scholarly journals Genetic changes in beef cow traits following selection for calving ease

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary L Bennett ◽  
Richard M Thallman ◽  
Warren M Snelling ◽  
John W Keele ◽  
Harvey C Freetly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Production Systems ◽  
Breeding Value ◽  
Genetic Changes ◽  
Breeding Values ◽  
Beef Cow ◽  
Calving Ease ◽  
Selection History ◽  
Calf Survival ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Control

Abstract One approach to reducing calving difficulty is to select heifers with higher breeding value for calving ease. Calving ease is often associated with lower birth weight and that may result in other possible effects on lifetime productivity. Females from experimental select and control calving ease lines within each of the seven populations were compared. Random samples of 720 heifers from lines selected for better calving ease breeding values and 190 heifers from control lines selected for average birth weights were followed through four parities. Select and control lines within the same population were selected to achieve similar yearling weight breeding values. Weights of sampled heifers in select lines were 2.6 kg (P < 0.01) lighter at birth but not different from control lines at weaning. Select lines had significantly shorter hip height, lighter mature weight, and greater calving success at second parity. Their calves were born significantly earlier with lighter weights and less assistance. Significant interactions with parity showed fewer calves assisted and greater calf survival to weaning as heifers but negligible differences with control lines in later parities. Steer progeny sampled from these dams in select lines (n = 204) were not different from steers in control lines (n = 91) for hot carcass weight but had significantly greater fat depth. Two production systems were compared considering the seven populations as replicates. The systems differed in selection history of females (select and control lines) and the use of bulls within their lines as young cows, but used the same bulls in both lines as older cows. Cows were culled after single unsuccessful breeding and kept for up to four parities. Select line cows tended (P ≤ 0.10) to wean more calves and stay in the herd longer. They were assisted significantly fewer times at calving and had greater calf weight gain to weaning when evaluated over their herd life. Mature weights were lighter in select lines, but marketable cow weight from the systems was nearly identical. Control lines did have more marketable young cow weight and select lines older cow weight. Weaned calf weight per heifer starting the system was significantly greater for the select heifer system due to greater survival of calves from heifers and greater calving success at second parity. No important unfavorable effects of genetic differences in calving ease were identified in this experiment.

scholarly journals Gene Banks as Reservoirs to Detect Recent Selection: The Example of the Asturiana de los Valles Bovine Breed

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Boitard ◽  
Cyriel Paris ◽  
Natalia Sevane ◽  
Bertrand Servin ◽  
Kenza Bazi-Kabbaj ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Production Systems ◽  
Cattle Breed ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Gene Banks ◽  
Animal Genetic Resources ◽  
Selection History ◽  
History Of ◽  
Rich Information ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
Candidate Regions

Gene banks, framed within the efforts for conserving animal genetic resources to ensure the adaptability of livestock production systems to population growth, income, and climate change challenges, have emerged as invaluable resources for biodiversity and scientific research. Allele frequency trajectories over the few last generations contain rich information about the selection history of populations, which cannot be obtained from classical selection scan approaches based on present time data only. Here we apply a new statistical approach taking advantage of genomic time series and a state of the art statistic (nSL) based on present time data to disentangle both old and recent signatures of selection in the Asturiana de los Valles cattle breed. This local Spanish originally multipurpose breed native to Asturias has been selected for beef production over the last few generations. With the use of SNP chip and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data, we detect candidate regions under selection reflecting the effort of breeders to produce economically valuable beef individuals, e.g., by improving carcass and meat traits with genes such as MSTN, FLRT2, CRABP2, ZNF215, RBPMS2, OAZ2, or ZNF609, while maintaining the ability to thrive under a semi-intensive production system, with the selection of immune (GIMAP7, GIMAP4, GIMAP8, and TICAM1) or olfactory receptor (OR2D2, OR2D3, OR10A4, and 0R6A2) genes. This kind of information will allow us to take advantage of the invaluable resources provided by gene bank collections from local less competitive breeds, enabling the livestock industry to exploit the different mechanisms fine-tuned by natural and human-driven selection on different populations to improve productivity.

scholarly journals 19 Mature size and other trait differences in cows selected for calving ease and growth

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 22-23
Author(s):  
Gary L Bennett ◽  
John W Keele ◽  
R Mark Thallman ◽  
Warren M Snelling ◽  
Harvey C Freetly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Equal Opportunity ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
Average Birth Weight ◽  
Calving Ease ◽  
Calf Survival ◽  
Selection For ◽  
And Control ◽  
Calving Difficulty ◽  
Mature Size

Abstract Cows selected for heifer calving ease and yearling weight might also show changes in other important traits. Cattle from select and control lines within 7 populations were selected for reduced heifer calving difficulty EPD (select) or for average birth weight EPD (control) and for identical yearling weight EPD (select and control). Heifers randomly sampled within sire and born in the 4th and 5th of 7 years of selection were retained until 6 years of age with culling for once open and health, but not for other performance. Both lines were bred to the same bulls for calves born during the 3 years post-selection. Select line heifers were 7% lighter (-2.6 ± 0.5 kg, P < 0.01) at birth and not different at weaning (0.2 ± 1.5 kg) or yearling ages (-2.1 ± 2.7 kg). Select cow mature weights estimated by Brody growth curves were 5.2% lighter (-32.9 ± 3.7 kg, P < 0.01) and heights were 2.2% shorter (-3.0 ± 0.7 cm, P < 0.01) than controls. Calf weaning weights were not different. Interactions between 1st calving select (bred to select bulls) and control heifers (bred to control bulls) vs. older cows (all bred to the same bulls) were significant for survival (P < 0.01) and calving assistance (P = 0.03). Select line heifers increased calf survival (86.8% vs. 70.9%) and had decreased calving assistance (16.4% vs. 39.3%), but differences in cows for these traits were negligible. Calves born per select cow exposed exceeded those born per control cow only for 2nd calving (7.1%, P = 0.04), possibly due to reduced calving difficulty as heifers. Selection for calving ease and yearling weight resulted in cows with smaller mature size and similar or better calving ease, calf survival, and calf weaning weight. USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

Estimation of genetic differences between Mashona bulls from different production systems using an animal

1994 ◽  
Vol 122 (3) ◽  
pp. 459-463
Author(s):  
C. T. Khombe ◽  
J. F. Hayes ◽  
H. P. R. Tawonezvi ◽  
M. Khombe
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Genetic Differences ◽  
Breeding Value ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Indigenous Cattle ◽  
Smallholder Farms ◽  
Weaning Weight ◽  
Breeding Values ◽  
The Mean

SUMMARYThis paper reports genetic differences between 20 Mashona bulls from smallholder farms, 14 from Makoholi Research Station, three from commercial farms and two reference sires, in Zimbabwe. An animal model, fitted through the derivative free Restricted Maximum Likelihood program (DFREML), was used to analyse 707 birth weight and 623 weaning weight records. Both the mean breeding values of the reference sires and the ranch bulls were significantly (P < 0·05) higher than the mean breeding values of smallholder bulls for birth weight (by 1·6 and 1·7 kg, respectively) and weaning weight (by 10·4 and 11·0 kg, respectively). However, seven of the 20 bulls from smallholder farms were among the top 45% of bulls with high breeding values for both birth and weaning weight. The mean breeding value of bulls from Makoholi was not different from any of the other groups, for all traits studied. It was proposed that future efforts to form nucleus herds to improve the weaning weights of indigenous cattle should include the genetic pool in smallholder farms.

THE RISK FACTORS OF MOLAR PREGNANCY

2017 ◽  
pp. 53-58
Author(s):  
Lam Huong Le
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Gestational Trophoblastic Disease ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Uterine Perforation ◽  
Molar Pregnancy ◽  
Health It ◽  
Pregnancy Risk ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Control

Objectives: Molar pregnancy is the gestational trophoblastic disease and impact on the women’s health. It has several complications such as toxicity, infection, bleeding. Molar pregnancy also has high risk of choriocarcinoma which can be dead. Aim: To assess the risks of molar pregnancy. Materials and Methods: The case control study included 76 molar pregnancies and 228 pregnancies in control group at Hue Central Hospital. Results: The average age was 32.7 ± 6.7, the miximum age was 17 years old and the maximum was 46 years old. The history of abortion, miscarriage in molar group and control group acounted for 10.5% and 3.9% respectively, with the risk was higher 2.8 times; 95% CI = 1.1-7.7 (p<0.05). The history of molar pregnancy in molar pregnancy group was 9.2% and the molar pregnancy risk was 11.4 times higher than control group (95% CI = 2.3-56.4). The women having ≥ 4 times births accounted for 7.9% in molar group and 2.2% in control group, with the risk was higher 3.8 times, 95% CI= 1.1-12.9 (p<0.05). The molar risk of women < 20 and >40 years old in molar groups had 2.4 times higher than (95% CI = 1.1 to 5.2)h than control group. Low living standard was 7.9% in molar group and 1.3% in the control group with OR= 6.2; 95% CI= 1.5-25.6. Curettage twice accounted for 87.5%, there were 16 case need to curettage three times. There was no case of uterine perforation and infection after curettage. Conclusion: The high risk molar pregnancy women need a better management. Pregnant women should be antenatal cared regularly to dectect early molar pregnancy. It is nessecery to monitor and avoid the dangerous complications occuring during the pregnancy. Key words: Molar pregnancy, pregnancy women

Work and Technological Change

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen R. Barley
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Energy Transformation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Work And Organizations ◽  
Role Based ◽  
Control Technologies ◽  
And Control ◽  
Work And Employment

The four chapters of this book summarize the results of thirty-five years dedicated to studying how technologies change work and organizations. The first chapter places current developments in artificial intelligence into the historical context of previous technological revolutions by drawing on William Faunce’s argument that the history of technology is one of progressive automation of the four components of any production system: energy, transformation, and transfer and control technologies. The second chapter lays out a role-based theory of how technologies occasion changes in organizations. The third chapter tackles the issue of how to conceptualize a more thorough approach to assessing how intelligent technologies, such as artificial intelligence, can shape work and employment. The fourth chapter discusses what has been learned over the years about the fears that arise when one sets out to study technical work and technical workers and methods for controlling those fears.

Galileo Unbound

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
David D. Nolte
Keyword(s):  
Free Fall ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Quantum Field ◽  
Many Worlds ◽  
Quantum Particles ◽  
Light Rays ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Insight Into

Galileo Unbound: A Path Across Life, The Universe and Everything traces the journey that brought us from Galileo’s law of free fall to today’s geneticists measuring evolutionary drift, entangled quantum particles moving among many worlds, and our lives as trajectories traversing a health space with thousands of dimensions. Remarkably, common themes persist that predict the evolution of species as readily as the orbits of planets or the collapse of stars into black holes. This book tells the history of spaces of expanding dimension and increasing abstraction and how they continue today to give new insight into the physics of complex systems. Galileo published the first modern law of motion, the Law of Fall, that was ideal and simple, laying the foundation upon which Newton built the first theory of dynamics. Early in the twentieth century, geometry became the cause of motion rather than the result when Einstein envisioned the fabric of space-time warped by mass and energy, forcing light rays to bend past the Sun. Possibly more radical was Feynman’s dilemma of quantum particles taking all paths at once—setting the stage for the modern fields of quantum field theory and quantum computing. Yet as concepts of motion have evolved, one thing has remained constant, the need to track ever more complex changes and to capture their essence, to find patterns in the chaos as we try to predict and control our world.

Animal Pain Scales in Public Policy

1990 ◽  
Vol 18 (1_part_1) ◽  
pp. 41-50
Author(s):  
F. Barbara Orlans
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Animal Welfare ◽  
The United States ◽  
Pain Scale ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Animal Pain ◽  
Pain Scales ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Control

Pain scales classify the severity of pain inflicted on laboratory animals from little or none up to severe. A pain scale as part of public policy serves beneficial purposes that promote animal welfare. It can be used to educate people about the two alternatives of refinement and replacement, and the need to reduce animal pain. Furthermore, a pain scale has practical applications: 1) in review procedures for animal welfare concerns; 2) in developing policies on the use of animals in education; and 3) as a basis for collecting national data on animal experimentation, so that meaningful data can be collected on trends in reduction and control in animal pain. So far, only a few countries (including Sweden, the Netherlands, Canada and New Zealand) have adopted pain scales as part of their public policy. Most countries, including the United States, have not yet done so. The history of the development and adoption of pain scales by various countries is described and the case is presented for wider adoption of a pain scale in countries not currently using one.

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