Aluminum toxicity could be mitigated with boron by altering the metabolic patterns of amino acids and carbohydrates rather than organic acids in trifoliate orange

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (9) ◽  
pp. 1572-1582 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Yan ◽  
Muhammad Riaz ◽  
Yalin Liu ◽  
Yu Zeng ◽  
Cuncang Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Citric Acid ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Aluminum Toxicity ◽  
Al Toxicity ◽  
Trifoliate Orange ◽  
Al Stress ◽  
Threonic Acid ◽  
Induced Changes

Abstract Aluminum (Al) toxicity is the main constraint of root growth and productivity on arable acidic soil. Although boron (B) is used to ameliorate Al stress, the exact mechanisms underlying the effects of B on Al-induced alteration on root metabolites are poorly understood, especially in the trifoliate orange, which is an important rootstock in China. Therefore, a hydroponics experiment was conducted to explore the mechanisms of B mitigates Al toxicity in roots of citrus by metabolomics. A total of 60 metabolites were identified and analyzed in the present study. The 17 amino acids and 8 sugars were up-regulated in Al-treated roots, mainly histidine, cycloleucine, asparagine, citrulline, raffinose and trehalose, and increased by 38.5-, 8.7-, 6.0-, 6.0-, 7.5- and 6.6-fold, respectively. Meanwhile, significant down-regulation of aspartic acid, isoleucine, glutamic acid and six sugars were indicated under Al stress. Aluminum induced a decrease of nine organic acids, especially l-malic acid, citric acid and threonic acid, by 98.2, 93.6 and 95.1%, respectively. Interestingly, in the presence of Al, B application decreased the contents of asparagine, cycloleucine, citrulline and histidine as well as myo-inositol, raffinose, galactinol and 3,6-anhydro-d-galactose by 52.2, 57.4, 46.7, 63.0, 65.4, 74.3, 62.5 and 55.0%, respectively. However, there was no obvious difference in the organic acid contents in Al-stressed roots treated with B. Conclusively, our results show that B regulates the metabolic patterns of amino acids and carbohydrates and reduces Al toxicity. Nevertheless, B addition did not affect the Al-induced changes in the metabolic modes of organic acids.

scholarly journals Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Two Contrasting Soybean Varieties in Response to Aluminum Toxicity

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (12) ◽  
pp. 4316
Author(s):  
Lijuan Zhao ◽  
Jingjing Cui ◽  
Yuanyuan Cai ◽  
Songnan Yang ◽  
Juge Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcriptome Analysis ◽  
Aluminum Toxicity ◽  
Metabolic Process ◽  
Al Toxicity ◽  
Regulation Of Transcription ◽  
Comparative Transcriptome ◽  
Al Tolerance ◽  
Comparative Transcriptome Analysis ◽  
Al Stress ◽  
Significant Difference

Aluminum (Al) toxicity is a major factor limiting crop productivity on acid soils. Soybean (Glycine max) is an important oil crop and there is great variation in Al tolerance in soybean germplasms. However, only a few Al-tolerance genes have been reported in soybean. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify candidate Al tolerance genes by comparative transcriptome analysis of two contrasting soybean varieties in response to Al stress. Two soybean varieties, M90-24 (M) and Pella (P), which showed significant difference in Al tolerance, were used for RNA-seq analysis. We identified a total of 354 Al-tolerance related genes, which showed up-regulated expression by Al in the Al-tolerant soybean variety M and higher transcript levels in M than P under Al stress. These genes were enriched in the Gene Ontology (GO) terms of cellular glucan metabolic process and regulation of transcription. Five out of 11 genes in the enriched GO term of cellular glucan metabolic process encode cellulose synthases, and one cellulose synthase gene (Glyma.02G205800) was identified as the key hub gene by co-expression network analysis. Furthermore, treatment of soybean roots with a cellulose biosynthesis inhibitor decreased the Al tolerance, indicating an important role of cellulose production in soybean tolerance to Al toxicity. This study provides a list of candidate genes for further investigation on Al tolerance mechanisms in soybean.

scholarly journals Timing, location and crop species influence the magnitude of amelioration of aluminum toxicity by magnesium

2009 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivo Ribeiro Silva ◽  
Tarcísio Fernando Cortes Corrêa ◽  
Roberto Ferreira Novais ◽  
T. Jot Smyth ◽  
Thomas Rufty ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Protective Effect ◽  
Root System ◽  
Aluminum Toxicity ◽  
Protective Action ◽  
Al Toxicity ◽  
Al Tolerance ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Soybean Cultivars ◽  
Split Root System

The protective effect of cations, especially Ca and Mg, against aluminum (Al) rhizotoxicity has been extensively investigated in the last decades. The mechanisms by which the process occurs are however only beginning to be elucidated. Six experiments were carried out here to characterize the protective effect of Mg application in relation to timing, location and crop specificity: Experiment 1 - Protective effect of Mg compared to Ca; Experiment 2 - Protective effect of Mg on distinct root classes of 15 soybean genotypes; Experiment 3 - Effect of timing of Mg supply on the response of soybean cvs. to Al; Experiment 4 - Investigating whether the Mg protective effect is apoplastic or simplastic using a split-root system; Experiment 5 - Protective effect of Mg supplied in solution or foliar spraying, and Experiment 6 - Protective effect of Mg on Al rhizotoxicity in other crops. It was found that the addition of 50 mmol L-1 Mg to solutions containing toxic Al increased Al tolerance in 15 soybean cultivars. This caused soybean cultivars known as Al-sensitive to behave as if they were tolerant. The protective action of Mg seems to require constant Mg supply in the external medium. Supplying Mg up to 6 h after root exposition to Al was sufficient to maintain normal soybean root growth, but root growth was not recovered by Mg addition 12 h after Al treatments. Mg application to half of the root system not exposed to Al was not sufficient to prevent Al toxicity on the other half exposed to Al without Mg in rooting medium, indicating the existence of an external protection mechanism of Mg. Foliar spraying with Mg also failed to decrease Al toxicity, indicating a possible apoplastic role of Mg. The protective effect of Mg appeared to be soybean-specific since Mg supply did not substantially improve root elongation in sorghum, wheat, corn, cotton, rice, or snap bean when grown in the presence of toxic Al concentrations.

scholarly journals Fermentation-induced changes in the concentrations of organic acids, amino acids, sugars, and minerals and superoxide dismutase-like activity in tomato vinegar

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 888-898 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masahiro Koyama ◽  
Yasushi Ogasawara ◽  
Kiyoshi Endou ◽  
Hirofumi Akano ◽  
Takero Nakajima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Induced Changes

Response of ectomycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal pitch pine (Pinusrigida) seedlings to nutrient supply and aluminum: growth and mineral nutrition

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (12) ◽  
pp. 2145-2152 ◽  
Author(s):  
George A. Schier ◽  
Carolyn J. McQuattie
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Mineral Nutrition ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Aluminum Toxicity ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Nutrient Supply ◽  
Al Toxicity ◽  
Nutrient Level ◽  
Pitch Pine ◽  
Mycorrhizal Inoculation

Mycorrhizal colonization and nutrient supply may have important effects on aluminum toxicity in trees grown on acidic, nutrient-poor soils. The interacting effects of mycorrhizal inoculation, nutrient level, and Al treatment on growth and mineral nutrition of pitch pine (Pinusrigida Mill.) seedlings grown with and without the ectomycorrhizal fungus Pisolithustinctorius (Pers.) Coker & Couch were determined. The seedlings were grown for 66 days in sand irrigated with 0.1- or 0.2-strength nutrient solution (pH 3.8) containing 0, 10, or 20 mg/L Al (0, 0.37, or 0.74 mM). Across nutrient and Al levels total dry weight of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) seedlings was 75% greater than that of nonmycorrhizal (NM) seedlings. Doubling the nutrient level increased the dry weight of NM seedlings by 120%, versus 60% for ECM seedlings. Aluminum reduced root and shoot growth in NM seedlings, but had no effect on shoot growth and only a marginally significant effect on root growth of ECM seedlings. Shoot growth of NM seedlings was more sensitive to Al than root growth. Increased growth of NM seedlings by doubling the nutrient level was least at the highest Al level. Symptoms of Al toxicity in roots (dark, stunted tips) occurred at a lower Al level in NM than ECM seedlings. A strong relationship was not found between Al toxicity and concentrations of Mg and Ca in roots and needles. Enhancement of growth resulting from increased uptake of nutrients due to mycorrhizal inoculation (and) or an increased level of nutrients was the overriding factor affecting the response of pitch pine seedlings to Al.

ENERGY METABOLISM OF PHYCOMYCES BLAKESLEEANUS THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE AND ASSOCIATED AMINO ACIDS

1966 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edwin C. Gangloff
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Citric Acid ◽  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
High Activity ◽  
Citric Acid Cycle ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Nitrogen Compounds ◽  
Phycomyces Blakesleeanus ◽  
Acid Cycle

All of the intermediates of the citric acid cycle are shown to be present in the mycelium of 6-day cultures of P. blakesleeanus grown on glucose and on ammonium sulfate, and fed non-radioactive acetate on the fourth and fifth days and acetate-1-C14 on the fifth day of incubation.The concentration of organic acids and certain amino acids, and their specific activity is reported. The high activity of the latter is thought to indicate the presence of a highly labeled pool of nitrogen compounds persisting from the early anabolic reactions after acetate-1-C14 administration.

scholarly journals Protective effect of divalent cations against aluminum toxicity in soybean

2008 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 2061-2071 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivo Ribeiro da Silva ◽  
Tarcísio Fernando Côrtes Corrêa ◽  
Roberto Ferreira Novais ◽  
Fabrício de Oliveira Gebrim ◽  
Flancer Novais Nunes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Plant Tissue ◽  
Aluminum Toxicity ◽  
Divalent Cations ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
Physiological Mechanism ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Al Toxicity ◽  
Base Saturation

A large proportion of soybean fields in Brazil are currently cultivated in the Cerrado region, where the area planted with this crop is growing considerably every year. Soybean cultivation in acid soils is also increasing worldwide. Since the levels of toxic aluminum (Al) in these acid soils is usually high it is important to understand how cations can reduce Al rhizotoxicity in soybean. In the present study we evaluated the ameliorative effect of nine divalent cations (Ca, Mg, Mn, Sr, Sn, Cu, Zn, Co and Ba) in solution culture on Al rhizotoxicity in soybean. The growth benefit of Ca and Mg to plants in an acid Inceptisol was also evaluated. In this experiment soil exchangeable Ca:Mg ratios were adjusted to reach 10 and 60 % base saturation, controlled by different amounts of CaCl2 or MgCl2 (at proportions from 100:0 up to 0:100), without altering the soil pH level. The low (10 %) and adequate (60 %) base saturation were used to examine how plant roots respond to Al at distinct (Ca + Mg)/Al ratios, as if they were growing in soils with distinct acidity levels. Negative and positive control treatments consisted of absence (under native soil or undisturbed conditions) or presence of lime (CaCO3) to reach 10 and 60 % base saturation, respectively. It was observed that in the absence of Aluminum, Cu, Zn, Co and Sn were toxic even at a low concentration (25 µmol L-1), while the effect of Mn, Ba, Sr and Mg was positive or absent on soybean root elongation when used in concentrations up to 100 µmol L-1. At a level of 10 µmol L-1 Al, root growth was only reverted to the level of control plants by the Mg treatment. Higher Tin doses led to a small alleviation of Al rhizotoxicity, while the other cations reduced root growth or had no effect. This is an indication that the Mg effect is ion-specific and not associated to an electrostatic protection mechanism only, since all ions were divalent and used at low concentrations. An increased exchangeable Ca:Mg ratio (at constant soil pH) in the acid soil almost doubled the soybean shoot and root dry matter even though treatments did not modify soil pH and exchangeable Al3+. This indicates a more efficient alleviation of Al toxicity by Mg2+ than by Ca2+. The reason for the positive response to Mg2+ was not the supply of a deficient nutrient because CaCO3 increased soybean growth by increasing soil pH without inducing Mg2+ deficiency. Both in hydroponics and acid soil, the reduction in Al toxicity was accompanied by a lower Al accumulation in plant tissue, suggesting a competitive cation absorption and/or exclusion of Al from plant tissue stimulated by an Mg-induced physiological mechanism.

Melatonin alleviates aluminium toxicity through modulating antioxidative enzymes and enhancing organic acid anion exudation in soybean

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (10) ◽  
pp. 961 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiarong Zhang ◽  
Bingjie Zeng ◽  
Yawen Mao ◽  
Xiangying Kong ◽  
Xinxun Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Aluminium Toxicity ◽  
Al Toxicity ◽  
Root Growth Inhibition ◽  
H2o2 Production ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Al Stress ◽  
High Concentrations

Aluminium (Al) toxicity is a major chemical constraint limiting plant growth and production on acidic soils. Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is a ubiquitous molecule that plays crucial roles in plant growth and stress tolerance. However, there is no knowledge regarding whether melatonin is involved in plant responses to Al stress. Here, we show that optimal concentrations of melatonin could effectively ameliorate Al-induced phytotoxicity in soybean (Glycine max L.). The concentration of melatonin in roots was significantly increased by the 50 μM Al treatment. Such an increase in endogenous melatonin coincided with the upregulation of the gene encoding acetyltransferase NSI-like (nuclear shuttle protein-interacting) in soybean roots. Supplementation with low concentrations of melatonin (0.1 and 1 μM) conferred Al resistance as evident in partial alleviation of root growth inhibition and decreased H2O2 production: in contrast, high concentrations of melatonin (100 and 200 μM) had an opposite effect and even decreased root growth in Al-exposed seedlings. Mitigation of Al stress by the 1 μM melatonin root treatment was associated with enhanced activities of the antioxidant enzymes and increased exudation of malate and citrate. In conclusion, melatonin might play a critical role in soybean resistance to Al toxicity.

scholarly journals Phosphorus Reduces Aluminum Toxicity in Oil Tea Roots by Regulating the Cell Wall Components and Antioxidant Defense System

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (03) ◽  
pp. 623-631
Author(s):  
Xinjing Qu
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Oxidative Damage ◽  
Aluminum Toxicity ◽  
Antioxidant Defense System ◽  
Al Toxicity ◽  
Acidic Soils ◽  
Cell Wall Components ◽  
Al Stress ◽  
Scavenging Enzymes ◽  
Wall Components

Aluminum (Al) toxicity is one of the most important impeding factors for plant growth and productivity in acidic soils. Phosphorus (P) application may alleviate Al stress in many plants. In this study we investigated the effect of P on Al toxicity in cell wall components and oxidative stress and to explore the underlying mechanisms in oil tea (Camellia oleifera Abel.) roots. Results indicated that Al toxicity severely inhibited root elongation, changed cell wall components, and caused oxidative damage to the roots of oil tea. However, P supply reduced the adsorption of Al in the cell wall by decreasing the demethylesterfied pectin content and hemicellulose 1 content that decreased the Al binding sites. Moreover, the addition of Palleviated the inhibition of xyloglucan endotransglucosylase and endo-β-1,4-glucanases activities under Al stress, which enhanced the loosening of the cell wall. P addition reduced the activities of polyphenol oxidase and phenylalanine ammonia lyase and enhanced the activities of reactive oxygen species scavenging enzymes, which reduced the oxidative damage caused by Al toxicity. The results reveal important mechanisms of P-induced mitigation of Al stress in oil tea roots that might be useful in the cultivation of plants on acidic soils.© 2021 Friends Science Publishers

scholarly journals Short-term Aluminum Stress Differentially Affects the Photochemical Efficiency of Photosystem II in Highbush Blueberry Genotypes

2009 ◽  
Vol 134 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marjorie Reyes-Diaz ◽  
Miren Alberdi ◽  
Maria de la Luz Mora
Keyword(s):  
Photosystem Ii ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Photochemical Efficiency ◽  
Photosynthetic Apparatus ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Vaccinium Corymbosum ◽  
Al Toxicity ◽  
Highbush Blueberry ◽  
Total Recovery ◽  
Al Stress

Aluminum (Al) toxicity is a major agronomic problem in acid soils. Most studies regarding Al stress focus on phenomena occurring in the roots; however, less is known about the effects of Al stress on photosynthetic apparatus functionality. Our aim was to rank three highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) cultivars according to their tolerance to acid and Al stresses. Additionally, the levels of Al toxicity for highbush blueberry were established. ‘Brigitta’, ‘Legacy’, and ‘Bluegold’ were grown in a greenhouse in hydroponic solutions containing different Al concentrations (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 μm) for 0 to 48 h and were allowed to recover (without Al) over 24 h. In all Al-treated cultivars, root growth inhibition was found at the highest Al treatment. However, ‘Brigitta’ also showed root growth up to 75 μm Al. Photochemical parameters decreased substantially due to Al treatments in ‘Bluegold’ (up to 98% inhibition) and ‘Legacy’ (up to 80% inhibition) without total recovery. In contrast, ‘Brigitta’ showed a better photosystem II performance and root growth than the other cultivars. These results suggest that ‘Brigitta’ is the best cultivar for use in acid soils with Al toxicity, followed by ‘Legacy’. ‘Bluegold’ was highly sensitive to Al stress. In addition, Al toxicity levels for blueberries depend on the genotype studied.

scholarly journals Comparative Analyses Reveal Peroxidases Play Important Roles in Soybean Tolerance to Aluminum Toxicity

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 670
Author(s):  
Juge Liu ◽  
Xiangting Wang ◽  
Ning Wang ◽  
Yang Li ◽  
Ting Jin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Aluminum Toxicity ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Al Toxicity ◽  
Al Tolerance ◽  
Al Stress ◽  
Important Barrier ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
Go Terms ◽  
H2o2 Pretreatment

Aluminum (Al) toxicity is an important barrier to soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) production in acid soils. However, little is known about the genes underlying Al tolerance in soybean. We aim to find the key candidate genes and investigate their roles in soybean tolerance to Al toxicity in this study. Comparative transcriptome analyses of the Al-tolerant (KF) and Al-sensitive (GF) soybean varieties under control and Al stress at 6, 12, and 24 h were investigated. A total of 1411 genes showed specific up-regulation in KF or more up-regulation in KF than in GF by Al stress, which were significantly enriched in the GO terms of peroxidase (POD) activity, transporter activity (including the known Al tolerance-related ABC transporter, ALMT, and MATE), and four families of transcription factors (AP2, C3H4, MYB, WRKY). The expression levels of seven POD genes were up-regulated by Al stress for at least one time point in KF. The H2O2 pretreatment significantly improved Al tolerance of KF, which is likely due to increased POD activity induced by H2O2. Our results suggest that PODs play important roles in soybean tolerance to Al toxicity. We also propose a list of candidate genes for Al tolerance in KF, which would provide valuable insights into the Al tolerance mechanisms in soybean.

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