scholarly journals Growth performance and nutrient digestibility of growing and finishing pigs fed multienzyme-supplemented low-energy and -amino acid diets

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 602-615
Author(s):  
Kevin Jerez-Bogota ◽  
Cristian Sánchez ◽  
Jimena Ibagon ◽  
Maamer Jlali ◽  
Pierre Cozannet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Bone Mineralization ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Bone Ash ◽  
Diet Type

Abstract A study was conducted to determine the effects of supplementing corn–soybean meal-based diets with a multienzyme on growth performance, bone mineralization, apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients of growing pigs. A total of 276 pigs (body weight [BW] = 33.99 ± 4.3 kg) were housed by sex in 45 pens of 6 or 7 pigs and fed 5 diets (9 pens/diet) in a randomized complete block design. Diets were positive control (PC); and negative control 1 (NC1) or negative control 2 (NC2) without or with multienzyme. The multienzyme used supplied at least 1,800, 1,244, 6,600, and 1,000 units of xylanase, β-glucanase, arabinofuranosidase, and phytase per kilogram of diet, respectively. The PC diet was adequate in all nutrients according to NRC recommendations and had greater digestible P content than NC1 or NC2 diet by 0.134 percentage points. The PC diet had greater net energy (NE) and standardized ileal digestible amino acids (AA) content than NC1 diet by 3%, and than NC2 diet by 5%. The diets were fed in 4 phases based on BW: Phase 1: 34–50 kg; Phase 2: 50–75 kg; Phase 3: 75–100 kg; and Phase 4: 100–120 kg. Nutrient digestibility and bone mineralization were determined at the end of Phase 1. Overall (34–120 kg BW), pigs fed the PC and NC1 diets did not differ in average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake. Pigs fed NC2 diet had lower (P < 0.05) ADG and gain-to-feed ratio (G:F) than those fed PC diet. Pigs fed PC diet had greater (P < 0.05) bone ash content and ATTD of P than those fed NC1 diet. The ATTD of GE for PC diet was greater (P < 0.05) than that for NC2 diet, and tended to be greater (P < 0.10) than that for NC1 diet. Multienzyme interacted (P < 0.05) with negative control diet type on overall ADG and AID of GE such that multienzyme did not affect overall ADG and AID of GE for the NC1 diet, but increased (P < 0.05) overall ADG and AID of GE for NC2 diet by 5.09 and 8.74%, respectively. Multienzyme did not interact with negative control diet type on overall G:F, bone ash content, AID of AA, and ATTD of nutrients. Multienzyme increased (P < 0.05) overall G:F, AID of methionine, ATTD of GE and P, and tended to increase (P = 0.056) bone ash content. The ADG, bone ash content, and ATTD of GE and P for the multienzyme-supplemented diets were similar to (P > 0.10) PC diet. Thus, NE and digestible AA and P can be lowered by ≤5% in multienzyme-supplemented diets without effects on growth performance and bone ash of pigs.

scholarly journals Effects of a novel corn-expressed E. coli phytase on digestibility of calcium and phosphorous, growth performance, and bone ash in young growing pigs1

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (8) ◽  
pp. 3390-3398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laia Blavi ◽  
Cristhiam J Muñoz ◽  
Jonathan N Broomhead ◽  
Hans H Stein
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Left Femur ◽  
Bone Ash ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Total P

AbstractTwo experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that a corn-expressed phytase increases growth performance, bone measurements, and nutrient digestibility by young growing pigs, if added to diets that are deficient in Ca and P. In Exp. 1, 60 pigs (initial BW: 10.78 ± 0.67 kg) were randomly allotted to 6 dietary treatments that included a positive control diet (PC; 0.70% total Ca and 0.60% total P) and a negative control diet (NC; 0.50% total Ca and 0.42% total P). Four additional diets were formulated by supplementing the NC diet with 250, 500, 1,000, or 1,500 phytase units (FTU)/kg. Diets were fed for 28 d and the individual BW of pigs on days 1 and 28 were recorded. Fecal samples were collected from days 25 to 27 to calculate apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of Ca and P. On the last day of the experiment, all pigs were euthanized, and the left femur was removed and analyzed for ash, Ca, and P. Results indicated that growth performance, ATTD of Ca and P, and bone ash measurements were reduced (P < 0.05) in NC fed pigs compared with PC fed pigs. However, growth performance, ATTD of Ca and P, and bone ash measurements were improved (linear and quadratic, P < 0.05) by including increasing concentrations of phytase to the NC diet. In Exp. 2, experimental procedures were similar to those used in Exp. 1. Forty-eight pigs (initial BW: 11.15 ± 0.85 kg) were randomly allotted to 6 dietary treatments in a 28-d experiment. Treatments included a PC diet, an NC diet, and 4 diets in which 500 or 1,000 FTU/kg of either the corn-expressed phytase or a commercial microbial phytase were added to the NC diet. Pigs fed the NC diet had reduced (P < 0.01) final BW, ADG, G:F, and bone ash concentrations compared with pigs fed the PC diet. When 500 FTU/kg phytase was fed, no differences were observed in growth performance or bone ash measurements between phytase sources, and there were no differences in growth performance among pigs fed 1,000 FTU/kg of either phytase source or the PC diet. However, regardless of concentration or source of phytase, pigs fed the PC diet had greater (P < 0.001) amount of bone ash, bone Ca, and bone P compared with pigs fed phytase diets. In conclusion, the corn-expressed phytase is effective in improving growth performance, Ca and P digestibility, and bone measurements in pigs fed diets that are deficient in Ca and P.

scholarly journals 123 Growth performance and nutrient digestibility of multi-enzyme-supplemented low-energy and -amino acid diets for growing and finishing pigs

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 69-70
Author(s):  
Kevin S Jerez Bogota ◽  
Christian Sanchez ◽  
Jimena Ibagon ◽  
Maamer Jlali ◽  
Pierre Cozannet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
P Content ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design

Abstract Objective was to determine the effects of supplementing corn-soybean meal-based diets with a multi-enzyme on growth performance and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients in growing pigs. A total of 276 pigs (BW = 33.99 ± 4.3 kg) were housed by sex in 45 pens of 6 or 7 pigs and fed 5 diets (9 pens/diet) in a randomized complete block design. Diets were positive control (PC); and negative control 1 (NC1) or negative control 2 (NC2) without or with multi-enzyme. The multi-enzyme used supplied at least 1,250, 860, 4,600, and 1,000 units of xylanase, β-glucanase, arabinofuranosidase and phytase per kilogram of diet, respectively. The PC was adequate in all nutrients according to NRC (2012) recommendations and had greater digestible P content than NC1 diet or NC2 diet by 0.134 percentage points. The NC1 diet had lower NE and digestible AA content than PC diet by 3%. The NC2 diet had lower NE and digestible AA content than PC diet by 5%. The diets were fed in 4 phases based on BW; Phase 1: 34–50 kg, Phase 2: 50–75 kg, Phase 3: 75–100 kg, and Phase 4: 100–120 kg. Nutrient digestibility was determined at the end of Phase 1. Overall (34–120 kg BW), pigs fed the PC and NC1 diets did not differ in ADG and ADFI. Pigs fed NC2 diet had lower (PPPP > 0.10). Supplemental multi-enzyme increased (P = 0.047) the ATTD of GE for NC2 diet. In conclusion, the NE and digestible AA and P can be lowered by ≤ 5% in multi-enzyme-supplemented diets without effects on growth performance pigs.

474 Comparison Between Copper Sulfate and Dicopper Oxide on Body Weight and Copper Accumulation on Growing Pigs

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 210-211
Author(s):  
Laia Blavi ◽  
David Solà-Oriol ◽  
Alessandra Monteiro ◽  
José Francisco Perez ◽  
Hans-Henrik H Stein
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Bone Mineralization ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Copper Accumulation ◽  
Cu Accumulation ◽  
Bone Ash ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Therapeutic Doses

Abstract There are several Cu sources in the market that have different effects on pigs. We hypothesized that supplementing therapeutic doses of Cu(I)oxide (Cu2O) in diets for growing pigs improves body weight (BW), bone mineralization, and reduces Cu accumulation in liver than supplementing pigs with Cu sulfate (CuSO4). Two-hundred growing pigs (initial BW: 11.5 ± 0.98 kg) were randomly allotted to 5 dietary treatments. Dietary treatments included the negative control (NC) diet without Cu supplementation, and 4 diets in which 125 or 250 mg/kg of Cu from CuSO4 or Cu2O were added to the NC diet. The experiment was divided into 4 phases. Pig weights were recorded on d 1 and at the end of each phase. Eight pigs per treatment were sacrificed last d of phases 1 and 4 to obtain samples of liver, spleen, and the right metacarpal. Pigs fed diets containing 250 mg/kg of Cu2O had greater (P &lt; 0.05) BW at the end of phases 1 and 2 than pigs fed the NC diet, and tended (P &lt; 0.10) to have greater BW at the end of phases 3 and 4 than pigs fed the other diets. Copper accumulation in liver and spleen increased with Cu dose, but at the end of phase 1, pigs fed 250 mg/kg CuSO4 had greater (P &lt; 0.05) Cu concentration in liver and spleen than pigs fed 250 mg/kg Cu2O. Pigs fed diets containing 250 mg/kg Cu2O had greater (P &lt; 0.05) quantities of bone ash and greater (P &lt; 0.05) concentrations of Ca, P, and Cu in bone ash than pigs fed the NC diets or diets containing CuSO4. Therefore, supplementing diets for growing pigs with therapeutic doses of Cu2O improves BW and bone mineralization with less Cu accumulation in liver compared with pigs fed diets containing CuSO4.

Effects of Quillaja saponin supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, fecal microbiota, and fecal gas emission in growing pigs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
De Xin Dang ◽  
In Ho Kim
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Dietary Supplementation ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Gas Emission ◽  
Quillaja Saponin

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation of Quillaja saponin (QS) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, fecal microbiota, and fecal gas emission in growing pigs. A total of 50 crossbred growing pigs [(Yorkshire × Landrace) × Duroc] with an initial body weight of 23.83 ± 1.95 kg were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments for a 56-day trial with 5 replicate pens per treatment and 5 pigs (2 barrows and 3 gilts) per pen. Dietary treatments including control diet and control diet supplemented with 200 mg/kg QS. The average daily gain was significantly increased during days 0-56, while the fecal ammonia emission on day 56 and fecal coliform bacteria counts on day 28 were significantly decreased in pigs fed with QS containing diet. However, dietary supplementation of QS had no significant effects on apparent total tract digestibility. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of 200 mg/kg QS had beneficial effects on growth performance, fecal microbiota, and fecal gas emission in growing pigs. Considering the carry-over effects, the adaption period should be at least 28 days when supplementing 200 mg/kg QS to the diet of growing pigs for improving the growth performance.

20 Effect of Adding Bioactive Peptide in Combination of Pharmaceutical Zinc Oxide or Organic Acids on Growth Performance, Hematology Profile, and Nutrient Digestibility in Nursery Pigs

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 22-23
Author(s):  
Richard A Mudarra ◽  
Tsung Cheng Cheng Tsai ◽  
Kristopher Bottoms ◽  
Thomas S Shieh ◽  
Casey Bradly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Bioactive Peptide ◽  
Nursery Pigs ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
High Zinc

Abstract To evaluate the effect of bioactive peptide (P) in combination with high level of zinc (HZ) or acidifiers on growth performance, complete blood cell counts (CBC) and nutrient digestibility in nursery pigs, a total of 288 weaned pigs (PIC1050xDNA600) were stratified by initial BW within gender and allotted to 1of 7 treatments. Treatments for phase 1&2 were: 1) nutrient adequate positive control with HZ (PC), 2) nutrient deficient negative control with HZ (NC, -0.13% SID Lysine by reducing fish meal), 3) NC+0.25% peptide (0.25PZ), 4) NC+0.5% peptide (0.5PZ), 5) NC+0.25% peptide with standard zinc (0.25P), 6) NC+0.5% peptide with standard zinc (0.5P), 7) as 5 + 0.1% sodium butyrate and 0.5% benzoic acid (PSB). All pigs were fed a common low Zn diet (197 ppm) during phase 3. The whole blood was obtained from a close-to-average pen-BW pig repeatedly at weaning, and at the end of phase 2 and 3 to determine CBC. Titanium dioxide was used as an indigestible marker to determine nutrient digestibility. Data were analyzed using the Mixed procedures of SAS as a RCBD with treatment as fixed effect, and BW block as random effect. In overall phase 1&2, pigs fed PSB had similar ADG and BW when compared to pigs fed 0.25PZ and both were greater than NC pigs (Table 1). With the same inclusion rate of peptide, pigs fed a high zinc diet had greater BW and ADG than pigs fed a standard zinc diet. PSB pigs had the greatest G:F ratio and nitrogen digestibility among treatments. Increasing peptide in high zinc diets gradually decreased Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio. This study indicates that the improvement in growth performance from pigs fed peptide is pharmaceutical zinc dependent and acidifiers can be an alternative to replace ZnO without affecting growth performance.

scholarly journals PSV-10 Effects of storing three phytase sources for 90 days under high temperature and humidity on phytase stability, growth performance, and bone mineralization of nursery pigs

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 194-195
Author(s):  
Carine M Vier ◽  
Mariana Boscato Menegat ◽  
Kiah M Gourley ◽  
Steve S Dritz ◽  
Mike D Tokach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Bone Mineralization ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Phytase Activity ◽  
Pure Form ◽  
Nursery Pigs ◽  
Bone Ash ◽  
Nursery Pig

Abstract This study evaluated storing 3 commercial phytases for 90 d in an environmental chamber set at 29.4°C and 75% humidity on phytase stability and nursery pig growth performance and bone mineralization. The phytases [HiPhos GT (20,000 FYT/g, DSM Nutritional Products, Parsippany, NJ); Axtra Phy TPT (20,000 FTU/g, Dupont, Wilmington, DE), and Quantum Blue G (40,000 FTU/g, AB Vista, Plantation, FL)] were kept as pure forms or blended in a vitamin-trace mineral (VTM) premix and sampled on d 0, 30, 60, and 90 of storage. Regardless of source and form, analyzed phytase activity decreased (linear, P < 0.001) as storage increased. Afterwards, 300 nursery pigs (11.7 kg BW) were assigned to 1 of 8 treatments in a RCBD with 4-5 pigs/pen and 8 pens/treatment. Treatments included a negative (NC, 0.12% aP) and positive control (PC, 0.27% aP) without phytase; or NC with added phytase to provide 0.15% aP (1,000, 651 and 500 FTU/kg for HiPhos, Axtra Phy, and Quantum Blue, respectively). Negative control with added phytase treatments were manufactured with each phytase source previously stored in pure form or VTM premix for 90d. Pigs fed PC had greater (P < 0.001) ADG compared to pigs fed Axtra Phy stored in VTM or NC. Feed intake was similar for PC, phytases stored in pure forms, and HiPhos and Quantum Blue stored in VTM, and greater (P < 0.001) than pigs fed NC. Pigs fed PC or HiPhos stored in pure form had improved (P < 0.001) G:F compared to pigs fed NC. Bone mineralization was greater (P < 0.001) for pigs fed PC compared to NC, phytases stored in VTM, and Axtra Phy and Quantum Blue stored in pure form. Regardless of source and form, phytase activity decreased as storage increased. In this study, bone ash was reduced when phytases were stored for 90d in a VTM compared to the PC.

scholarly journals Effects of a novel E. coli phytase expressed in Pseudomonas fluorescens on growth, bone mineralization, and nutrient digestibility in pigs fed corn–soybean meal diets

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ping Ren ◽  
Laia Blavi ◽  
Caroline González-Vega ◽  
Yanhong Liu ◽  
Deana Hancock ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phase I ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Pseudomonas Fluorescens ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Bone Mineralization ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Bone Ash

Abstract Two studies were conducted to determine the effects of a novel Escherichia coli phytase expressed in Pseudomonas fluorescens on growth performance, bone mineralization, and nutrient digestibility in pigs fed corn-soybean meal diets. In experiment 1, 160 nursery pigs (9.79 ± 1.22 kg) were randomly allotted to one of four treatments with 10 pens per treatment and four pigs per pen. Phase I and phase II diets were provided from d 0 to d 14 and d 14 to d 28, respectively. Treatments included: positive control (PC) with all nutrients meeting requirements; negative control (NC) with standardized total tract digestible (STTD) P reduced by 0.15% and 0.14% compared with PC in phase I and phase II, respectively; and NC diets containing 250 or 500 units of phytase (FTU) per kilogram. Results demonstrated that pigs fed PC had greater (P &lt; 0.01) ADG and G:F for the overall experimental period, and greater (P &lt; 0.01) bone ash and P concentrations, compared with pigs fed NC or diets with phytase supplementation. Pigs fed diets containing phytase had greater (P &lt; 0.01) ADG and G:F for the overall experimental period compared with pigs fed the NC diet without phytase, and bone ash and P weights were increased (P &lt; 0.01) as well. In experiment 2, 63 growing barrows (56.25 ± 2.54 kg) were blocked by BW and randomly allotted to one of seven treatments with nine pens per treatment and one pig per pen. A basal corn–soybean meal diet was formulated to meet nutrient requirements for growing pigs with the exception that STTD P was reduced by 0.18% compared with the requirement, and Ca was included to achieve a Ca:STTD P ratio of 2.15. Six additional diets were formulated by adding 250, 500, 750, 1,000, 1,500, or 2,000 FTU/kg of phytase to the basal diet. Pigs were fed experimental diets for 12 d with 7 d of adaptation and 5 d of fecal sample collection. Results indicated that there was a linear (P &lt; 0.01) increase in apparent total tract digestibility of ash and ether extract, and STTD of Ca and P also increased (linear, P &lt; 0.05) in response to increasing doses of phytase. Increasing phytase levels in the diets resulted in increase (quadratic, P &lt; 0.05) in apparent ileal digestibility of Arg, His, Ile, Lys, Trp, Asp, and Glu. In conclusion, the novel E. coli phytase was effective in increasing growth performance, bone mineralization, and Ca and P digestibility in pigs fed corn–soybean meal-based diets. Results also indicated that this phytase had the potential to enhance the digestibility of fat and certain AA.

Response of growing pigs toPeniophora lycii- andEscherichia coli-derived phytases or varying ratios of calcium to total phosphorus

2006 ◽  
Vol 82 (5) ◽  
pp. 637-644 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Adeola ◽  
O. A. Olukosi ◽  
J. A. Jendza ◽  
R. N. Dilger ◽  
M. R. Bedford
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Total Phosphorus ◽  
Bone Mineralization ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
The Third ◽  
Young Pigs ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Daily Gain

AbstractTwo experiments were conducted to study the effects of phytase derived fromEscherichia coli(ECP) andPeniophora lycii(PLP) on performance, nutrient digestibility, and phosphorus (P) equivalency values of young pigs; and the influence of varying ratios of calcium (Ca) to total phosphorus (Ca:tP) with or without ECP on growth performance of pigs. In each experiment, 48 10-kg pigs were housed in individual pens for 28 days. Experiment 1 was designed to study the efficacy of ECP and PLP in improving growth performance and bone mineralization of young pigs given a low inorganic P (iP) diet. In the experiment, pigs were blocked by weight and sex and randomly allocated to eight dietary treatments. Each treatment had six replicates. The treatments were a positive control with adequate iP (PC); a low iP negative control (NC) diet; NC with supplemental iP in the form of monosodium phosphate added to provide 0·75 or 1·50 g iP per kg diet (as-fed basis); NC with ECP or PLP added at 500 or 1000 FTU per kg (as-fed basis; one phytase unit or FTU is defined as the quantity of enzyme required to liberate 1 μmol of iP per min, at pH 5·5, from an excess of 15 μmol/l sodium phytate at 37°C). In experiment 2, the objective was to study the effect of varying Ca:tP ratio with or without ECP on growth performance of growing pigs. Pigs (eight replicates) were blocked by weight and sex and randomly assigned to six dietary treatments in a 3×2 factorial arrangement of Ca:tP ratios at 1·2, 1·5, or 1·8; and ECP at 0 or 1000 FTU per kg (as-fed basis). In experiment 1, ECP (P<0·001) and PLP (P<0·05) linearly increased daily gain. There was a positive linear (P<0·05) response to the supplementation of the NC diet with ECP or PLP in the mineralization of the third and fourth metacarpal bones. Phosphorus equivalency values for 500 FTU of ECP or PLP based on mineralization of the third metacarpal bone were 0·77 g or 0·572 g, respectively. There were linear (P<0·001) and quadratic (P<0·05) responses to ECP, and linear (P<0·01) response to PLP in P digestibility. Neither iP supplementation nor either of the two phytases had significant effects on digestibility of dry matter, protein or energy. In experiment 2, reducing Ca:tP ratio linearly improved (P<0·05) daily gain, food intake, and food efficiency in pigs regardless of phytase supplementation. There was an enzyme by Ca:tP interaction on food intake. These studies in young pigs showed that ECP and PLP were efficacious in improving the growth performance and bone mineralization and that reducing the Ca:tP ratio enhanced performance response to phytase supplementation.

135 Effect of Gossypol from Cottonseed Meal on Growth Performance, Plasma Gossypol, and Complete Blood Cell Counts in Commercial Growing Pigs: A Preliminary Study on Feral Hog Control

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 73-73
Author(s):  
Richard A Mudarra ◽  
Tsung Cheng Cheng Tsai ◽  
Christopher Hansen ◽  
Brittni P Littlejohn ◽  
Charles V Maxwell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Cell ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Cottonseed Meal ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Phase 3 ◽  
Feral Hog ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Preliminary Study

Abstract To evaluate the effect of cottonseed meal (CSM) on growth performance, plasma gossypol and complete blood cell (CBC) counts in growing pigs, 40 gilts (Exp 1) and 24 boars (Exp 2), 63 day of age (19.85±0.43 kg), were randomly allotted to 1 of 4 and 3 treatments with 2 replicates/treatments, respectively. Treatments for Exp 1 during phase 1–3 (14 d/phase) were a nutrient adequate control diet (NRC, 2012) without CSM (0% gossypol), and increasing levels of CSM was added to produce diets containing 0.01%, 0.02% and 0.04% gossypol to form treatments 2 to 4, respectively. For Exp 2, treatments were the same as those in the gilt trail, except 0.01% gossypol treatment was eliminated. All pigs were fed a common diet without CSM in phase 4 (14 d). Whole blood was obtained from two close-to-average pen-BW pigs repeatedly at each phase to determine CBC in Exp 1 and plasma gossypol in Exp 1 and 2. Data were analyzed using the Mixed procedures of SAS (Cary, NC). ADG did not significantly differ between treatments in phase 1&2 (P &gt; 0.05). In phase 3, ADG decreased linearly and quadratic (P &lt; 0.05) with increasing level of CSM in gilts and boars, respectively, while ADFI did not differ. Neutrophil concentration was higher while mean corpuscular volume (MCV) was lower in gilts fed CSM on d 42 than those fed control regardless level of inclusion, whereas after 14 d of CSM withdrawal, neutrophil level was similar to control and MCV remained low (Treatment*day, P &lt; 0.01). Plasma gossypol increased with increasing level of CSM in both gilts and boars during phase 1–3, and was still higher than control after pigs were fed a common diet for 14 d (P &lt; 0.05). In conclusion, cottonseed meal derived gossypol impairs growth performance, and increase plasma gossypol in gilts and boars.

Increased microbial phytase increased phytate destruction, plasma inositol, and feed efficiency of weanling pigs, but reduced dietary calcium and phosphorus did not affect gastric pH or fecal score and reduced growth performance and bone ash

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
L Vanessa Lagos ◽  
Mike R Bedford ◽  
Hans H Stein
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Inositol Phosphate ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Gastric Ph ◽  
Weanling Pigs ◽  
Bone Ash ◽  
Fecal Score

Abstract An experiment was conducted to test 2 hypotheses: 1) reducing dietary Ca and P reduces gastric pH and diarrhea in weanling pigs; 2) negative effects of low Ca and P on pig growth performance may be overcome if phytase is added to the diets. A total of 320 weanling pigs (6.35 ± 0.87 kg) were allotted to 8 corn-soybean meal-based diets in a randomized complete block design with 5 pigs per pen. Two phase 1 (d 1 to 14) control diets containing 100 or 50% of total Ca and digestible P relative to the requirement, and 6 diets in which 500, 2,000, or 16,000 units of phytase/kg feed (FTU) were added to each control diet were formulated. Phytase was assumed to release 0.16% total Ca and 0.11% digestible P. Common diets were fed in phases 2 (d 15 to 27) and 3 (d 28 to 42). Growth performance data were recorded within each phase. Data for fecal scores and gastrointestinal pH were recorded for phase 1. Colon content (d 14), the right femur (d 14 and 42), and blood samples (d -1, 14, 27, and 42) were collected from 1 pig per pen. In phase 1, reducing Ca and P did not reduce gastric pH or fecal score, but pigs fed the 50% diets had reduced (P &lt; 0.05) average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) compared with pigs fed the 100% diets. In both 50 and 100% diets, phytase above 500 FTU increased (P &lt; 0.05) gain:feed ratio (G:F) and tended (P &lt; 0.10) to reduce gastric pH of pigs. From d 1 to 42, pigs fed the 50% diets tended (P &lt; 0.10) to have reduced ADG and ADFI compared with pigs fed the 100% diets, but among the 100% diets, pigs tended (P &lt; 0.10) to have a linear increase in G:F as phytase level increased. Pigs fed the 50% diets had reduced (P &lt; 0.05) concentrations of inositol phosphate esters (IP) in the colon and reduced bone ash (d 14 and 42) compared with pigs fed the 100% diets. Phytase did not affect bone ash or most blood metabolites. Concentrations of IP in the colon decreased, whereas plasma inositol increased (d 14; P &lt; 0.05) in pigs fed diets with phytase (≥ 500 FTU). In pigs fed the 100% diets, IP in the colon linearly decreased (P &lt; 0.05), but plasma inositol linearly increased (P &lt; 0.05) with increasing levels of phytase. In conclusion, reducing Ca and P in diets for weanling pigs did not influence gastric pH or fecal score, but compromised growth performance and bone ash. However, regardless of dietary Ca and P, high doses of phytase increased phytate degradation and inositol absorption, which consequently increased G:F of pigs.

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