Gall- and erineum-forming Eriophyes mites alter photosynthesis and volatile emissions in infection severity-dependent manner in broad-leaved trees Alnus glutinosa and Tilia cordata

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yifan Jiang ◽  
Jiayan Ye ◽  
Linda-Liisa Veromann-Jürgenson ◽  
Ülo Niinemets
Keyword(s):  
Alnus Glutinosa ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Limited Range ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Volatile Emissions ◽  
Temperate Trees ◽  
Volatile Profiles ◽  
Net Assimilation ◽  
Broadleaf Species

Abstract Highly host-specific eriophyoid gall- and erineum-forming mites infest a limited range of broadleaf species, with the mites from the genus Eriophyes particularly widespread on Alnus spp. and Tilia spp. Once infected, the infections can be massive, covering a large part of leaf area and spreading through the plant canopy, but the effects of Eriophyes mite gall formation on the performance of host leaves are poorly understood. We studied the influence of three frequent Eriophyes infections, E. inangulis gall-forming mites on A. glutinosa, and E. tiliae gall-forming and E. exilis erineum-forming mites on T. cordata, on foliage morphology, chemistry, photosynthetic characteristics and constitutive and induced volatile emissions. For all types of infections, leaf dry mass per unit area (MA), net assimilation rate per area (An), and stomatal conductance (Gs) strongly decreased with increasing severity of infection. Mite infections resulted in enhancement or elicitation of emissions of fatty acid derived volatiles, isoprene, benzenoids and carotenoid breakdown products in infection severity-dependent manner for all different infections. Monoterpene emissions were strongly elicited in T. cordata mite infections, but these emissions were suppressed in E. inangulis-infected A. glutinosa. Although the overall level of mite-induced emissions was surprisingly low, these results highlight the uniqueness of the volatile profiles and offer opportunities for using volatile fingerprints and overall emission rates to diagnose infections by Eriophyes gall- and erineum-forming mites on temperate trees and assess their impact on the physiology of the affected trees.

scholarly journals Use of the QTL approach to the study of soybean trait relationships in two populations of recombinant inbred lines at the F7 and F8 generations

2006 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 281-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio José Dias Vieira ◽  
Dario Alves de Oliveira ◽  
Taís Cristina Bastos Soares ◽  
Ivan Schuster ◽  
Newton Deniz Piovesan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Recombinant Inbred ◽  
Recombinant Inbred Lines ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Inbred Lines ◽  
Leaf Nitrogen ◽  
Fresh Mass ◽  
Net Assimilation ◽  
Two Populations ◽  
Pod Number

This work aimed to identify the quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with photosynthesis and growth and productivity traits of soybean and to study possible associations between these traits by the analysis of coincidence of QTL in linkage groups (LGs). Thus, populations of recombinant inbred lines (RILs) of the F7 and F8 generations derived from the cross between the varieties BARC-8 and Garimpo were used. The traits evaluated were net assimilation rate of CO2 under saturating light (Asat), potential photosynthesis rate (Pmax), leaf area (A), specific leaf area (SLA), specific leaf nitrogen (N); root (W R), nodule (W N), stem (W ST), leaf (W L), pod (W P) and plant dry mass (W T); nodule (nN), seed (n s), and pod number (nP); seed fresh mass per plant (W S), one-hundred seed fresh mass (W HS) and seed protein percentage (P%). It was possible to identify the following QTL associated with the following soybean traits: SLA, Asat, N, W R, W ST, W L, W T, W P, W HS, n s and nP, indicating that the RIL population has a great potential for mapping loci associated with quantitative traits of the soybean crop. The correlations between the soybean traits were partially confirmed by coincidence of QTL.

scholarly journals Variability of BVOC emissions from a Mediterranean mixed forest in southern France with a focus on <i>Quercus pubescens</i>

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 17225-17261 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.-C. Genard-Zielinski ◽  
C. Boissard ◽  
C. Fernandez ◽  
C. Kalogridis ◽  
J. Lathière ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Forest ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Diurnal Variations ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Quercus Pubescens ◽  
Southern France ◽  
Isoprene Emission ◽  
Canopy Effect ◽  
Net Assimilation

Abstract. We aimed at quantifying Biogenic Volatiles Organic Compounds (BVOC) emissions in June from three Mediterranean species located at the O3HP site (Southern France): Quercus pubescens, Acer monspessulanum and C. coggygria (for isoprene only). As Q. pubescens was shown to be the main BVOC emitter with isoprene representing ≈ 99% of the carbon emitted as BVOC, we mainly focused on this species. C. coggygria was found to be a non-isoprene emitter (no other BVOC were investigated). To fully understand both the canopy effect on Q. pubescens isoprene emission and the inter-individual variability (tree to tree and within canopy), diurnal variations of isoprene were investigated from nine branches (seven branches located to the top of canopy at ≈ 4 m Above Ground Level, and two inside the canopy at ≈ 2 m a.g.l.). Q. pubescens daily mean isoprene emission rates (ERd) fluctuated between 23.1 and 97.7 μg C gDM−1 h−1 and were exponentially correlated with net assimilation (Pn). Q. pubescens daily mean Pn ranged between 5.4 and 13.8, and 2.8 and 6.4 μmol CO2 m−2 s−1 for sunlit and shaded branches respectively. Both ERd and isoprene emission factors (Is) assessed according to Guenther et al. (1993) algorithm, varied by a factor of 4 among the sunlit branches. While sunlit branches ERm was clearly higher than for shaded branches, there was an non-significant variability on Is (58.5 to 76.5 μg C gDM−1 h−1). Diurnal variations of isoprene emission rates (ER) for sunlit branches were also investigated. ER were detected at dawn 2 h after Pn became positive and, exponentially dependent on Pn. Diurnal variations of ER were not equally well described along the day by temperature (CT) and light (CL) parameters according to G93 algorithm. Temperature had more impact than PAR in the morning emission increase. ER was no more correlated to CL × CT between solar noon (maximum ER) and mid-afternoon, possibly due to thermal stress of the plant. A comparison between measured and calculated emissions using two isoprene algorithms (G93 and MEGAN) highlighted the difficulty in assessing isoprene emissions under Mediterranean environmental conditions with current isoprene models.

scholarly journals Dissecting the Genotypic Variation of Growth Responses to Far-Red Radiation in Tomato

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yongran Ji ◽  
Theoharis Ouzounis ◽  
Henk J. Schouten ◽  
Richard G. F. Visser ◽  
Leo F. M. Marcelis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Light Emitting ◽  
Red Led ◽  
Total Plant ◽  
Net Assimilation ◽  
Tomato Genotypes ◽  
Plant Dry Mass

The recent development of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and their application in modern horticulture stimulated studies demonstrating that additional far-red (FR) radiation (700–800 nm) increases plant dry mass. This effect of FR has been explained by improved photosynthesis and/or plant architecture. However, the genotypic variation in this response is largely unknown. Here, we aim to explore and explain the genotypic variation in growth responses to additional FR. We expected the genotypic variation in the responses of plant dry mass to additional FR. Further, we hypothesized that a significant improvement of both net assimilation rate (NAR) and leaf area ratio (LAR) is responsible for a strong dry mass increase under additional FR, while some genotypes respond only marginally or even negatively in NAR or LAR under FR, thus resulting in a weak FR effect on plant dry mass. To test these hypotheses, we grew 33 different tomato genotypes for 21 days with 0, 25, or 100 μmol m–2 s–1 of FR added to a common white + red LED background lighting of 150 μmol m–2 s–1. Genotypes responded similarly with respect to plant height, stem dry mass, and shoot:root ratio; i.e., they all increased with increasing FR. However, the response of total plant dry mass varied among genotypes. We categorized the genotypes into three groups (strongly, moderately, and weakly responding groups) based on their relative response in total plant dry mass to FR. Growth component analysis revealed that the strongly responding genotypes increased strongly in NAR rather than LAR. The weakly responding genotypes, however, showed a substantial increase in LAR but not NAR. The increase in LAR was due to the increase in specific leaf area. Leaf mass fraction, which is the other component of LAR, decreased with FR and did not differ between groups. In conclusion, tomato genotypes that increased strongly in NAR in response to FR were able to achieve a more substantial increase in dry mass than did other genotypes. This is the first study to explain the differences in growth responses of a large number of tomato genotypes toward FR in their light environment.

scholarly journals Photosynthetic Photon Flux, Photoperiod, and Temperature Effects on Emissions of (Z)-3-hexenal, (Z)-3-hexenol, and (Z)-3-hexenyl Acetate from Lettuce

1996 ◽  
Vol 121 (3) ◽  
pp. 488-494 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig S. Charron ◽  
Daniel J. Cantliffe ◽  
Raymond M. Wheeler ◽  
Ara Manukian ◽  
Robert R. Heath
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Effects ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Total Volatile ◽  
Photosynthetic Photon Flux ◽  
Volatile Emissions ◽  
Plant Volatile ◽  
Controlled Environments ◽  
Leaf Lettuce ◽  
Different Levels

To investigate the effects of environment on plant volatile emissions, `Waldmann's Green' leaf lettuce was cultivated under different levels of photosynthetic photon flux (PPF), photoperiod, and temperature. A modified growth chamber was used to sample plant volatile emissions nondestructively, over time, and under controlled conditions. Total volatile emission rates were significantly higher from lettuce cultivated under PPF of 360 or 200 μmol·m-2·s-1 compared to 105 μmol·m-2·s-1, and significantly higher under a 16-h photoperiod than an 8-h photoperiod. No differences were detected among emission rates from different temperature treatments. In controlled environments, emissions could be regulated by adjusting environmental conditions accordingly.

scholarly journals Ecophysiological responses of dual-purpose wheat originating from different cutting management systems

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 1641
Author(s):  
Felipe Koch ◽  
Ivan Ricardo Carvalho ◽  
Vinícius Jardel Szareski ◽  
Gustavo Henrique Demari ◽  
Manoela Andrade Monteiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Production ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Net Assimilation Rate ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Assimilation Rate ◽  
Dual Purpose ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Cutting Management ◽  
Net Assimilation

Wheat is one of the most cultivated cereals worldwide. Some wheat genotypes may be used for dual purposes that is, in the production of animal fodder and grains. The objective of this study was to compare the growth, partitioning of assimilates, and seed vigor expression of dual-purpose wheat cultivars originating from seeds produced by plants subjected to different cutting management systems. Dual-purpose wheat seeds in the vegetative period were used for this study; these were obtained from the cultivar BRS Umbu produced by plants subjected to different cutting management systems. The experimental design was completely randomized in a factorial scheme, with four replications. The treatments comprised a combination of four seed production systems (one, two, and three cuts) and eight planting seasons (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, and 80 days after emergence [DAE]). Total dry-mass, dry-mass production rate, relative growth rate, net assimilation rate, leaf area index, solar energy conversion efficiency, dry-mass partitioning, seedling emergence in the field, and emergence speed index were evaluated. Data regarding seedling emergence and emergence speed index were adjusted by orthogonal polynomials. Primary growth data were evaluated from the simple logistic equation. From 60 DAE, an inversion of the values of total dry-mass was observed, and the maximum values were observed in plants from seeds produced without cutting management. The highest dry-mass production rates were noted for plants produced by seeds of plants not subjected to cutting management. The highest relative growth rates were noted among plants originating from seeds produced by plants subjected to three- and two-cut treatments. The net assimilation rate was higher in plants originating from seeds produced from plants subjected to cutting management systems. The highest values of emergence were observed for seeds obtained from the three-cut treatment. Similarly, an increase in the values of emergence speed index was observed in seeds from plants subjected to one-cut treatment. Dual-purpose wheat cultivars originating from seeds produced in the absence of cutting management presented higher total dry-mass, dry-mass production rate, and relative growth rate. The net assimilation rate was higher in plants from seeds produced with cutting management systems. Plants produced from seeds subjected to the three-cut production management resulted in more vigorous seeds.

Photosynthetic characteristics of 10 Acacia species grown under ambient and elevated atmospheric CO2

2000 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R Evans ◽  
Marcus Schortemeyer ◽  
Nola McFarlane ◽  
Owen K Atkin
Keyword(s):  
Electron Transport ◽  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Co2 Assimilation ◽  
Photosynthetic Characteristics ◽  
Assimilation Rate ◽  
Co2 Assimilation Rate ◽  
Acacia Species ◽  
Net Assimilation ◽  
Co2 Treatment

Ten contrasting Acacia species were grown in glasshouses with normal ambient CO2 or ele-vated to 700 µL L–1. Plants were grown in sand with a complete nutrient solution, including 5 mМ nitrate. Our objective was to determine the degree to which photosynthesis, and the efficiency of nitrogen and water use, were affected by growth under elevated CO2 in contrasting plant species that differ in specific foliage area (foliage area per unit foliage dry mass). Photosynthetic characteristics were measured at several stages. Growth and measurement of gas exchange under 700 mL L–1 CO2 resulted in enhanced rates of CO2 assimilation per unit foliage area in nine of the species. The degree of enhancement was independent of specific foliage area. The exception was the slow-growing A. aneura, which had lower rates of CO2 assimilation when grown and measured at 700 µL L–1 CO2 compared to plants grown and measured at 350 µL L–1 CO2, at 50, 78 and 93 d after transplanting. Leaf conductance was reduced by growth in elevated CO2 in only six of the species. Overall, elevated CO2 improved the ratio of CO2 assimi-lation to conductance by 78% and increased CO2 assimilation per unit of foliage nitrogen by 30% at a given specific foliage area. Detailed study of A. saligna and A. aneura revealed that the effects of the CO2 treatment were similarly evident on all fully expanded phyllodes, regardless of their age. Intercellular CO2 response curves were analysed on four species and revealed no change in the ratio of electron transport to Rubisco activities. However, for A. aneura and A. melanoxylon, both electron transport and Rubisco activities were reduced per unit foliage nitrogen, by growth under elevated CO2 . For A. saligna and A. implexa, these activities per unit nitrogen, were not altered by the elevated CO2 treatment. To relate CO2 assimilation rates to net assimilation rates (dry matter increment per unit foliage area per day) derived from growth analysis, between 30 and 50% of daily photosynthesis appeared to be consumed in respiration. This proportion was not altered by CO2 treatment for seven of the Acacia species, but appeared to be reduced in the other three. The increase in CO2 assimilation rate by growth under 700 com-pared to 350 µL L–1 CO2 that was measured (26%, mean of all species from two surveys), matched the increase in net assimilation rate that had been derived from destructive sampling (30%). We conclude that the increase in CO2 assimilation rate in the selected Acacia species was independent of species, growth rate and foliage area per unit foliage dry mass.

Biotechnological Implication with Azolla pinnata R.Br. for Metal Quenching Ability with Physiological Biomarkers.

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arnab Kumar De ◽  
Narottam Dey ◽  
Malay Kumar Adak
Keyword(s):  
Higher Plants ◽  
Lead Toxicity ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Azolla Pinnata ◽  
Concentration Dependent Manner ◽  
Aquatic Fern ◽  
Enzymatic Cascades ◽  
Net Assimilation

<p>The present paper holds the accountability of an aquatic fern R.Br. for biotechnological implication. Azolla pinnata In an artificial<br />laboratory condition Azolla plants responded well in hyper accumulation of lead in a concentration dependent manner however, within a<br />threshold value. In accompany with metal bioaccumulation plants responded a regulated growth performances with relative growth rate<br />(RGR) and net assimilation rate (NAR). The plants responded well with a chemical elicitors like polyamine in response to metal<br />quenching ability. At the cellular level the phytotoxicity of the plant is mitigated by both non-enzymatic and enzymatic cascades. It is an<br />advantage of the plants to down regulate reactive oxygen species (ROS) - superoxide (O ) and peroxide (H O ) in a moderate level as 2 2 2<br />-<br />compare to higher plants and modulated with polyamine. The diversity in this species was also recorded for few gene expression related to<br />antioxidation. Fern under lead toxicity displayed well in protein polymorphism for peroxides with variations. The responses of this<br />species for metal hyper accumulation and over expressed physiological traits are discussed in light of phytoremidiation.<br />Keywords: Azolla; Heavy Metals; Oxidative Stress; Antioxidative enzymes; Polyamine</p><p> </p><p><span>DOI: </span><a id="pub-id::doi" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.21756/cba.v1i1.10960">http://dx.doi.org/10.21756/cba.v1i1.10960</a></p>

scholarly journals Crescimento de crambe na presença ou ausência de competição interespecífica

Revista CERES ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 460-468 ◽  
Author(s):  
Germani Concenço ◽  
Luiz Alberto Staut ◽  
Igor Vinicius Talhari Correia ◽  
Luiz Carlos Yamamoto Vieira ◽  
César José da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Net Assimilation Rate ◽  
Assimilation Rate ◽  
Mass Ratio ◽  
Leaf Mass ◽  
Leaf Mass Ratio ◽  
Leaf Area Duration ◽  
Net Assimilation

RESUMOCrambe (Crambe abyssinica) has a cropping cycle of around 90 days, being suitable as an alternative to the second grain crop planted after soybean is harvested in the Center West region of Brazil. It is necessary to understand the growth and development dynamics of crambe plants in order to allow correct management of the production factors. This study aimed to describe the growth and development parameters of crambe plants under presence or absence of interspecific competition. The experiment was installed in the fall-winter 2011 in an Oxisoil, in completely randomized blocks design with three replications. Treatments comprised crambe plants growing either in presence or absence of interspecific simulated competition, throughout the cropping cycle. Plants were collected for the growth analysis every 15 days from harvest until 75 days after emergence. Growth parameters leaf area (AF), dry mass of stems/culms (MSC), leaves (MSF) and total (MST) dry mass, leaf area index (IAF), absolute (TCA) and relative (TCR) growth rates, net assimilation rate (TAL), specific leaf area (AFE), leaf area duration (DAF), leaf area ratio (RAF) and leaf mass ratio (RMF) were determined for the crop plants, subjected or not to competition, as well as for the simulated competitor. Crambe is a low competitive crop, being the competition more severe until 60-70 days after emergence. Besides, crop performance under field conditions was properly described by the net assimilation rate (TAL), which is also affected by the leaf area duration (DAF) and leaf mass ratio (RMF).

Miscanthus × giganteus Response to Preemergence and Postemergence Herbicides

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 453-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric K. Anderson ◽  
Thomas B. Voigt ◽  
Germán A. Bollero ◽  
Aaron G. Hager
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Significant Activity ◽  
Bioenergy Feedstock ◽  
Greenhouse Experiments ◽  
Field Corn ◽  
Broadleaf Species

Miscanthus is a perennial rhizomatous C4 grass being evaluated in the United States as a potential bioenergy feedstock. Weed control during the first two growing seasons is essential for successful establishment. No herbicides are currently labeled for use in Miscanthus grown for biomass, but herbicides used on field corn might be safe to Miscanthus. Greenhouse experiments were conducted in 2007 and 2008 to evaluate the response of Miscanthus to numerous preemergence (PRE) and postemergence (POST) herbicides. Herbicides with activity only on broadleaf species, whether PRE or POST, did not exhibit injury or reduce Miscanthus biomass. Several herbicides, particularly those with significant activity on grass species, exhibited injury ranging from 6 to 71% (scale of 0 to 100) and/or reduced Miscanthus dry mass by 33 to 78%, especially at the highest rates applied. Field experiments were conducted in 2008 and 2009 with a selection of the herbicides used in the greenhouse experiments to evaluate the response of Miscanthus to herbicides applied PRE, POST and PRE followed by POST. Results from the field experiments generally confirmed those from the greenhouse experiments. PRE herbicides and herbicides with broadleaf-specific activity generally did not produce significant injury or reduce aboveground biomass while herbicides with grass activity tended to cause injury ranging from 22 to 25% and/or reduce biomass by 69 to 78%. With some exceptions, results support prior suppositions that herbicides used in corn are safe to use on Miscanthus and may provide potential herbicide options that growers can use when establishing Miscanthus.

Nitrogen fertilization of trembling aspen seedlings grown on soils of different pH

2003 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 552-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annie DesRochers ◽  
R van den Driessche ◽  
Barb R Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Populus Tremuloides ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Carbon Isotope Ratio ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
N Source ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Net Assimilation ◽  
B Uptake ◽  
Selection Of

Seedlings from three open-pollinated aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) families were grown in a greenhouse with four nitrogen (N) sources, each at two N levels and three pH levels. Nitrogen sources were ammonium sulfate ((NH4)2SO4), calcium nitrate (Ca(NO3)2), ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3), and urea ((NH2)2CO); N levels were 50 and 200 mg·L–1 (100-mL aliquots three times per week); and pH levels were 5, 6, and 7. Shoot dry mass and leaf area increased with pH in (NH4)2SO4 and (NH2)2CO treatments, but were greatest at pH 6 in the NH4NO3 and Ca(NO3)2 treatments as a result of a pH × N source interaction. N level was directly related to growth, net assimilation, water-use efficiency, and leaf carbon isotope ratio, while N source had no effect on these parameters. Seedlings from families 2 and 3 grew larger than seedlings from family 1, which allocated relatively more dry matter to roots. Growth of the three families interacted with soil pH so that family 1 was largest at pH 7, but families 2 and 3 were largest at pH 6. Seedling boron (B) uptake was reduced by increasing pH and by the Ca(NO3)2 fertilizer. These results were interpreted to show that although the three families seemed well adapted to all the N and pH conditions to which they were exposed, growth could be increased by selection of a fertilizer most suitable to the pH and availability of other nutrients in the soil.

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