scholarly journals Aphid-Induced Defense Responses in Mi-1-Mediated Compatible and Incompatible Tomato Interactions

2003 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. 699-708 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oscar Martinez de Ilarduya ◽  
QiGuang Xie ◽  
Isgouhi Kaloshian
Keyword(s):  
Proteinase Inhibitors ◽  
Induced Defense ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Resistance Response ◽  
Potato Aphid ◽  
Ethylene Plant ◽  
Aphid Feeding ◽  
Transcript Profiles ◽  
Incompatible Interactions

The tomato Mi-1 gene confers resistance to three species of root-knot nematode and potato aphid. We studied changes in expression of jasmonic acid (JA)- and salicylic acid (SA)- dependent defense genes in response to potato and green peach aphids. We determined changes in three PR proteins, lipoxygenase and proteinase inhibitors I and II transcripts, locally and systemically in both compatible and incompatible interactions in tomato. Transcripts for PR-1 were detected earlier and accumulated to higher levels in the incompatible than in the compatible potato aphid/tomato interactions. The transcript profiles of the other genes were similar in compatible compared with incompatible interactions. Pin1 and Pin2 RNAs were detected early and transiently in both compatible and incompatible interactions. In tomato plants containing Mi-1, systemic expression of PR-1 and GluB was detected in both compatible and incompatible interactions at 48 h after infestations with either aphid. These results suggest that aphid feeding involves both SA and JA/ethylene plant defense signaling pathways and that Mi-1-mediated resistance might involve a SA-dependent signaling pathway. Potato aphid feeding generated reactive oxygen species in both compatible and incompatible interactions. However, a hypersensitive response was absent in the Mi-1-mediated resistance response to potato aphids. Reciprocal grafting experiments revealed that resistance is cell autonomous, and local expression of Mi-1 is required for Mi-1-mediated resistance against the potato aphid.

scholarly journals Induced Local and Systemic Defense Responses in Tomato Underlying Interactions Between the Root-Knot Nematode Meloidogyne incognita and the Potato Aphid Macrosiphum euphorbiae

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Crispus M. Mbaluto ◽  
Esraa M. Ahmad ◽  
Anne Mädicke ◽  
Katharina Grosser ◽  
Nicole M. van Dam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Meloidogyne Incognita ◽  
Induced Defense ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Macrosiphum Euphorbiae ◽  
Infection Cycle ◽  
Root Infection ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Potato Aphid ◽  
Aphid Feeding

Plants mediate interactions between different herbivores that attack simultaneously or sequentially aboveground (AG) and belowground (BG) organs. The local and systemic activation of hormonal signaling pathways and the concomitant accumulation of defense metabolites underlie such AG-BG interactions. The main plant-mediated mechanisms regulating these reciprocal interactions via local and systemic induced responses remain poorly understood. We investigated the impact of root infection by the root-knot nematode (RKN) Meloidogyne incognita at different stages of its infection cycle, on tomato leaf defense responses triggered by the potato aphid Macrosiphum euphorbiae. In addition, we analyzed the reverse impact of aphid leaf feeding on the root responses triggered by the RKN. We focused specifically on the signaling pathways regulated by the phytohormones jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), abscisic acid (ABA), and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) as well as steroidal glycoalkaloids as induced defense compounds. We found that aphid feeding did not induce AG hormonal signaling, but it repressed steroidal glycoalkaloids related responses in leaves, specifically when feeding on plants in the vegetative stage. Root infection by the RKN impeded the aphid-triggered repression of the steroidal glycoalkaloids-related response AG. In roots, the RKN triggered the SA pathway during the entire infection cycle and the ABA pathway specifically during its reproduction stage. RKN infection also elicited the steroidal glycoalkaloids related gene expression, specifically when it was in the galling stage. Aphid feeding did not systemically alter the RKN-induced defense responses in roots. Our results point to an asymmetrical interaction between M. incognita and Ma. euphorbiae when co-occurring in tomato plants. Moreover, the RKN seems to determine the root defense response regardless of a later occurring attack by the potato aphid AG.

scholarly journals Sr36- and Sr5-Mediated Resistance Response to Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici Is Associated with Callose Deposition in Wheat Guard Cells

2015 ◽  
Vol 105 (6) ◽  
pp. 728-737 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. Wang ◽  
B. D. McCallum ◽  
T. Fetch ◽  
G. Bakkeren ◽  
B. J. Saville
Keyword(s):  
Specific Resistance ◽  
Guard Cells ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Puccinia Graminis ◽  
Incompatible Interaction ◽  
Appressorium Formation ◽  
Callose Deposition ◽  
Resistance Response ◽  
Wheat Lines ◽  
Incompatible Interactions

Race-specific resistance of wheat to Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici is primarily posthaustorial and often involves the induction of a hypersensitive response (HR). The aim of this study was to investigate host defense responses induced in interactions between P. graminis f. sp. tritici races and wheat lines carrying different race-specific stem rust resistance (Sr) genes. In incompatible interactions between wheat lines carrying Sr36 in three genetic backgrounds (LMPG, Prelude, or W2691) and avirulent P. graminis f. sp. tritici races MCCFC or RCCDM, callose accumulated within 24 h in wheat guard cells contacted by a P. graminis f. sp. tritici appressorium, and P. graminis f. sp. tritici ingress was inhibited following appressorium formation. Accordingly, the expression of transcripts encoding a callose synthase increased in the incompatible interaction between LMPG-Sr36 and avirulent P. graminis f. sp. tritici race MCCFC. Furthermore, the inhibition of callose synthesis through the infiltration of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (DDG) increased the ability of P. graminis f. sp. tritici race MCCFC to infect LMPG-Sr36. A similar induction of callose deposition in wheat guard cells was also observed within 24 h after inoculation (hai) with avirulent P. graminis f. sp. tritici race HKCJC on LMPG-Sr5 plants. In contrast, this defense response was not induced in incompatible interactions involving Sr6, Sr24, or Sr30. Instead, the induction of an HR and cellular lignification were noted. The manifestation of the HR and cellular lignification was induced earlier (24 hai) and was more extensive in the resistance response mediated by Sr6 compared with those mediated by Sr24 or Sr30. These results indicate that the resistance mediated by Sr36 is similar to that mediated by Sr5 but different from those triggered by Sr6, Sr24, or Sr30. Resistance responses mediated by Sr5 and Sr36 are prehaustorial, and are a result of very rapid recognition of molecules derived from avirulent isolates of P. graminis f. sp. tritici, in contrast to the responses triggered in lines with Sr6, Sr24, and Sr30.

scholarly journals (65) Jasmonate-induced Changes in Polyphenol Oxidase, Peroxidase, and Proteinase Inhibitors in Horticultural Species

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 1072A-1072 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles L. Rohwer ◽  
John E. Erwin
Keyword(s):  
Polyphenol Oxidase ◽  
Peroxidase Activity ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Oxidase Activity ◽  
Proteinase Inhibitors ◽  
Induced Defense ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Polyphenol Oxidase Activity ◽  
Polyphenol Oxidases ◽  
Induced Defense Responses

Jasmonates are a class of plant hormones involved in plant defense and stress responses. For example, jasmonate-induced defense responses in Lycopersicon esculentum include increases in activity of proteinase inhibitors, polyphenol oxidases, and peroxidases. As part of our efforts to reduce or control greenhouse pest infestations, we hypothesized that methyl jasmonate (MeJA) could induce these biochemical changes in common greenhouse crops. We studied Impatiens wallerana `Super Elfin Pink', L. esculentum `Big Boy', Petunia ×hybrida `Bravo Lavendar', Viola ×wittrockiana `Imperial Beaconsfield', Coleus ×hybridus `Wizard Jade', Nicotiana alata `Saratoga Lime', Pelargonium ×hortorum `Pinto Pink', and Tagetes erecta `Antigua Primrose'. Polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase activity was studied in the first four species, and proteinase inhibitors were studied in all eight. We sprayed plants with 0, 5 × 10-6, or 10-4 molar MeJA and made measurements after 24 hours. We detected a small increase in polyphenol oxidase activity of plants treated with 10-4 molar MeJA; 5 × 10-6 molar had no effect, and L. esculentum had the highest polyphenol oxidase activity. Peroxidase activity was not affected by MeJA. I. wallerana had the highest peroxidase activity, L. esculentum and V. ×wittrockiana had the lowest. 5 × 10-6 molar MeJA increased proteinase inhibitor activity in most species, and 10-4 molar increased activity in every species except P. ×hortorum.

scholarly journals Transcriptomics of induced defense responses to greenbug aphid feeding in near isogenic wheat lines

Plant Science ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 212 ◽  
pp. 26-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Srirama Krishna Reddy ◽  
Yiqun Weng ◽  
Jackie C. Rudd ◽  
Alina Akhunova ◽  
Shuyu Liu
Keyword(s):  
Induced Defense ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Aphid Feeding ◽  
Induced Defense Responses ◽  
Wheat Lines

scholarly journals Induction of cell wall phenolic monomers as part of direct defense response in maize to pink stem borer (Sesamia inferens Walker) and non-insect interactions

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Lakshmi Soujanya ◽  
J. C. Sekhar ◽  
C. V. Ratnavathi ◽  
Chikkappa G. Karjagi ◽  
E. Shobha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Induced Defense ◽  
Stem Borer ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Mechanical Wounding ◽  
Leaf Tissues ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Insect Interactions ◽  
Induced Defense Responses

AbstractPink stem borer (PSB) causes considerable yield losses to maize. Plant–insect interactions have significant implications for sustainable pest management. The present study demonstrated that PSB feeding, mechanical wounding, a combination of mechanical wounding and PSB regurgitation and exogenous application of methyl jasmonate have induced phenolic compound mediated defense responses both at short term (within 2 days of treatment) and long term (in 15 days of treatment) in leaf and stalk tissues of maize. The quantification of two major defense related phenolic compounds namely p-Coumaric acid (p-CA) and ferulic acid (FA) was carried out through ultra-fast liquid chromatography (UFLC) at 2 and 15 days after imposing the above treatments. The p-CA content induced in leaf tissues of maize genotypes were intrinsically higher when challenged by PSB attack at V3 and V6 stages in short- and long-term responses. Higher p-CA content was observed in stalk tissues upon wounding and regurgitation in short- and long-term responses at V3 and V6 stages. Significant accumulation of FA content was also observed in leaf tissues in response to PSB feeding at V3 stage in long-term response while at V6 stage it was observed both in short- and long-term responses. In stalk tissues, methyl jasmonate induced higher FA content in short-term response at V3 stage. However, at V6 stage PSB feeding induced FA accumulation in the short-term while, wounding and regurgitation treatment-induced defense responses in the long-term. In general, the resistant (DMRE 63, CM 500) and moderately resistant genotypes (WNZ ExoticPool) accumulated significantly higher contents of p-CA and FA content than susceptible ones (CM 202, BML 6) in most of the cases. The study indicates that phenolic mediated defense responses in maize are induced by PSB attack followed by wounding and regurgitation compared to the other induced treatments. Furthermore, the study confirmed that induced defense responses vary with plant genotype, stage of crop growth, plant tissue and short and long-term responses. The results of the study suggested that the Phenolic acids i.e. p-CA and FA may contribute to maize resistance mechanisms in the maize-PSB interaction system.

scholarly journals Isolation and Characterization of Root-Associated Bacterial Endophytes and Their Biocontrol Potential against Major Fungal Phytopathogens of Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 172
Author(s):  
Maqsood Ahmed Khaskheli ◽  
Lijuan Wu ◽  
Guoqing Chen ◽  
Long Chen ◽  
Sajid Hussain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Bacterial Endophytes ◽  
16S Rrna Sequence ◽  
Resistance Response ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Fungal Phytopathogens

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a major cereal food crop worldwide, and its growth and yield are affected by several fungal phytopathogens, including Magnaporthe oryzae, Fusarium graminearum, F. moniliforme, and Rhizoctonia solani. In the present study, we have isolated and characterized root-associated bacterial endophytes that have antifungal activities against rice fungal phytopathogens. A total of 122 root-associated bacterial endophytes, belonging to six genera (Bacillus, Fictibacillus, Lysinibacillus, Paenibacillus, Cupriavidus, and Microbacterium) and 22 species were isolated from three rice cultivars. Furthermore, the 16S rRNA sequence-based phylogeny results revealed that Bacillus was the most dominant bacterial genera, and that there were 15 different species among the isolates. Moreover, 71 root-associated endophytes showed antagonistic effects against four major fungal phytopathogens, including M. oryzae, F. graminearum, F. moniliforme, and R. solani. Additionally, the biochemical, physiological, and PCR amplification results of the antibiotic-related genes further supported the endophytes as potential biocontrolling agents against the rice fungal pathogens. Consequently, the findings in this study suggested that the isolated bacterial endophytes might have beneficial roles in rice defense responses, including several bioactive compound syntheses. The outcomes of this study advocate the use of natural endophytes as an alternative strategy towards the rice resistance response.

scholarly journals Caterpillar salivary enzymes: "eliciting" a response

2004 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magali Merkx-Jacques ◽  
Jacqueline C. Bede
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Diet ◽  
Spodoptera Exigua ◽  
Induced Defense ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Beet Armyworm ◽  
Herbivorous Insect ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Plant Defense Responses ◽  
Induced Defense Responses ◽  
Bertha Armyworm

Abstract Plants exhibit remarkable plasticity in their ability to differentiate between herbivorous insect species and subtly adjust their defense responses to target distinct pests. One key mechanism used by plants to recognize herbivorous caterpillars is elicitors present in their oral secretions; however, these elicitors not only cause the induction of plant defenses but recent evidence suggests that they may also suppress plant responses. The absence of “expected changes” in induced defense responses of insect-infested plants has been attributed to hydrogen peroxide produced by caterpillar salivary glucose oxidase (GOX). Activity of this enzyme is variable among caterpillar species; it was detected in two generalist caterpillars, the beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua) and the bertha armyworm (Mamestra configurata), but not in other generalist or specialist caterpillar species tested. In the beet armyworm, GOX activity fluctuated over larval development with high activity associated with the salivary glands of fourth instars. Larval salivary GOX activity of the beet armyworm and the bertha armyworm was observed to be significantly higher in caterpillars reared on artificial diet as compared with those reared on Medicago truncatula plants. This implies that a factor in the diet is involved in the regulation of caterpillar salivary enzyme activity. Therefore, plant diet may be regulating caterpillar oral elicitors that are involved in the regulation of plant defense responses: our goal is to understand these two processes.

scholarly journals Histological Characterization of Resistance to Different Root-Knot Nematode Species Related to Phenolics Accumulation in Capsicum annuum

2005 ◽  
Vol 95 (2) ◽  
pp. 158-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Pegard ◽  
G. Brizzard ◽  
A. Fazari ◽  
O. Soucaze ◽  
P. Abad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Gene ◽  
Capsicum Annuum ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
Susceptible Cultivar ◽  
Resistant Line ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Resistance Response ◽  
Root Knot Nematodes ◽  
Chromatography Analysis

In the pepper Capsicum annuum CM334, which is used by breeders as a source of resistance to Phytophthora spp. and potyviruses, a resistance gene entirely suppresses reproduction of the root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.). The current study compared the histological responses of this resistant line and a susceptible cultivar to infection with the three most damaging root-knot nematodes: M. arenaria, M. incognita, or M. javanica. Resistance of CM334 to root-knot nematodes was associated with unidentified factors that limited nematode penetration and with post-penetration biochemical responses, including the hypersensitive response, which apparently blocked nematode migration and thereby prevented juvenile development and reproduction. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis suggested that phenolic compounds, especially chlorogenic acid, may be involved in CM334 resistance. The response to infection in the resistant line varied with root-knot nematode species and was correlated with nematode behavior and pathogenicity in the susceptible cultivar: nematode species that quickly reached the vascular cylinder and initiated feeding sites in the susceptible cultivar were quickly recognized in CM334 and stopped in the epidermis or cortex. After comparing our data with those from other resistant pepper lines, we suggest that timing of the resistance response and the mechanism of resistance vary with plant genotype, resistance gene, and root-knot nematode species.

scholarly journals Citronella essential oil in the control and activation of coffee plants defense response against rust and brown eye spot

2012 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 383-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo Borges Pereira ◽  
Gilvaine Ciavareli Lucas ◽  
Fabiano José Perina ◽  
Pedro Martins Ribeiro Júnior ◽  
Eduardo Alves
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Induced Defense ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Significant Control ◽  
Citronella Oil ◽  
Coffee Plants ◽  
Induced Defense Responses ◽  
Brown Eye Spot

The rust and brown eye spot are the main coffee diseases. The losses are due to intense defoliation of plants, which has reduced its production and longevity. The brown eye spot also occurs in fruits, with negative effects on the beverage quality. Some essential oils have presented promising results in the control of plant diseases, as an alternative to the use of fungicides. The objective of this study was to evaluate citronella essential oil in the control of rust and brown eye spot and in the activation of coffee plants defense responses. Twelve-month-old plants were sprayed with citronella oil 1000 µL L-1, acibenzolar-S-methyl 200 mg L-1 and tebuconazole fungicide 200 mg L-1. Plants were inoculated with Hemileia vastatrix and Cercospora coffeicola seven days later. The application was repeated after 30 days. Plants with five months were sprayed with the same treatments to assess the induced defense responses. Citronella oil controlled rust and brown eye spot with efficiencies of 47.2% and 29.7%, respectively, while tebuconazole presented control of 96.5% and 90.5%, respectively. Acibenzolar-S-methyl reduced brown eye spot by 55.9% and showed no significant control of rust. Citronella oil increased peroxidase and chitinase activities in five months coffee plants 336, and 24 and 336 hours after spraying, respectively. Acibenzolar-S-methyl increased peroxidase, chitinase and ββ-1,3-glucanase activities 192, 288 and 336; 24 and; 240 hours after spraying, respectively. The treatments did not increase accumulation of phenols, but a significant increase in lignin was observed in plants sprayed with citronella oil.

scholarly journals Aboveground Herbivory Influences Belowground Defense Responses in Maize

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lise Pingault ◽  
Saumik Basu ◽  
Prince Zogli ◽  
W. Paul Williams ◽  
Nathan Palmer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
European Corn Borer ◽  
Proteinase Inhibitors ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Diabrotica Virgifera Virgifera ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Corn Borer ◽  
Root Physiology ◽  
Aboveground Herbivory

The European corn borer (ECB; Ostrinia nubilalis) is an economically damaging insect pest of maize (Zea mays L.), an important cereal crop widely grown globally. Among inbred lines, the maize genotype Mp708 has shown resistance to diverse herbivorous insects, although several aspects of the defense mechanisms of Mp708 plants are yet to be explored. Here, the changes in root physiology arising from short-term feeding by ECB on the shoot tissues of Mp708 plants was evaluated directly using transcriptomics, and indirectly by monitoring changes in growth of western corn rootworm (WCR; Diabrotica virgifera virgifera) larvae. Mp708 defense responses negatively impacted both ECB and WCR larval weights, providing evidence for changes in root physiology in response to ECB feeding on shoot tissues. There was a significant downregulation of genes in the root tissues following short-term ECB feeding, including genes needed for direct defense (e.g., proteinase inhibitors and chitinases). Our transcriptomic analysis also revealed specific regulation of the genes involved in hormonal and metabolite pathways in the roots of Mp708 plants subjected to ECB herbivory. These data provide support for the long-distance signaling-mediated defense in Mp708 plants and suggest that altered metabolite profiles of roots in response to ECB feeding of shoots likely negatively impacted WCR growth.

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