scholarly journals Effects of supplementing late-gestation sow diets with zinc on preweaning mortality of pigs under commercial rearing conditions1

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 519-530
Author(s):  
Julia P Holen ◽  
Pedro E Urriola ◽  
Mark Schwartz ◽  
Jae-Cheol Jang ◽  
Gerald C Shurson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Final Body Weight ◽  
Zn Content ◽  
Piglet Mortality ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Abstract The objective of this experiment was to determine preweaning survival of pigs when sows were supplemented with 3 dietary levels of zinc (Zn) in late gestation. Gilts and sows (n = 339) were assigned to 1 of 3 dietary treatments based on parity. Dietary treatments were 1) Control—sows fed a corn–soybean meal-based diet containing 125 ppm total supplemental Zn supplied by ZnSO4 (75 ppm Zn) and AvailaZn (50 ppm Zn, CON); 2) Intermediate—as Control + 240 ppm supplemental Zn as ZnSO4 (INT); and 3) High—as Control + 470 ppm supplemental Zn as ZnSO4 (HI). Final supplemental Zn concentrations of the 3 dietary treatments were 1) CON—125 ppm; 2) INT—365 ppm; and 3) HI—595 ppm. Sows received dietary treatments from about day 85 of gestation until farrowing. Individual piglet birth weights were recorded within 12 h of parturition. Instances of piglet mortality were recorded daily. The statistical model considered fixed effects of treatment and random effects of parity. Piglets from sows fed the INT diet had heavier (P < 0.05) birth weights than those fed CON (1.42 vs. 1.38 kg, respectively), while offspring from sows fed HI tended to have heavier (P < 0.10) birth weights (1.40 kg) than pigs from INT sows. Furthermore, incidence of low birth weight pigs was less (P < 0.05) for sows consuming INT compared with sows fed CON and HI. Despite differences in birth weight, there were no differences (P > 0.05) in total pigs born, born alive, or weaned, nor differences in individual piglet gain or weaning weight across treatments. Mortality of low birth weight pigs was lowest (P < 0.05) for offspring from sows fed HI (28.1%) compared with offspring from sows fed INT (36.1%) and CON (38.3%). Similarly, overall piglet mortality tended to decrease (P < 0.10) as dietary Zn content increased (CON: 15.0%, INT: 13.2%, and HI: 12.2%). A subset of pigs (n = 420, n = 140/treatment) were selected at weaning to evaluate effects of dietary treatment on postweaning performance. There were no significant effects of sow Zn supplementation on final body weight, days to market, or carcass characteristics of market pigs. Overall, effects of supplemental dietary Zn at 365 and 595 ppm in late gestation improved preweaning survival of low birth weight piglets and reduced overall preweaning mortality of piglets.

scholarly journals 21 Effects of supplementing late gestation sow diets with zinc on pre-weaning mortality of pigs under commercial rearing conditions

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 36-37
Author(s):  
Julia P Holen ◽  
Pedro E Urriola ◽  
Mark Schwartz ◽  
Jae-Cheol Jang ◽  
Gerald C Shurson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Statistical Model ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Rearing Conditions ◽  
Piglet Mortality ◽  
Chi Square Analysis ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Abstract The objective of this experiment was to determine pre-weaning survival of pigs when sows were supplemented with 3 dietary levels of Zn in late gestation. Gilts and sows (n = 339) were assigned to one of three dietary treatments based on parity. Treatments were: 1) Control – corn-soybean meal-based diet containing 125 ppm supplemental Zn as ZnSO4 (75 ppm Zn) and AvailaZn™ (50 ppm Zn, CON); 2) Intermediate – as Control + 240 ppm supplemental Zn as ZnSO4 (INT); and 3) High – as Control + 470 ppm supplemental Zn as ZnSO4 (HI). Final supplemental Zn concentrations of diets were: 1) CON – 125 ppm; 2) INT – 365 ppm; and 3) HI – 595 ppm. Sows received dietary treatments from about d 85 of gestation until farrowing. Individual piglet birth weights were recorded within 12 h of parturition and all instances of piglet mortality were recorded. The statistical model considered fixed effects of diet and random effects of parity. Chi-square analysis was used to determine diet effects on piglet mortality. There were no differences in total pigs born, born alive, or weaned per litter. However, piglets from sows fed the INT diet had heavier (P < 0.05) birth weights (1.42 kg) than those fed CON (1.38 kg). Furthermore, incidence of low birth weight pigs was less (P < 0.05) for sows consuming INT compared with sows fed CON and HI (Table 1). Overall piglet mortality tended to decrease (P < 0.10) as dietary Zn increased. Furthermore, mortality of low birth weight pigs decreased (P < 0.05) as dietary Zn increased. Overall, effects of supplemental dietary Zn at 365 and 595 ppm in late gestation improved pre-weaning survival of low birth weight piglets and reduced overall pre-weaning mortality of piglets.

scholarly journals PSII-10 Effect of gilt feeding level and length of increased feeding level in late gestation on piglet birth weight

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 233-233
Author(s):  
James K Quick ◽  
Mark Knauer
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Litter Size ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Feeding Level ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The objective of the study was to evaluate the impact of increasing gilt feeding level in late gestation, for different durations, on piglet quality. Gilts (n = 472) were allocated to one of five dietary treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial + control design at a commercial farm in eastern North Carolina. Hence gilts were fed 1.82 kg of feeding until farrowing (Control) or feeding level was increased by either 0.68 or 1.36 kg at either day 93 (d93) or 100 (d100) of gestation. Treatments were randomly assigned by pen (5 to 6 gilts per pen). The gestation diet contained 2,979 Kcal/kg ME and 0.58% SID lysine. Gilt body condition score was captured at day 93 of gestation using a sow body condition caliper (thin = < 12, ideal = 12 to 15, fat = > 15). Piglet birth weights were captured within 24 h of farrowing and piglets were ear notched by treatment prior to cross-fostering. Data were analyzed using PROC GLM with fixed effects of dietary treatment, contemporary group and covariates of litter size and sow functional teat number when applicable. Average gilt caliper score at d 93 of gestation was 17.0. Gilt caliper score did not differ (P > 0.05) across dietary treatments. Mean piglet birth weight did not differ (P > 0.05) between the five dietary treatments or the main effects of feeding level or length of feeding level. A one piglet increase in litter size reduced (P < 0.01) mean piglet birth weight by 30 g. An increase of one functional sow teat increased (P < 0.05) litter size at weaning of the biological sow by 0.28 piglets. Results suggest increasing gilt feeding level in late gestation does not impact mean piglet birth weight when gilts are over conditioned.

scholarly journals Low birth weight, preterm birth and small for gestational age association with adult depression: systematic review and meta-analysis

2014 ◽  
Vol 205 (5) ◽  
pp. 340-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Loret De Mola ◽  
Giovanny Vinícius Araújo De França ◽  
Luciana de Avila Quevedo ◽  
Bernardo Lessa Horta
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Premature Birth ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Adult Depression ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

BackgroundThere is no consensus on the effects that low birth weight, premature birth and intrauterine growth have on later depression.AimsTo review systematically the evidence on the relationship of low birth weight, smallness for gestational age (SGA) and premature birth with adult depression.MethodWe searched the literature for original studies assessing the effect of low birth weight, premature birth and SGA on adult depression. Separate meta-analyses were carried out for each exposure using random and fixed effects models. We evaluated the contribution of methodological covariates to heterogeneity using meta-regression.ResultsWe identified 14 studies evaluating low birth weight, 9 premature birth and 4 SGA. Low birth weight increased the odds of depression (OR = 1.39, 95% CI 1.21–1.60). Premature birth and SGA were not associated with depression, but publication bias might have underestimated the effect of the former and only four studies evaluated SGA.ConclusionsLow birth weight was associated with depression. Future studies evaluating premature birth and SGA are needed.

Exposure to placental insufficiency alters postnatal growth trajectory in extremely low birth weight infants

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 384-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fu-Sheng Chou ◽  
Hung-Wen Yeh ◽  
Chu-Yen Chen ◽  
Gene T. Lee ◽  
Marc R. Parrish ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Total Duration ◽  
Information Criterion ◽  
Postnatal Growth ◽  
Placental Insufficiency ◽  
Extremely Low Birth Weight ◽  
Quadratic Term

AbstractGrowth in the immediate postnatal period for extremely low birth weight (ELBW, birth weight < 1000 g) infants is an important topic in neonatal medicine. The goal is to ensure adequate postnatal growth and to minimize complications resulting from suboptimal growth. Past efforts have focused on postnatal nutrition as well as on minimizing comorbidities. It has not been systematically assessed whether antenatal factors play a role in postnatal growth. In this report, we conducted a retrospective study on 91 maternal–neonatal pairs. We prospectively collected maternal and neonatal demographic data, neonatal nutrition in the first 7 days of life and after enteral nutrition is fully established, comorbidity data, as well as weight data from birth to 50 weeks corrected gestational age. We developed a linear mixed-effects model to examine the role of placental insufficiency, as defined by fetal Doppler studies, in postnatal weight z-score trajectory over time in the ELBW population. We relied on Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) and Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) for model selection. Interestingly, the selected model included a quadratic term of time and a placental insufficiency-by-time interaction term. In a covariate analysis, AIC and BIC both favored a model that included calories intake in the first 7 days of life and the total duration of antibiotics as fixed-effects, but not their interaction terms with time. Overall, we demonstrated for the first time that placental insufficiency, an antenatal factor, is a major determinant of postnatal weight trajectory in the ELBW population. Prospective studies are warranted to confirm our findings.

Association of US state policy orientation with adverse birth outcomes: a longitudinal analysis

2021 ◽  
pp. jech-2020-214858
Author(s):  
Alicia R Riley ◽  
Daniel Collin ◽  
Jacob M Grumbach ◽  
Jacqueline M Torres ◽  
Rita Hamad
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Preterm Birth ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Birth Outcomes ◽  
State Policy ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
State Policies ◽  
Adverse Birth Outcomes ◽  
Lower Odds ◽  
Policy Orientation

BackgroundThe current US context is marked by extreme right–left partisanship, which means that state policies tend to bundle together and are not experienced in isolation. While prior work has leveraged abrupt shifts in single policies to examine the effects of state policy on birth outcomes, we examined a holistic measure that captures political polarisation.MethodsData were drawn from national birth certificates for 2003–2017 (N=56 770 470). Outcomes included preterm birth, low birth weight, small-for-gestational age and other perinatal health measures. The primary exposure was a composite index of right–left state policy orientation, generated from historical data on 135 state policies. Multivariable regressions were used to estimate the association between state policy orientation and each outcome, adjusting for relevant covariates.ResultsCompared with infants born in states with right-leaning policy orientations, those born in left-leaning states had lower odds of adverse birth outcomes (eg, low birth weight: OR 0.95 (0.93, 0.97), preterm birth: OR 0.94 (0.92, 0.95)). Subgroup analyses revealed stronger associations for US-born and White mothers. With the inclusion of state fixed effects, left-leaning policy orientation was no longer associated with lower odds of adverse birth outcomes. Models were otherwise robust to alternative specifications.ConclusionWhile left-leaning state policy orientation has protective associations with a range of birth outcomes, the associations may be explained by stable characteristics of states, at least during the study period. Future studies should examine state policy orientation in association with other health outcomes and study periods.

scholarly journals 56 Observations on pre-weaning piglet mortality

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 32-33
Author(s):  
Michael Ellis ◽  
Katherine D Vande Pol ◽  
Naomi Cooper ◽  
Caleb M Shull
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Genetic Selection ◽  
Total Mortality ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Average Birth Weight ◽  
Feeding Programs ◽  
The People ◽  
Piglet Mortality

Abstract Pre-weaning piglet mortality (PWM) is a substantial economic loss and a welfare concern. It is not a new issue; however, there is evidence that levels are increasing in US herds. Genetic improvements in prolificacy have been accompanied with lower average piglet birth weights, increased within-litter variation in birth weight, and an increasing proportion of low birth weight piglets. Low birth weight is a major pre-disposing factor for PWM. In a survey involving over 11,000 piglets (average birth weight 1.44 ± 0.390 kg), PWM for piglets weighing 1.5 kg was 44, 15, and 8%, respectively. However, the percentage of total mortality from these 3 weight groupings was 35, 42, and 23%, respectively. This suggests that efforts to reduce PWM should mainly focus on lightest 50% of piglets in a population. The major causes and timing of PWM have not changed over time. Crushing and starvation are predominant; the majority of losses occur in the first few days after birth. A substantial proportion of dead piglets have empty stomachs. Pre-weaning mortality is multifactorial in origin; reducing levels requires attention to all factors, starting with farrowing accommodation design and basic facility hygiene programs. Minimizing piglet body temperature decline after birth, and encouraging early colostrum and milk intake are critical. Strategies to reduce competition between piglets for access to the udder and/or supplementary feeding programs are important. Cross-fostering is central to maximizing piglet survival; however, there is a dearth of research-based information to use to design the optimum strategy. The potential influence of gestation nutrition on PWM requires clarification. Pre-weaning mortality is strongly influenced by the people managing the farrowing facilities; developing approaches for early identification of at risk pigs would have benefit. Ultimately, minimizing PWM requires systems-based approaches involving all components from genetic selection for survival through to facility and animal management practices.

scholarly journals Dietary energy sources during late gestation and lactation of sows: effects on performance, glucolipid metabolism, oxidative status of sows, and their offspring1

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (11) ◽  
pp. 4608-4618 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yunyu Yang ◽  
Cheng Jun Hu ◽  
Xichen Zhao ◽  
Kaili Xiao ◽  
Ming Deng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Oxidative Status ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Stillbirth Rate ◽  
Neonatal Piglets ◽  
Litter Weight ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Abstract In this study, the effects of maternal energy sources during late gestation and lactation on the performance, glucolipid metabolism, and oxidative status of sows and their offspring were investigated using a total of 75 (2 to 6 of parity) Landrace × Large White sows at day 85 of gestation under 3 different dietary treatments: SO diet (basal diet plus 3.0% and 5.0% soybean oil during late gestation and lactation, respectively), FO diet (basal diet plus 3.0%/5.0% fish oil during late gestation and lactation, respectively), and CS diet (basal diet plus 32%/42% corn starch during late gestation and lactation, respectively). All the 3 groups showed no obvious differences (P > 0.05) in the number of total piglets born, born alive, after cross-fostering, and at weaning, whereas the CS group exhibited a shorter farrowing duration (P < 0.05) and lower stillbirth rate (P < 0.05) when compared with the SO group. In addition, litter weight at birth was significantly higher in the CS group than in the SO or FO group (P < 0.05). Despite no notable differences in the ADG of suckling piglets among dietary treatments (P > 0.05), the CS group had greater feed intake than the SO group during the lactation period (P < 0.05). In neonatal piglets with normal birth weight (NBW, 1.3 to 1.5 kg), the CS group was lower than the SO group in the content of liver glycogen (P < 0.05) and the mRNA abundances of fatty acid synthase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, fatty acid-binding protein 1, and acyl-CoA oxidase (P < 0.05). Interestingly, compared with the SO group, the FO group had a lower preweaning mortality rate (P < 0.05), but greater liver glycogen pools (P < 0.05) in neonatal piglets with low birth weight (LBW, <1.1 kg). Compared with the CS group, the FO group showed an increase in the plasma malondialdehyde levels (P < 0.05) of sows, as well as an increase of 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine (P < 0.05) and a decrease of ferric reducing ability of plasma (P < 0.05) in NBW piglets. Overall, the diet rich in starch decreased the stillbirth rate and increased the litter weight of neonatal piglets, the dietary supplementation with fish oil decreased preweaning mortality rate, and the diet with a low n6:n3 ratio increased the oxidative status of sows and their offspring.

scholarly journals Selective tooth clipping in the management of low-birth-weight piglets

1995 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 285-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Robert ◽  
B.K. Thompson ◽  
D. Fraser
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Experimental Treatment ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Small Litter ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Lower Birth Weight ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Piglet Mortality

A study was designed to test the potential benefits of selective tooth clipping (the practice of leaving the eye teeth intact in the smallest piglets of a litter to make them more competitive) under commercial conditions. A total of 346 litters were assigned to either the control treatment where all piglets had their teeth clipped, or the experimental treatment where one or more piglets of low birth weight had their teeth left intact. Piglets were weighed within 24 h of birth and at 7, 21 and 56 d. In litters of 12–14 animals, but not in smaller litters, the lower-birth-weight piglets had lower mortality in experimental than in control litters (32.0 vs. 39.8%), whereas higher-birth-weight piglets showed a trend in the opposite direction, with 14.4% mortality in experimental vs. 13.2% in control litters (P = 0.05). The weight gain of lower-birth-weight piglets was greater (166 vs. 143 g d−1) in experimental than in control litters of 9–11 piglets, but the heavier piglets competing against the small litter-mates with intact teeth had lower weight gains than the controls (177 vs. 187 g d−1) (P < 0.02). Within-litter variance of 21-d weights was about 15% smaller (P < 0.005) in experimental than in control litters. Thus, selective tooth-clipping does not improve overall growth and survival, but it contributes to more uniform weaning weights and may help the most vulnerable piglets to remain alive until fostering or other intervention can be accomplished. Key words: Tooth clipping, piglet, mortality, weight gain

scholarly journals Does a Rising Median Income Lift All Birth Weights? County Median Income Changes and Low Birth Weight Incidence Rates for Black and White Americans

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Stuart Curtis ◽  
Thomas E Fuller-Rowell ◽  
Daniel L. Carlson ◽  
Ming Wen ◽  
Michael R. Kramer
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Health Resources ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Median Income ◽  
Time Varying ◽  
Smoking During Pregnancy ◽  
Black And White

Differences in low birth weight incidence (LBW) by race and place are long-standing, often embedded in enduring social ecologies where insufficient health resources are paired with an array of risk factors. Local or group-specific economic resources are known to be a fundamental contributor to these social ecologies, yet few studies have investigated how within-area changing economic conditions are linked to birth outcomes. This study examines county-level change in median income and black-white income differences as predictors of LBW incidence and LBW racial disparities. Time-varying county prevalence and black-white differences in maternal sociodemographic and health risk factors (e.g., non-marital childbearing, smoking during pregnancy) are considered as explanations for income estimates. Data come from U.S. birth records for approximately 24.8 million non-Hispanic black and white mothers with a singleton live birth (1992-2014). Records were aggregated in three-year county-period measurements for the 732 counties meeting eligibility requirements. Based on county by period fixed effects models, a $10,000 increase in county median income was associated with a reduction in LBW incidence of 2.7 per 1000 live births, and in the black-white LBW gap by 5.6 per 1000. Time-varying county maternal sociodemographic and health risks attenuated the link between median income and LBW by 72% and 31%, respectively, but not the association between median income and the racial LBW gap. Contrary to our hypothesis, conditioning on median income changes, a widening racial income difference was associated with a smaller black-white LBW gap (a finding explored in post hoc analyses). Our results suggest that, if successful in raising median income, local government efforts to stimulate economic growth and employment opportunities are likely to reduce both population incidence and black-white differences in LBW. [This draft paper is intended for review and comments only. It is not intended for citation, quotation, or other use in any form]

scholarly journals Comparative digestibility of polysaccharide-complexed zinc and zinc sulfate in diets for gestating and lactating sows

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia P Holen ◽  
Lee J Johnston ◽  
Pedro E Urriola ◽  
Jack E Garrett ◽  
Gerald C Shurson
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Zinc Sulfate ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Nutrient Balance ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
High Fiber ◽  
Polysaccharide Complex ◽  
Distillers Grains With Solubles ◽  
Lactating Sows ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Abstract We hypothesized that the digestibility of a zinc polysaccharide complex is greater than zinc sulfate when sows consume high fiber diets containing corn dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS). Gilts and sows (n = 32) were blocked according to parity and assigned randomly to one of four dietary treatments (n = 8 sows per treatments). Dietary treatments consisted of: 1) Control (ConZnSO4)—corn–soybean meal-based diet + 100 ppm supplemental Zn from ZnSO4; 2) Control PSZn (ConPSZn)—corn–soybean meal-based diet + 100 ppm supplemental Zn from Zn polysaccharide complex; 3) DDGS/ZnSO4—corn–soybean meal–40% DDGS gestation diet and a 30% DDGS lactation diet, with each containing 100 ppm supplemental Zn from ZnSO4; 4) DDGS/PSZn—corn–soybean meal–40% DDGS gestation diet and a 30% DDGS lactation diet, with each containing 100 ppm supplemental Zn from Zn polysaccharide complex. A fifth dietary treatment was imposed using a subset of sows (n = 20) to determine basal Zn losses in gestating and lactating sows fed corn–soybean meal-based diets containing no supplemental Zn. Nutrient balance experiments were conducted in both gestation and lactation to evaluate the digestibility of Zn sources of the four dietary treatments and to determine basal Zn losses when no supplemental Zn was provided. The statistical model included fixed effects of diet, Zn source, and their interaction, and random effects of parity. Estimated endogenous losses of Zn were used to adjust apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) to true total tract digestibility (TTTD) of Zn in the four dietary treatment balance periods. There were no differences in Zn concentrations of urine, plasma, colostrum, or milk samples among treatments at any time of the experiment (P &gt; 0.05). Gestating sows fed DDGS/PSZn had improved (P &lt; 0.05) ATTD, TTTD, and overall retention of Zn compared with both Control treatments, with the DDGS/ZnSO4 treatment responses being intermediate. Lactating sows consuming diets without DDGS and supplemented with Zn polysaccharide complex had the greatest (P &lt; 0.05) ATTD, TTTD, and retention of Zn, which were opposite to responses observed in gestation. Furthermore, ATTD, TTTD, and Zn retention for lactating sows consuming DDGS/PSZn were less (P &lt; 0.05) than all other treatments. Overall, zinc digestibility of ZnSO4 and PSZn appears to be differentially influenced by the stage of the reproductive cycle and presence of dietary fiber from DDGS.

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