryphonectria Parasitica ◽  
Vegetative Compatibility ◽  
Chestnut Blight ◽  
Natural Background ◽  
Vegetative Incompatibility ◽  
Natural Background Level ◽  
Two Parameters

In France, chestnut blight, caused by Cryphonectria parasitica, has been controlled since 1974 in orchards, but never in coppice forests, by releasing hypovirulent strains infected with CHV1 hypovirus. We tested the hypothesis that this biological control (BC) has lead to a decrease in blight severity, spread of hypovirulence, and change in C. parasitica populations. The low severity of chestnut blight was confirmed in the six regions studied (subdivided into zones). The remission of cankers was associated with the presence of white isolates presumed to be hypovirulent. These two parameters were also correlated, at the zonal level, to the frequency of sites where BC was used. However, the estimates of the natural background level of hypovirulence, independent of BC, ranged from 4% in forests in Dordogne to 60% in orchards in Lozère. Differences in the rate of hypovirulent isolates among regions were consistent with the diversity of vegetative compatibility (VC) types in populations of C. parasitica. The highest VC-type diversity and mean allelic diversity for known vegetative incompatibility (vic) genes were observed in Dordogne. We showed that the current diversity of VC types in populations of C. parasitica was lower than in 1981. We found 30 VC types among 1,113 isolates of C. parasitica. Ten VC types were incompatible with known EU testers, suggesting that one additional vic gene or allele at one of the six vic loci known should be present in Europe.

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