scholarly journals The effects of long- or short-term increased feed allowance prior to first service on litter size in gilts

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas S Bruun ◽  
Julie K Bache ◽  
Charlotte Amdi
Keyword(s):  
Litter Size ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Feeding Strategy ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
The Other ◽  
Feeding Strategies ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Early Gestation ◽  
Pig Production ◽  
High Feed

Abstract Replacing stock is costly in any pig production. In addition, it takes time for young animals to reach the same level of productivity as more mature animals. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of long- or short-term increased feed allowance (covering the luteal and follicular phases) prior to service in the second estrus on first parity performance. In order to achieve this, altrenogest was used to synchronize the gilts cycle to allow a precise feeding strategy, and only gilts inseminated 0–10 d after altrenogest withdrawal were included in the study. Altrenogest was given at days 0–18 to control the luteal phase and, therefore, treatments covered different feeding strategies in either or both the luteal phase (days 0–18) and follicular phase (days 18–25). High feed allowance (H) was induced using 0.97 kg more feed per day compared to the low feed allowance (L) given 2.33 kg/d. Four feeding strategies, low–low (LL), high–high (HH), high–low (HL), and low–high (LH), were included. Once gilts had been inseminated, feed allowance was reduced to 2.23 kg/d to prevent the loss of embryos in early gestation. A tendency was observed between feeding strategy and backfat thickness before altrenogest treatment, showing that total born piglets were positively correlated to backfat in the LL and LH (no increased feed allowance or short-term increased feed allowance), treatments (P = 0.076), compared to when gilts had longer periods with high feed allowance (HH and HL). High feed allowance in the follicular phase (LH) tended to increase the number of total born piglets compared to the other groups (P = 0.069) when applied in the follicular phase of the second standing estrus after the gilts were given altrenogest. This would be equivalent to the last 5–7 d of a 21-d cycle in gilts. The three other feeding strategies, comprising either the luteal and follicular phases (HH) or the luteal phase (HL) or none (LL), did not increase litter size. The weight of the gilt when entering the insemination section also had an effect on total born piglets (P < 0.001) with an increase in litter size with increased weight of the sow, but no differences between treatments. In conclusion, the weight of the gilt had an influence on the total litter size and gilts with low backfat tended to respond more positively to a longer period with high feed allowance than fatter gilts.

scholarly journals Genome-Wide Analyses Reveal Genetic Convergence of Prolificacy between Goats and Sheep

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 480
Author(s):  
Lin Tao ◽  
Xiaoyun He ◽  
Yanting Jiang ◽  
Yufang Liu ◽  
Yina Ouyang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Litter Size ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Antigen Processing ◽  
Osteoclast Differentiation ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Comparative Genomic ◽  
Genome Replication ◽  
Viral Genome Replication ◽  
Transcriptomic Level

The litter size of domestic goats and sheep is an economically important trait that shows variation within breeds. Strenuous efforts have been made to understand the genetic mechanisms underlying prolificacy in goats and sheep. However, there has been a paucity of research on the genetic convergence of prolificacy between goats and sheep, which likely arose because of similar natural and artificial selection forces. Here, we performed comparative genomic and transcriptomic analyses to identify the genetic convergence of prolificacy between goats and sheep. By combining genomic and transcriptomic data for the first time, we identified this genetic convergence in (1) positively selected genes (CHST11 and SDCCAG8), (2) differentially expressed genes (SERPINA14, RSAD2, and PPIG at follicular phase, and IGF1, GPRIN3, LIPG, SLC7A11, and CHST15 at luteal phase), and (3) biological pathways (genomic level: osteoclast differentiation, ErbB signaling pathway, and relaxin signaling pathway; transcriptomic level: the regulation of viral genome replication at follicular phase, and protein kinase B signaling and antigen processing and presentation at luteal phase). These results indicated the potential physiological convergence and enhanced our understanding of the overlapping genetic makeup underlying litter size in goats and sheep.

Urinary melatonin, LH, oestradiol, progesterone excretion during the menstrual cycle or in women taking oral contraceptives

1987 ◽  
Vol 116 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jocelyne Brun ◽  
Bruno Claustrat ◽  
Michel David
Keyword(s):  
Oral Contraceptive ◽  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Oral Contraceptives ◽  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
The Other ◽  
Normal Women

Abstract. Nocturnal urinary excretion of melatonin, LH, progesterone and oestradiol was measured by radioimmunoassay in nine normal women during a complete cycle. In addition, these hormonal excretions were studied in two women taking an oral contraceptive. A high within-subject coefficient of variation was observed for melatonin excretion in the two groups. In the nine normal cycling women, melatonin excretion was not decreased at the time of ovulation, but was significantly increased during the luteal phase compared with that of the follicular phase (P < 0.01). These data are consistent with a positive relationship between melatonin and progesterone during the luteal phase. In the two women under an oral contraceptive, melatonin excretion was found within the same range as for the other nine. The results are discussed in terms of pineal investigation in human.

Development of the Technique of Oocyte Donation and Hormonal Replacement Therapy: is Oestrogen Really Necessary for the Establishment and Maintenance of Pregnancy?

1992 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 671 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Trounson
Keyword(s):  
Replacement Therapy ◽  
Embryo Transfer ◽  
Early Pregnancy ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Oocyte Donation ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
The Other ◽  
Normal Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Constant Dose ◽  
Sequential Regimen

The technique for oocyte donation to women with hypergonadotrophic hypogonadism was modelled on the requirements for ovarian steroid replacement therapy in ovariectomized ewes. In the sheep, it is apparent that a period of priming progesterone, follicular-phase oestrogen and luteal-phase progesterone is required to enable embryo development following embryo transfer; the timing of embryo transfer is governed by the actual dose of luteal-phase progesterone. The horse, on the other hand, requires only progesterone to establish a receptive uterus for transferred embryos. Although a sequential regimen of oestrogen and progesterone that mimics the hormonal profiles in a normal menstrual cycle is very efficient in effecting pregnancy by oocyte donation in women, much simpler regimens have been devised that produce a variable-length follicular phase by using a constant dose of oestrogen and a constant dose of progesterone for the luteal phase and early pregnancy. It is suggested that ovarian oestrogen is not essential for the luteal phase and early pregnancy, and may not even be required for the establishment of pregnancy. It is also apparent that progesterone replacement may cease before the luteoplacental shift is detected, without necessarily interrupting pregnancy, suggesting that local embryo or placenta-derived steroids may effectively maintain early pregnancy in the human.

The effect of oxytocin administration upon the pulsatile secretion of luteinizing hormone in humans

1989 ◽  
Vol 121 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet A. Amico ◽  
Donald W. Richardson ◽  
Stephen J. Winters
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
The Other ◽  
Healthy Men ◽  
Pulsatile Secretion ◽  
Oxytocin Infusion ◽  
Double Blinded ◽  
Lh Secretion ◽  
Synthetic Oxytocin

Abstract. The effect of iv administration of synthetic oxytocin upon the pulsatile pattern of LH secretion was studied in 5 healthy men and 10 healthy women. Five of the women were studied in the follicular phase of a menstrual cycle and the other 5 were studied in the luteal phase of a cycle. Synthetic oxytocin in 0.9% saline or saline alone was administered via continuous iv infusion for 8 h on 2 consecutive days. Infusions were administered using a double-blinded and radomized schedule. The rate of the oxytocin infusion commenced at 1 mU/min and was increased 1 mU/min every 40 min to a final rate of 12 mU/min. The plasma oxytocin concentration during oxytocin infusion ranged from 2–70 fmol/l. Blood for LH determination was sampled every 20 min in the 5 follicular phase women and every 10 min in the 5 men and 5 luteal phase women. The detect algorithm was used to analyze LH pulsatile secretion. Oxytocin infusion was without significant effect on mean LH, number of LH pulses, or area under the LH curve in men or women studied for the period of observation. Thus it is unlikely that increases in plasma oxytocin regulate the pulsatile secretion of LH in humans.

Profiles of selected hormones during menstrual cycles of teenage athletes

1981 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 545-551 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Bonen ◽  
A. N. Belcastro ◽  
W. Y. Ling ◽  
A. A. Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Matched Control ◽  
Follicle Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
The Other ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Corpora Lutea ◽  
Adult Women ◽  
Matched Control Group ◽  
Menstrual Cycles

Concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), progesterone (P), 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone (17 alpha OHP), 17 beta-estradiol (E2), and prolactin (HPr) were monitored for one complete menstrual cycle in teenage swimmers, a gynecologically age-matched control group, and a group of fertile adult women. The swimmers experienced anovulatory menstrual cycles. The time from the LH surge to the onset of menses ("luteal" phase) was very short in the swimmers (4.5 +/- 0.6 days) in comparison with the lengths of these phases in the adults (13.4 +/- 1.7 days; P less than 0.05) and in the control group (7.8 +/- 3.0 days; P less than 0.05). In the follicular phase the swimmers' LH concentration was elevated and their FSH concentration was depressed in comparison with each of the other groups (P less than 0.05). Luteal phase FHS, P, E2, and 17 alpha OHP were also lower in the swimmers (P less than 0.05), as was HPr (0.05 greater than P less than 0.10). Gonadotropin concentrations and luteal phase P concentrations were not different (P greater than 0.05) in the adults and the control group. The present findings indicate that the corpora lutea in the swimmers were not functioning properly. It is likely that the swimmers' strenuous daily 2-4 h training regimen is implicated.

Indices of ovulation: comparison of plasma and salivary levels of progesterone with urinary pregnanediol

1984 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. G. Metcalf ◽  
J. J. Evans ◽  
J. A. Mackenzie
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
The Other ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Median Increase ◽  
Daily Excretion ◽  
Alternative Procedures ◽  
Biochemical Assessment

ABSTRACT An increased daily excretion of pregnanediol, relative to that early in the menstrual cycle, is often taken to be evidence that a woman has ovulated. This paper assesses the value of alternative procedures for this purpose. Urine, plasma and saliva samples were collected during a 24-h period from 20 women during the follicular phase and from 20 women during the luteal phase. The 24-h excretion of pregnanediol was compared with (1) the concentration of progesterone in plasma, (2) the concentration of progesterone in saliva, (3) the concentration of pregnanediol in small urine samples, (4) the rate of excretion of pregnanediol and (5) the ratio of pregnanediol to creatinine in small urine samples. Each analyte increased substantially during the luteal phase. The median increases (ratio of luteal to follicular phase values) were 14·8, 3·2, 10·6, 11·9 and 11·1 respectively. By comparison, the median increase in 24-h pregnanediol output was 9·2. When the other analytes were used instead of the 24-h excretion of pregnanediol to assess the possibility of ovulation, the incidence of misclassifications (follicular samples classed as luteal and luteal samples classed as follicular) was 0, 12·8, 5·9, 2·0 and 1·0% respectively. It was concluded that the most satisfactory alternative to the measurement of 24-h pregnanediol output for the biochemical assessment of ovulation based on progesterone production was the measurement of the concentration of progesterone in plasma; the least satisfactory alternative was determination of the concentration of progesterone in saliva. If blood was not available, measurement of the ratio of pregnanediol to creatinine in a small urine sample was the preferred method. J. Endocr. (1984) 100, 75–80

scholarly journals Differential Expression and Functional Analysis of CircRNA in the Ovaries of Low and High Fecundity Hanper Sheep

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1863
Author(s):  
Aiju Liu ◽  
Xiaoyong Chen ◽  
Menghe Liu ◽  
Limeng Zhang ◽  
Xiaofei Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Litter Size ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Follicular Development ◽  
Mapk Signaling ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
High Fecundity ◽  
Phase Versus

Litter size is a considerable quality that determines the production efficiency of mutton sheep. Therefore, revealing the molecular regulation of high and low fertility may aid the breeding process to develop new varieties of mutton sheep. CircRNAs are the important factors regulating follicular development, but their mechanism role in the regulation of litter size in Hanper sheep is not clear. In the present study, ovarian tissues from the follicular (F) or luteal phase (L) of Hanper sheep that were either consecutive monotocous (M) or polytocous were collected. Then, we performed transcriptome sequencing to screen for differentially expressed circRNAs (DE-circRNAs) and elucidate their function. In total, 4256 circRNA derived from 2184 host genes were identified in which 183 (146 were upregulated, while 37 were downregulated) were differentially expressed in monotocous sheep in the follicular phase versus polytocous sheep in the follicular phase (MF vs. PF). Moreover, 34 circRNAs (14 were upregulated, while 20 were downregulated) were differentially expressed in monotocous sheep in the luteal phase versus polytocous sheep in the luteal sheep (ML vs. PL). This was achieved through DE-circRNAs function enrichment annotation analysis by GESA, GO, and KEGG, which function through the EGF-EGFR-RAS-JNK, TGF-β and thyroid hormone signaling pathway to affect the litter size of Hanper sheep in MF vs. PF and ML vs. PL. STEM results showed that MAPK signaling pathways play a key role in MF vs. PF and ML vs. PL. Through WGCNA analysis, AKT3 was a core gene in MF vs. PF and ML vs. PL. Moreover, competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network analysis revealed the target binding sites for miRNA such as oar-miR-27a, oar-miR-16b, oar-miR-200a/b/c, oar-miR-181a, oar-miR-10a/b, and oar-miR-432 in the identified DE-cirRNAs.

scholarly journals Detection of Fertility Levels of Female Bawean Deer (Axis kuhlii) Based on Fecal Steroid Metabolic

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 84
Author(s):  
Mitha Ardila Rahmawati ◽  
Mas’ud Hariadi ◽  
Tjuk Imam Restiadi ◽  
Rimayanti Rimayanti ◽  
Tita Damayanti Lestari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
The Other ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Fertility Level ◽  
Fecal Steroid ◽  
Pregnancy Status

The aim of the study was to detect the fertility level of females Bawean deer (Axis kuhlii) through fecal steroid metabolic which were tested using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). The study used five females Bawean deer in Taman Flora Surabaya, which were marked using R1, R2, R3, R4, and R5 necklaces. The feces of each deer was collected on the 1st day, 6th day, 11th day, 16th day, and 21st day. The samples which were collected then extracted using the freeze dry method. Samples were tested using ELISA. The results of the measurement of the levels of fecal steroid metabolic  in five Bawean deers showed that three Bawean deer (R1, R4, and R5) were in the luteal or pregnant phase as indicated by the increased of progesterone from 1st day to 21st day. While the other two Bawean deer (R2 and R3) were in the follicular or estrous phase as indicated by the decreased of level of faecal steroid metabolic  on 11th day for deer R2 and 16th day for deer R3. The results showed that the levels of the fecal steroid metabolic can be used to determine the follicular phase and luteal phase and the pregnancy status of female Bawean deer.

Changes in the secretion of LH pulses, FSH and prolactin during the preovulatory phase of the oestrous cycle of the ewe and the influence of treatment with bovine follicular fluid during the luteal phase

1988 ◽  
Vol 116 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Wallace ◽  
G. B. Martin ◽  
A. S. McNeilly
Keyword(s):  
Follicular Fluid ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Pulse Amplitude ◽  
Pulse Frequency ◽  
Ovarian Follicles ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Oestrous Cycle ◽  
Ovulation Rate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lh Secretion

ABSTRACT It has previously been shown that treatment of ewes with bovine follicular fluid (bFF) throughout the luteal phase of the oestrous cycle lowers plasma levels of FSH but increases the frequency and amplitude of the pulses of LH. Under these conditions, ovarian follicles grow to a maximum diameter of 2·7 mm and have a reduced capacity to release oestradiol. We have examined the nature of the gonadotrophin signals controlling follicular development in the normally cycling ewe and have investigated the effects of previous exposure to bFF on these signals and the follicular responses to them. Control ewes (n = l) were injected i.v. with 9 ml bovine serum and treated ewes were injected with 9 ml bFF, twice daily from days 1 to 10 of the luteal phase (day 0 = oestrus). The ewes were injected with prostaglandin analogue on day 11 of the cycle to induce luteolysis and the gonadotrophin patterns were studied in blood sampled from these animals every 10 min for up to 72 h during the subsequent follicular phase. Following luteolysis (and the end of bFF treatment), LH pulse frequency increased rapidly in both groups and reached 1 pulse/h within 6 h. Thereafter, pulse frequency increased marginally and reached 1 pulse/50 min by the onset of the LH surge. This pattern was not affected by previous treatment with bFF. In the control ewes, the amplitude of the LH pulses did not change significantly following luteolysis or at any time during the follicular phase, while the levels of FSH declined slowly until the onset of the surge. In the treated ewes, on the other hand, there was an immediate increase in both LH pulse amplitude and the concentration of FSH immediately after the end of bFF treatment at luteolysis, and they remained above control levels for 24 and 16 h respectively. Plasma prolactin levels did not appear to change around the time of luteolysis but showed a marked and significant diurnal rhythm (nadir around noon and peak around midnight) in both groups. The concentrations of prolactin were significantly (P<0·001) lower and the preovulatory peak was delayed and reduced in the bFF-treated ewes relative to controls. The onset of oestrus was also significantly (P<0·01) delayed by bFF treatment, but the ovulation rates did not differ between the groups. Furthermore, comparisons within or between groups revealed no significant relationships between any of the variables of plasma LH secretion during the follicular phase and the subsequent ovulation rate. These observations provide a complete description of gonadotrophin patterns during the follicular phase of the ewe and confirm the suggestion that an increase in LH pulse frequency is the major driving force behind the follicular growth that ultimately leads to ovulation. On the other hand, it appears most unlikely that the pattern of LH secretion during the follicular phase has any influence on ovulation rate. The levels of FSH declined in the period leading up to the preovulatory surge, presumably as a consequence of rising peripheral levels of oestrogen (and/or inhibin). We also expected LH pulse amplitude to decline during the follicular phase because it has been proposed that pulse amplitude is also controlled by oestrogen. The absence of any significant fall in amplitude suggests that hypotheses about the control of LH secretion drawn from studies with ovariectomized ewes require further verification in the intact ewe. The effect of bFF on prolactin levels probably reflects the low rates of secretion of oestradiol by the small ovarian follicles in these ewes. J. Endocr. (1988) 116, 123–135

Undernutrition during early follicle development has irreversible effects on ovulation rate and embryos

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 886 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Y. Chen ◽  
P. Stott ◽  
R. Z. Athorn ◽  
E. G. Bouwman ◽  
P. Langendijk
Keyword(s):  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Antral Follicle ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Ovulation Rate ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
Follicle Development ◽  
High Feed ◽  
Irreversible Effects ◽  
Follicle Size

This study assessed carry-over effects of energy level during the early antral phase and subsequent follicular phase on follicle recruitment and ovulation rate. Gilts (n = 45) were fed a standard diet to a low (L, ~1.2 kg day–1) or high (H, ~2.7 kg day–1) level during the early antral (luteal) phase, and subsequently fed a H or L feed level during the follicular phase, resulting in four treatment groups (HH, HL, LH and LL). Follicle size at the end of the luteal phase was greater for gilts fed a high feed level previously (3.3 vs 3.0 mm; P < 0.05). During the follicular phase, high feeding increased follicle size at Day 5 (6.9 vs 6.2 mm; P < 0.005) and plasma oestradiol concentration (P < 0.05). Nevertheless, a low feed level during the luteal phase reduced ovulation rate (14.4 vs 13.2; P < 0.05) and embryo number (12.6 vs 10.5; P < 0.05), and this was not counteracted by feed level during the follicular phase. Plasma progesterone concentration after ovulation was lower for LL gilts than for other treatments (P < 0.05). These results indicate that undernutrition during early antral follicle development may have a residual effect on follicle recruitment and quality.

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