Here comes the flood! Stress effects of continuous and interval waterlogging periods during the growing season on Scots pine saplings

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (7) ◽  
pp. 869-885 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timo Domisch ◽  
Ji Qian ◽  
Izabela Sondej ◽  
Françoise Martz ◽  
Tarja Lehto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Survival Probability ◽  
Electrical Impedance ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Carbon Allocation ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Hydraulic Conductance ◽  
Extreme Weather Events ◽  
Short Term

Abstract Future climate scenarios for the boreal zone project increasing temperatures and precipitation, as well as extreme weather events such as heavy rain during the growing season. This can result in more frequent short-term waterlogging (WL) leading to unfavorable conditions for tree roots. In addition, it is decisive whether short-term WL periods during the growing season occur continuously or periodically. We assessed the effects of short-termed WL on 4-year-old Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) saplings after shoot elongation started. Waterlogging (WL) lasted either continuously for 2.5 weeks (ContWL) or noncontinuously for 5 weeks, consisting of three repeated 1-week-interval WL periods (IntWL). Both treatments resulted in the same duration of soil anoxia. We studied soil gases, root and shoot growth and physiology, and root survival probability and longevity during the experiment. In the final harvest, we determined shoot and root biomass and hydraulic conductance and electrical impedance spectra of the root systems. Soil CO2 and CH4 concentrations increased immediately after WL onset and O2 decreased until anoxia. Waterlogging decreased fine root survival probability, but there was no difference between WL treatments. Shoot growth suffered more from ContWL and root growth more from IntWL. Needle concentrations of pinitol increased in the WL saplings, indicating stress. No WL effects were observed in photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence. Increased starch concentration in needles by WL may be due to damaged roots and thus a missing belowground sink. Electrical impedance indicated suffering of WL saplings, although root hydraulic conductance did not differ between the treatments. Oxidative stress of short-term and interval WL can have long-lasting effects on shoot and root growth and the physiology of Scots pine. We conclude that even short-term WL during the growing season is a stress factor, which will probably increase in the future and can affect carbon allocation and dynamics in boreal forests.

Some observations on the shoot growth of pine seedlings

1976 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 341-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Scots Pine ◽  
Shoot Apex ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Terminal Bud

Sequential observations in lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta Dougl.) and Scots pine (P. sylvestris L.) showed that the second season's shoot was not produced solely from stem units in the terminal resting bud as previously assumed. The stem units held in the rosette of primary needles surrounding the terminal bud elongated to form most of the second season's shoot. The terminal bud only contributed 29 to 54% of the stem units. There was a marked difference between an inland and a coastal provenance of lodgepole pine in the appearance of the shoot apex at the end of the first growing season.

Shoot morphology and shoot growth potential in 1-year-old Scots pine seedlings

1981 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 789-795 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Scots Pine ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Shoot Morphology ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Pine Seedlings

When seedlings of a single seed source of Scots pine (Pinussylvestris L.) were raised for 26 weeks in a naturally lit, heated greenhouse, two types of shoot morphology were observed. Type 1 was that normally found in 1-year-old seedlings. Type 2 had a shoot morphology similar to that of seedlings raised outdoors for two growing seasons. When compared with type 1 plants, type 2 plants had an earlier start to shoot elongation, set their buds earlier, and stopped shoot elongation sooner. After one growing season, type 2 plants were shorter, had fewer stem units for shoot elongation in the second season, but carried a greater foliage biomass than 1-year-old type plants. After two seasons they remained shorter. Thus, plant rearing practices which result in the production of seedlings with this type of shoot morphology arc undesirable.The relationship between early "budsct," shoot morphology, and plant height suggests that the proportion of seedlings with a 2-year-old shoot morphology after one growing season in a heated greenhouse may be used as an early test for height growth potential in seed origins and possibly in progenies of north temperate pine species.

scholarly journals Aluminium tolerance: a determinant factor to cowpea Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. (Fabales: Fabaceae) productivity

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (9) ◽  
pp. 105-113
Author(s):  
Foluso Ologundudu ◽  
Oluwatoyin Ajayi ◽  
Oluwaseun Ajayi ◽  
Idowu Ajani ◽  
Seun Oladipupo
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Vigna Unguiculata ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Carbon Allocation ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Aluminium Toxicity ◽  
Aluminium Tolerance ◽  
International Institute ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Top Soil

Alternative approach to mitigate the negative consequences of aluminium toxicity on cowpea Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. (Fabales: Fabaceae) productivity cannot be overemphasized. The effects of aluminium toxicity on some morphological parameters of five cowpea accessions were investigated with the aim of determining the threshold of tolerance for the crop. Five cowpea accessions were collected from the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria. The seedlings were raised in perforated plastic pots filled with 10 kg of top soil and treated till maturity with 50 µm, 100 µm, 200 µm of AlCl3 while those irrigated with tap water served as the control (0 µm). Variations were observed among accessions and treatments as plant height was accession dependent in contrast to stem girth, number of branches, root growth and shoot growth. Suppression of root growth among the accessions were attributed to more carbon allocation to the shoot at the expense of shoot growth leading to chlorosis, necrosis and reduced photosynthetic capacity among the accessions. Accession 5 was adjudged the best among the accessions based on the response to aluminium treatment. However, further research on the mechanism of tolerance especially at the molecular level is highly recommended.

Seasonal root growth of Scots pine seedlings in relation to shoot phenology, carbohydrate status, and nutrient supply

2001 ◽  
Vol 31 (9) ◽  
pp. 1569-1578 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Iivonen ◽  
R Rikala ◽  
E Vapaavuori
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Seasonal Pattern ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Nutrient Level ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Root Zone Temperature ◽  
Growth Rhythm

To ascertain whether the growth rhythm of roots differs from that of the shoot, the seasonal pattern of dry mass allocation was determined in 1-year-old Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings. Gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, and the dynamics of starch and soluble sugars were examined to understand the role of stored carbon and that of current photosynthates in meeting the sink demand of plant organs. In this growth-chamber experiment, hydroponic cultures supplied the seedlings with low (0.25 mM N) or high (2.5 mM N) nutrient level. The climatic conditions in the chamber simulated the weather conditions from May to mid-October in southern Finland. Root growth was most intense at the end of the growing season, at which time shoot growth slowed down. Nutrient level did not affect the growth rhythm of the roots, but the total production of root biomass was favoured by high level of nutrients. The response of root growth to root zone temperature (RZT) was not the same over the growing season, indicating that the sensitivity of root growth to RZT depends on the growth phase of the seedling. The growth rhythm of the roots is probably regulated by several internal and external factors and their interactions, including RZT and availability of photosynthates.

Patterns of gas exchange, photosynthate allocation, and root growth during a root growth capacity test

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 248-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Thompson ◽  
P. Puttonen
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Carbon Allocation ◽  
Leaf Conductance ◽  
Growth Capacity ◽  
Root Growth Capacity ◽  
Tracer Techniques ◽  
Net Assimilation

Shoot and root growth, net assimilation, leaf conductance and transpiration rates, and carbon allocation were measured on 1.5-year-old Scots pine (Pinussylvestris L.) and Norway spruce (Piceaabies (L.) Karst.) seedlings during a 28-day root growth capacity test. The aim was to determine whether current rates of assimilation, carbon allocation, or shoot growth were related to root growth during the test. Carbon allocation was determined using 14C tracer techniques by exposing the seedlings to, 14CO2 for 24 h, while gas exchange was measured with a LI-COR 6200 meter seven times during the 28-day test. Both species broke bud and displayed substantial root growth. However, the species displayed very different gas exchange and allocation patterns during the test period. In Scots pine, assimilation and leaf conductance increased to a peak at 14–21 days and then began to decrease. Norway spruce showed almost constant and low net assimilation rates and leaf conductance. In both species, the 14C fraction transported to the root increased throughout the 28-day test. Correlations between gas exchange and 14C allocation were insignificant. The correlation between 14C accumulation in roots and increase in number of new roots was significant starting on day 14 in pine and day 23 in spruce.

scholarly journals Growth Responses of Boreal Scots Pine, Norway Spruce and Silver Birch Seedlings to Simulated Climate Warming over Three Growing Seasons in a Controlled Field Experiment

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 943
Author(s):  
Katri Nissinen ◽  
Virpi Virjamo ◽  
Antti Kilpeläinen ◽  
Veli-Pekka Ikonen ◽  
Laura Pikkarainen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Root Biomass ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Silver Birch ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Simulated Climate ◽  
Shoot And Root Biomass

We studied the growth responses of boreal Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) and silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) seedlings to simulated climate warming of an average of 1.3 °C over the growing season in a controlled field experiment in central Finland. We had six replicate plots for elevated and ambient temperature for each tree species. The warming treatment lasted for the conifers for three growing seasons and for the birch two growing seasons. We measured the height and diameter growth of all the seedlings weekly during the growing season. The shoot and root biomass and their ratios were measured annually in one-third of seedlings harvested from each plot in autumn. After two growing seasons, the height, diameter and shoot biomass were 45%, 19% and 41% larger in silver birch seedlings under the warming treatment, but the root biomass was clearly less affected. After three growing seasons, the height, diameter, shoot and root biomass were under a warming treatment 39, 47, 189 and 113% greater in Scots pine, but the root:shoot ratio 29% lower, respectively. The corresponding responses of Norway spruce to warming were clearly smaller (e.g., shoot biomass 46% higher under a warming treatment). As a comparison, the relative response of height growth in silver birch was after two growing seasons equal to that measured in Scots pine after three growing seasons. Based on our findings, especially silver birch seedlings, but also Scots pine seedlings benefitted from warming, which should be taken into account in forest regeneration in the future.

scholarly journals Characterizing Growing Season Length of Subtropical Coniferous Forests with a Phenological Model

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 95
Author(s):  
Yuan Gong ◽  
Christina L. Staudhammer ◽  
Susanne Wiesner ◽  
Gregory Starr ◽  
Yinlong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Prescribed Fire ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Longleaf Pine ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Soil Water Availability ◽  
Future Climate Change ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Phenological Model

Understanding plant phenological change is of great concern in the context of global climate change. Phenological models can aid in understanding and predicting growing season changes and can be parameterized with gross primary production (GPP) estimated using the eddy covariance (EC) technique. This study used nine years of EC-derived GPP data from three mature subtropical longleaf pine forests in the southeastern United States with differing soil water holding capacity in combination with site-specific micrometeorological data to parameterize a photosynthesis-based phenological model. We evaluated how weather conditions and prescribed fire led to variation in the ecosystem phenological processes. The results suggest that soil water availability had an effect on phenology, and greater soil water availability was associated with a longer growing season (LOS). We also observed that prescribed fire, a common forest management activity in the region, had a limited impact on phenological processes. Dormant season fire had no significant effect on phenological processes by site, but we observed differences in the start of the growing season (SOS) between fire and non-fire years. Fire delayed SOS by 10 d ± 5 d (SE), and this effect was greater with higher soil water availability, extending SOS by 18 d on average. Fire was also associated with increased sensitivity of spring phenology to radiation and air temperature. We found that interannual climate change and periodic weather anomalies (flood, short-term drought, and long-term drought), controlled annual ecosystem phenological processes more than prescribed fire. When water availability increased following short-term summer drought, the growing season was extended. With future climate change, subtropical areas of the Southeastern US are expected to experience more frequent short-term droughts, which could shorten the region’s growing season and lead to a reduction in the longleaf pine ecosystem’s carbon sequestration capacity.

Sink strength of citrus rootstocks under water deficit

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simone F da Silva ◽  
Marcela T Miranda ◽  
Vladimir E Costa ◽  
Eduardo C Machado ◽  
Rafael V Ribeiro
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Carbon Allocation ◽  
Sink Strength ◽  
Rangpur Lime ◽  
Carbon Supply ◽  
Valencia Orange ◽  
Source Sink ◽  
Orange Trees

Abstract Carbon allocation between source and sink organs determines plant growth and is influenced by environmental conditions. Under water deficit, plant growth is inhibited before photosynthesis and shoot growth tends to be more sensitive than root growth. However, the modulation of source-sink relationship by rootstocks remain unsolved in citrus trees under water deficit. Citrus plants grafted on Rangpur lime are drought tolerant, which may be related to a fine coordination of the source-sink relationship for maintaining root growth. Here, we followed 13C allocation and evaluated physiological responses and growth of Valencia orange trees grafted on three citrus rootstocks (Rangpur lime, Swingle citrumelo and Sunki mandarin) under water deficit. As compared to plants on Swingle and Sunki rootstocks, ones grafted on Rangpur lime showed higher stomatal sensitivity to the initial variation of water availability and less accumulation of non-structural carbohydrates in roots under water deficit. High 13C allocation found in Rangpur lime roots indicates this rootstock has high sink demand associated with high root growth under water deficit. Our data suggest that Rangpur lime rootstock used photoassimilates as sources of energy and carbon skeletons for growing under drought, which is likely related to increases in root respiration. Taken together, our data revealed that carbon supply by leaves and delivery to roots are critical for maintaining root growth and improving drought tolerance, with citrus rootstocks showing differential sink strength under water deficit.

scholarly journals Seed mass effects on germination and growth of diverse European Scots pine populations

1994 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 306-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.B. Reich ◽  
J. Oleksyn ◽  
M.G. Tjoelker
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Relative Growth Rate ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Seed Mass ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Turkish Population ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Mass Effects

Seedlings of 24 European Scots pine (Pinussylvestris L.) populations were grown in controlled environment chambers under simulated photoperiodic conditions of 50 and 60°N latitude to evaluate the effect of seed mass on germination and seedling growth characteristics. Seeds of each population were classified into 1-mg mass classes, and the four classes per population with the highest frequencies were used. Photoperiod had minimal influence on seed mass effects. Overall, seed mass was positively related to the number of cotyledons and hypocotyl height. Populations differed significantly in seed mass effect on biomass. In northern populations (55–61°N), dry mass at the end of the first growing season was little affected by seed mass. However, dry mass in 9 of 15 central populations (54–48°N) and all southern (<45°N) populations correlated positively with seed mass. Relative growth rate was not related to seed mass within or across populations, and thus early growth is largely determined by seed mass. Relative growth rate also did not differ among populations, except for a geographically isolated Turkish population with the highest seed mass and lowest relative growth rate. After one growing season, height was positively correlated (r2 > 0.6) with seed mass in 15 populations. To check the duration of seed mass effects, height growth of 1- to 7-year-old field experiments established with the same seed lots were compared. Seed mass effects on height were strongest for 1-year-old seedlings and declined or disappeared by the age of 5–7 years among central and southern populations, but remained stable over that time in northern populations.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document