scholarly journals The antioxidant defense system in Chinese jujube is triggered to cope with phytoplasma invasion

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (10) ◽  
pp. 1437-1449
Author(s):  
Chaoling Xue ◽  
Zhiguo Liu ◽  
Lihu Wang ◽  
Hongtai Li ◽  
Weilin Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Defense ◽  
Antioxidant Defense System ◽  
Susceptible Variety ◽  
Resistant Variety ◽  
Enzymatic Antioxidants ◽  
Defense System ◽  
Chinese Jujube ◽  
Glutathione S Transferase ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Broom Disease

Abstract Reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plants increase dramatically under pathogen attack, and the antioxidant defense system is then triggered to protect the plant against the ROS. Jujube witches’ broom disease (JWB), caused by phytoplasma, is a destructive disease of Chinese jujube. The results of fluorescence-based measurement revealed that ROS were overproduced within jujube leaves after phytoplasma invasion. Furthermore, analysis based on mRNA and metabolite levels revealed that ascorbic acid (AsA) metabolism was strengthened under phytoplasma stress. The high expression of genes involved in the AsA/glutathione (GSH) cycle and thioredoxin (Trx) synthesis in diseased leaves indicated that GSH and Trx actively respond to phytoplasma infection. Moreover, higher activities of enzymatic antioxidants and the upregulated expression of related genes were confirmed in diseased tissues. Both nonenzymatic and enzymatic antioxidants in the host jujube were strongly stimulated to cope with ROS caused by phytoplasma stress. Compared with that in the susceptible variety, the activities of glutathione S-transferase and peroxidase in the resistant variety at the earlier infection stage were higher, indicating that enzymes might be involved in the resistance to phytoplasma. These results highlight the roles of the antioxidant defense system of the host plant in the tolerance to phytoplasma invasion.

scholarly journals Tylosin Inhibited Growth of Chlorella Vulgaris and Raphidocelis Subcapitata by Inducing Oxidative Stress

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denglong Lu ◽  
Zhihua Ma ◽  
Jianglin Peng ◽  
Yibo Zhang ◽  
Shan Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Chlorella Vulgaris ◽  
Antioxidant Defense ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Antioxidant Defense System ◽  
Enzymatic Antioxidants ◽  
Defense System ◽  
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers ◽  
Test Species ◽  
Raphidocelis Subcapitata

Abstract Two model algae Chlorella vulgaris (C. vulgaris) and Raphidocelis subcapitata (R. subcapitata) were generally used to test chemicals with antimicrobial properties during registration process. However, it has been reported that significant sensitivity difference in two algae when exposure to antibiotics. Furthermore, the selection of an appropriate test species play a vital role in evaluate of environmental hazards and risks of compounds. Since the balance between oxidative stress and antioxidant is a crucial factor on alga growth. This experiment is performed to investigate the working of oxidative stress and mechanism of antioxidant defense system of algae under antibiotic stress. A series of concentration of Tylosin (TYN), a macrolide antibiotic, were used to test in this study. Oxidative stress biomarkers (Malondialdehyde (MDA)), non-enzymatic antioxidants (Reduced glutathione (GSH)), antioxidant enzymes (Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), Glutathione Peroxidase (GP), Glutathione S-transferase (GST)) and photosynthetic pigments were measured to investigate antioxidant defense system. R. subcapitata was significantly inhibited with increasing concentration of TYN, whereas no effects on C. vulgaris. The contents of MDA increased significantly when species were inhibited, and thus, activating the antioxidant system, companying with the significantly increasing of SOD and CAT.

scholarly journals Elevated Temperature and Exposure to Copper Leads to Changes in the Antioxidant Defense System of the Reef-Building Coral Mussismilia harttii

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliana da Silva Fonseca ◽  
Laura Fernandes de Barros Marangoni ◽  
Joseane Aparecida Marques ◽  
Adalto Bianchini
Keyword(s):  
Elevated Temperature ◽  
Antioxidant Defense ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Antioxidant Defense System ◽  
Short Exposure ◽  
Defense System ◽  
Glutathione S Transferase ◽  
Glutamate Cysteine Ligase ◽  
Defense Proteins ◽  
Activity Of Enzymes

The frequency and severity of coral bleaching events have increased in recent years. Global warming and contamination are primarily responsible for triggering these responses in corals. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the isolated and combined effects of elevated temperature and exposure to copper (Cu) on responses of the antioxidant defense system of coral Mussismilia harttii. In a marine mesocosm, fragments of the coral were exposed to three temperatures (25.0, 26.6, and 27.3°C) and three concentrations of Cu (2.9, 5.4, and 8.6 μg/L) for up to 12 days. Levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) and the activity of enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL), were evaluated on the corals and symbionts. The short exposure to isolated and combined stressors caused a reduction in GSH levels and inhibition of the activity of antioxidant enzymes. After prolonged exposure, the combination of stressors continued to reduce GSH levels and SOD, CAT, and GCL activity in symbionts and GST activity in host corals. GCL activity was the parameter most affected by stressors, remaining inhibited after 12-days exposure. Interesting that long-term exposure to stressors stimulated antioxidant defense proteins in M. harttii, demonstrating a counteracting response that may beneficiate the oxidative state. These results, combined with other studies already published suggest that the antioxidant system should be further studied in order to understand the mechanisms of tolerance of South Atlantic reefs.

scholarly journals Changes in GSH-antioxidant system induced by daunorubicin in human normal and diabetic fibroblasts.

2003 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 825-835 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Zatorska ◽  
Janusz Maszewski ◽  
Zofia Jóźwiak
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Defense ◽  
Reductase Activity ◽  
Human Fibroblasts ◽  
Antioxidant Defense System ◽  
Free Medium ◽  
Defense System ◽  
Glutathione S Transferase ◽  
Total Glutathione ◽  
Glutathione Reductase Activity ◽  
Drug Free

We investigated the effect of daunorubicin on glutathione content and activity of GSH-related enzymes in cultured normal and diabetic human fibroblasts. Cells were incubated with 4 microM daunorubicin (DNR) for 2 h followed by culture in drug-free medium for up to 72 h. Treatment of diabetic cells with the drug caused a time-dependent depletion of intracellular GSH and a decrease of the GSH to total glutathione ratio. GSH depletion was accompanied by apoptotic changes in morphology of the nucleus. Analysis of GSH-related enzymes showed a significant increase of the activities of Se-dependent and Se-independent peroxidases and glutathione S-transferase. In contrast, glutathione reductase activity was reduced by 50%. Significant differences between normal and diabetic cells exposed to DNR were observed in the level of GST and Se-dependent glutathione peroxidase activities. These findings indicated that daunorubicin efficiently affects the GSH antioxidant defense system both in normal and diabetic fibroblasts leading to disturbances in glutathione content as well as in the activity of GSH-related enzymes.

scholarly journals Characteristics of lipid peroxidation processes and factors of the antioxidant defense system in chronic atrophic gastritis and gastric cancer

2022 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 63-70
Author(s):  
O. V. Smirnova ◽  
V. V. Tsukanov ◽  
A. A. Sinyakov ◽  
O. L. Moskalenko ◽  
N. G. Elmanova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Gastric Cancer ◽  
Lipid Peroxidation ◽  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Glutathione Peroxidase ◽  
Antioxidant Defense ◽  
Antioxidant Defense System ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Defense System ◽  
Glutathione S Transferase

Background. The problem of gastric cancer remains unresolved throughout the world, while chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG) increases the likelihood of its development by 15 times. In the Russian Federation, the incidence of gastric cancer (GC) is among the highest, with it prevailing among males. One of the leading mechanisms in molecular pathology of membranes is lipid peroxidation (LPO). The severity of oxidative membrane damage depends on concomitant diseases, contributing to emergence and progression of pathological processes and development of cancer. Currently, the problem of LPO is unsolved in biological systems.The aim of this study was to investigate the state of LPO and antioxidant defense system in CAG and GC. Materials and methods. The parameters were studied in 45 patients with CAG and 50 patients with GC. The control group included 50 practically healthy volunteers without gastrointestinal complaints, who did not have changes in the gastric mucosa according to the fibroesophagogastroduodenoscopy (FEGDS) findings.Results. In patients with CAG, an increase in malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione S-transferase, and glutathione peroxidase was found in the blood plasma compared with the control group. In patients with CAG, lipid peroxidation was activated, and the malondialdehyde level increased by 3.5 times relative to normal values. At the same time, the body fought against oxidative stress by increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione S-transferase, and glutathione peroxidase. All patients with GC showed pronounced oxidative stress in the blood plasma in the form of a 45-fold increase in malondialdehyde. The activity of the main antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase was reduced in GC. Catalase was activated, which indicated pronounced oxidative stress, significant damage to blood vessels, and massive cell death. Glutathione-related enzymes (glutathione S-transferase and glutathione peroxidase) and the antioxidant protein ceruloplasmin were activated, which also indicated significant oxidative stress and severe intoxication in patients with GC.Conclusion. Depending on the stage and type of cancer, an in-depth study of lipid peroxidation and factors of the antioxidant defense system can be used to correct therapy and prevent cancer and can serve as markers of progression and prognosis in gastric cancer. 

Oxidative Stress in the Early Stage of Psychosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ventriglio Antonio ◽  
Bellomo Antonello ◽  
Favale Donato ◽  
Bonfitto Iris ◽  
Vitrani Giovanna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Negative Symptoms ◽  
Antioxidant Defense ◽  
Psychotic Disorders ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Antioxidant Defense System ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
First Episode ◽  
Enzymatic Antioxidants ◽  
Defense System

Background: In the past few decades, increasing evidence in the literature has appeared describing the role of the antioxidant defense system and redox signaling in the multifactorial pathophysiology of psychosis. It is of interest to clinicians and researchers alike that abnormalities of the antioxidant defense system are associated with alterations of cellular membranes, immune functions and neurotransmission, all of which have some clinical implications. Methods: This narrative review summarizes the evidence regarding oxidative stress in the early stages of psychosis. We included 136 peer-reviewed articles published from 2007 to 2020 on PubMed EMBASE, The Cochrane Library and Google Scholar. Results: Patients affected by psychotic disorders show a decreased level of non-enzymatic antioxidants, an increased level of lipid peroxides, nitric oxides, and a homeostatic imbalance of purine catabolism. In particular, a significantly reduced antioxidant defense has been described in the early onset first episode of psychosis, including reduced levels of glutathione. Also, it has been shown that a decreased basal low -antioxidant capacity correlates with cognitive deficits and negative symptoms, mostly related to glutamate-receptor hypofunction. In addition, atypical antipsychotic drugs seem to show significant antioxidant activity. These factors are critical in order to treat cases of first-onset psychosis effectively. Conclusion: This systematic review indicates the importance that must be given to anti-oxidant defense systems.

Assessment of Hepatic Antioxidant Parameters in Zebrafish upon Exposure to Urban River Water

2014 ◽  
Vol 955-959 ◽  
pp. 936-940
Author(s):  
Chen Yuan Pan ◽  
Ming Yang ◽  
Xiang Jie Lei ◽  
Shuai Liu ◽  
Ming Hong Wu
Keyword(s):  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
River Water ◽  
Antioxidant Defense ◽  
Antioxidant Defense System ◽  
Urban River ◽  
Environmental Estrogens ◽  
Defense System ◽  
Glutathione S Transferase ◽  
Antioxidant Parameters

The present study aims to evaluate the adverse effects of contaminated urban river water on fish. Hepatic antioxidant parameters, including the activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione S-transferase, as well as glutathione content, were significantly inhibited in zebrafish upon 14-d exposure to urban river water sampled from Shanghai, China, which was determined to be potentially contaminated by environmental estrogens (EEs) using the yeast estrogen screen bioassay. However, using estradiol as an estrogen standard for exposure, our results did not show a direct correlation between EE contamination and impairment of the antioxidant defense system of fish.

scholarly journals Effect of chronic cadmium exposure on antioxidant defense system in some tissues of rats: protective effect of selenium

2008 ◽  
pp. 403-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
BI Ognjanović ◽  
SD Marković ◽  
SZ Pavlović ◽  
RV Žikić ◽  
AŠ Štajn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Lipid Peroxidation ◽  
Protective Effect ◽  
Antioxidant Defense ◽  
Antioxidant Defense System ◽  
Significant Decline ◽  
Defense System ◽  
Glutathione S Transferase ◽  
Cd Exposure ◽  
Vit C

The effects of selenium (Se) on antioxidant defense system in liver and kidneys of rats with cadmium (Cd)-induced toxicity were examined. Cd exposure (15 mg Cd/kg b.m./day as CdCl2 for 4 weeks) resulted in increased lipid peroxidation (LP) in both organs (p<0.005 and p<0.01). Vitamin C (Vit C) was decreased in the liver (p<0.005), whereas vitamin E (Vit E) was increased in the liver and kidneys (p<0.005 and p<0.05) of Cd-exposed animals. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities were decreased in both tissues (p<0.05 and p<0.005), whereas catalase (CAT) activity was decreased only in liver (p<0.005). Glutathione S-transferase (GST) increased in both tissues (p<0.005 and p<0.01). Treatment with Se (0.5 mg Se/kg b.m./day as Na2SeO3 for 4 weeks) significantly increased liver and kidneys SOD and GSH-Px activities (p<0.05 to p<0.005), as well as CAT and GST activities only in the liver (p<0.01). In animals exposed to Se, both the concentrations of Vit C (p<0.01) and Vit E (p<0.005) were increased in both tissues. Co-treatment with Se resulted in reversal of oxidative stress with significant decline in analyzed tissues Cd burden. Our results show that Se may ameliorate Cd-induced oxidative stress by decreasing LP and altering antioxidant defense system in rat liver and kidneys and that Se demonstrates the protective effect from cadmium-induced oxidative damage.

scholarly journals Enzymatic response of Macrobrachium jelskii (Miers, 1877) exposed to water from urban and rural rivers in Bahia, Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. e46010615638
Author(s):  
Thais Arrais Mota ◽  
Elissandra Ulbricht Winkaler ◽  
Guilherme de Oliveira ◽  
Sergio Schwarz da Rocha
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Antioxidant Defense ◽  
Sampling Site ◽  
Antioxidant Defense System ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Water Sampling ◽  
Defense System ◽  
Glutathione S Transferase ◽  
Rivers State ◽  
Dry And Rainy Seasons

Several biomarker enzymes such as catalase (CAT) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) can be used to measure oxidative stress in animals caused by exposure to xenobiotics. The objective of the present study was to characterize different points of the Capivari (CP1 and CP2), Paraguaçu (PG1 and PG2) and Subaé (SB1 and SB2) Rivers, state of Bahia, in relation to the presence of xenobiotics, using CAT and GST as bioindicators in M. jelskii. The water-sampling sites were considered urban or rural and in all of them signs of environmental degradation were observed. Therefore, acute exposure tests (96h) were performed with water samples collected during the dry and rainy seasons. Results showed that the activity of CAT and GST in prawns exposed to water from CP1 and CP2 were very similar, while those exposed to water from PG1, PG2, SB1 and SB2 formed distinct groups of data. Significant increase in the activity of at least one of the analyzed enzymes in each sampling site was observed, when compared to animals in the control group. This demonstrated a possible oxidative stress in M. jelskii caused by the presence of xenobiotics in the water (e.g., domestic sewage, pesticides, oil, and heavy metals). Enzymatic activities were higher in animals from experiments carried out in the rainy season, except for the CAT activity of animals exposed to water from Subaé River. This study demonstrated the potential of M. jelskii as bioindicator and contributed to the knowledge of aspects of the antioxidant defense system of this species.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document