Biogeographical Network Analysis of Cretaceous Terrestrial Tetrapods: A Phylogeny-Based Approach

2019 ◽  
Vol 68 (6) ◽  
pp. 1034-1051
Author(s):  
Tai Kubo
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Late Cretaceous ◽  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
Internal Node ◽  
New Method ◽  
Ancestral State ◽  
Network Methods ◽  
Link Density ◽  
Biogeographical Regions

Abstract Network methods are widely used to represent and analyze biogeography. It is difficult, however, to convert occurrence data of fossil vertebrates to a biogeographical network, as most species were known from a single locality. A new method for creating a biogeographical network that can incorporate phylogenetic information is proposed in this study, which increases the number of edges in the network of fossil vertebrates and enables the application of various network methods. Using ancestral state reconstruction via maximum parsimony, the method first estimates the biogeographical regions of all internal nodes of a given phylogeny using biogeographical information on the terminal taxa. Then, each internal node in the phylogenetic tree is converted to an edge in the biogeographical network that connects the region(s), if unambiguously estimated, of its two descendants. The new method was applied to phylogenetic trees generated by a birth–death model. Under all conditions tested, an average of $CDATA[$CDATA[$>$$70% of the internal nodes in phylogenetic trees were converted into edges. Three network indices—link density, average link weight, and endemism index (EI)—were evaluated for their usefulness in comparing different biogeographical networks. The EI reflects the rate of dispersal; the other indices reflect nonbiogeographical parameters, the number of taxa and regions, which highlights the importance of evaluating network indices before applying them to biogeographical studies. Multiple Cretaceous biogeographical networks were constructed from the phylogenies of five tetrapod taxa: terrestrial crocodyliforms, terrestrial turtles, nonavian dinosaurs, avians, and pterosaurs. The networks of avians and pterosaurs showed similar topologies and a strong correlation, and unexpectedly high endemism indices. These similarities were probably a result of shared taphonomic biases (i.e., the Lagerstätten effect) for volant taxa with fragile skeletons. The crocodyliform network was partitioned into the Gondwanan and Laurasian continents. The dinosaur network was partitioned into three groups of continents: 1) North America, Asia, and Australia; 2) Europe and Africa; and 3) India, Madagascar, and South America. When Early and Late Cretaceous dinosaurs were analyzed separately, the dinosaur networks were divided into 1) North America, Asia, and Australia; and 2) Europe, Africa, India, and South America for the Early Cretaceous and 1) North America, Asia, and Europe; and 2) India, Madagascar, and South America for the Late Cretaceous. This partitioning of dinosaur and crocodyliform networks corroborates the results of previous biogeographical studies and indicates that the method introduced here can retrieve biogeographical signals from a source phylogeny when sufficient data are available for most targeted biogeographical regions.

scholarly journals Endemicity analysis of global Cretaceous dinosaurian faunas

1992 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 132-132
Author(s):  
Thomas R. Holtz
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Late Cretaceous ◽  
Late Jurassic ◽  
Continental Drift ◽  
Gobi Desert ◽  
Western Interior Seaway ◽  
Faunal Assemblages ◽  
Terrestrial Vertebrate ◽  
Herbivore Communities

It has often been assumed that the intensively studied dinosaur faunal assemblages of western North America and the Gobi Desert of Mongolia and China represent “typical” Late Cretaceous terrestrial vertebrate communities. This assumption has led to a paleoecological scenario in which a global ecological shift occurs from the dominance of high-browsing saurischian (i.e., sauropod) to low-browsing ornithischian (i.e., iguanodontian, marginocephalian, ankylosaurian) herbivore communities. Furthermore, the assumption that the Asiamerican dinosaur faunas are communities “typical” of the Late Cretaceous has forced the conclusion that the sauropod-dominated Argentine population must have been an isolated relict ecosystem of primitive taxa (i.e., titanosaurid sauropods, abelisaurid ceratosaurs). Recent discoveries and reinterpretations of other Late Cretaceous assemblages, however, seriously challenge these assumptions.Paleogeography and paleobiogeography have demonstrated that terrestrial landmasses became progressively fractionated from the Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian-Tithonian) to the Late Cretaceous (Campanian), owing to continental drift and the development of large epicontinental seas (the Western Interior Seaway, the Turgai Sea, etc.). The Maastrichtian regressions resulted in the reestablishment of land connection between long isolated regions (for example, western and eastern North America). These geographic changes are reflected in changes in the dinosaurian faunas. These assemblages were rather cosmopolitan in the Late Jurassic (Morrison, Tendaguru, and Upper Shaximiao Formations) but became more provincialized throughout the Cretaceous.Cluster analysis of presence/absence data for the theropod, sauropod, and ornithischian clades indicates that previous assumptions for Late Cretaceous dinosaurian paleoecology are largely in error. These analyses instead suggest that sauropod lineages remained a major faunal component in both Laurasia (Europe, Asia) and Gondwana (South America, Africa, India, and Australia). Only the pre-Maastrichtian Senonian deposits of North America were lacking sauropodomorphs. Furthermore, the abelisaurid/titanosaurid fauna of Argentina is, in fact, probably more typical of Late Cretaceous dinosaurian communities. Rather, it is the coelurosaurian/ornithischian communities of Asiamerica (and particularly North America) that are composed primarily of dinosaurs of small geographic distribution. Thus, the Judithian, Edmontonian, and Lancian faunas, rather than being typical of the Late Cretaceous, most likely represent an isolated island-continent terrestrial vertebrate population, perhaps analogous to the extremely isolated vertebrate communities of Tertiary South America. Furthermore, the shift from high-browsing to low-browsing herbivore “dynasties” more likely represents a local event in Senonian North America and does not represent a global paleoecological transformation of Late Cretaceous dinosaur community structure.

scholarly journals Cretaceous and Paleogene Fagaceae from North America and Greenland: evidence for a Late Cretaceous split between Fagus and the remaining Fagaceae

2016 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Friðgeir Grímsson ◽  
Guido W. Grimm ◽  
Reinhard Zetter ◽  
Thomas Denk
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Late Cretaceous ◽  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
Middle Eocene ◽  
Pollen Record ◽  
Early Eocene ◽  
Pollen Type ◽  
Modern Species ◽  
Minimum Age ◽  
Modern Genus

Abstract Modern lineages of the beech family, Fagaceae, one of the most important north-temperate families of woody flowering plants, have been traced back to the early Eocene. In contrast, molecular differentiation patterns indicate that the Fagus lineage, Fagoideae, with a single modern genus, evolved much earlier than the remaining lineages within Fagaceae (Trigonobalanoideae, Castaneoideae, Quercoideae). The minimum age for this primary split in the Fagaceae has been estimated as 80 ± 20 Ma (i.e. Late Cretaceous) in recently published, time-calibrated phylogenetic trees including all Fagales. Here, we report fagaceous fossils from the Campanian of Wyoming (82-81 Ma; Eagle Formation [Fm]), the Danian of western Greenland (64-62 Ma; Agatdal Fm), and the middle Eocene of British Columbia (ca 48 Ma; Princeton Chert), and compare them to the Fagaceae diversity of the recently studied middle Eocene Hareøen Fm of western Greenland (42-40 Ma). The studied assemblages confirm that the Fagus lineage (= Fagoideae) and the remainder of modern Fagaceae were diverged by the middle Late Cretaceous, together with the extinct Fagaceae lineage(s) of Eotrigonobalanus and the newly recognised genus Paraquercus, a unique pollen morph with similarities to both Eotrigonobalanus and Quercus. The new records push back the origin of (modern) Fagus by 10 Ma and that of the earliest Fagoideae by 30 Ma. The earliest Fagoideae pollen from the Campanian of North America differs from its single modern genus Fagus by its markedly thicker pollen wall, a feature also seen in fossil and extant Castaneoideae. This suggests that a thick type 1 foot layer is also the plesiomorphic feature in Fagoideae although not seen in any of its living representatives. The Danian Fagus pollen of Greenland differs in size from those of modern species but is highly similar to that of the western North American early Eocene F. langevinii, the oldest known beech so far. Together with the Quercus pollen record, absent in the Campanian and Danian formations but represented by several types by the middle Eocene, this confirms recent dating estimates focussing on the genera Fagus and Quercus, while rejecting estimates from all-Fagales-dated trees as too young. The basic Castaneoideae pollen type, still found in species of all five extant genera of this putatively paraphyletic subfamily, represents the ancestral pollen type of most (modern) Fagaceae (Trigonobalanoideae, Castaneoideae, Quercoideae).

The history of the family Onagraceae in Australia and its relevance to biogeography

2003 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 585 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helene A. Martin
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Late Cretaceous ◽  
Early Oligocene ◽  
The Family ◽  
History Of ◽  
Minor Part ◽  
Northern South America ◽  
Australian Flora

The family Onagraceae is a relatively minor part of the Australian flora but it has a long history in Australia: a probable Ludwigia dates from the Eocene; Fuchsia, not native to Australia today, is present from early Oligocene times; and Epilobium is found only in the Pleistocene. Onagraceae first appears in the Late Cretaceous in northern South America and southern North America, where it is thought to have originated, and Ludwigia dates from the Palaeocene. It is thought that Ludwigia migrated into Australia via a northern route. Fuchsia in Australia predates its first appearance in New Zealand, suggesting that New Zealand Fuchsia may have been derived from the Australian Fuchsia.

A new record of the pliosaurBrachauchenius lucasiWilliston, 1903 (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) of Turonian (Late Cretaceous) age, Morocco

2015 ◽  
Vol 153 (3) ◽  
pp. 449-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. ANGST ◽  
N. BARDET
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Late Cretaceous ◽  
North Africa ◽  
New Record ◽  
The Other ◽  
Western Interior Seaway ◽  
Marine Fauna ◽  
Marine Reptiles ◽  
Northern South America

AbstractThe site of Goulmima (south Morocco) is well known for its rich marine fauna of Turonian age (Late Cretaceous). It has yielded a large variety of invertebrates but also of vertebrate taxa, represented by actinopterygians and marine reptiles including Plesiosauria (Sauropterygia) and Mosasauroidea (Squamata). The Plesiosauria are known so far by two major clades of Plesiosauroidea: the Elasmosauridae (Libonectes atlasenseBuchy, 2005) and the Polycotylidae (Thililua longicollis, Bardet, Suberbiola & Jalil, 2003a;Manemergus angirostrisBuchy, Metayer & Frey, 2005). Here we describe a new specimen of plesiosaur found in the same outcrop, differing from those previously cited and belonging to the other large plesiosaur clade, the Pliosauroidea. Comparison of this specimen with other Plesiosauria shows that it belongs toBrachauchenius lucasiWilliston (1903), a species previously known only from the Cenomanian–Turonian stages of the Western Interior Seaway of North America and in the upper Barremian succession of northern South America (Colombia). The description of this species on a contemporaneous site of North Africa significantly expands its palaeobiogeographic distribution. This discovery confirms the affinities between marine faunas of the Western Interior Seaway and those of North Africa at this time, and also permits a better understanding of the palaeobiology of the Goulmima outcrop. A discussion about the systematical status ofPolyptychodonOwen, 1841 is also provided.

The Phylogeny of Linum and Linaceae Subfamily Linoideae, with Implications for Their Systematics, Biogeography, and Evolution of Heterostyly

2009 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 386-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua McDill ◽  
Miriam Repplinger ◽  
Beryl B. Simpson ◽  
Joachim W. Kadereit
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Breeding System ◽  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Linseed Oil ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Ancestral State ◽  
Numerous Species ◽  
Nuclear Its ◽  
America South

The genus Linum consists of over 180 species, the most famous being L. usitatissimum, the source of linen and linseed oil. The eight genera of Linaceae subf. Linoideae, of which Linum is the largest, exhibit a complex biogeographic distribution, inhabiting all continents except Antarctica. Numerous species in Linoideae are heterostylous, but the ancestral breeding system of the group has not been determined. We present phylogenetic analyses of 44 species representing all eight genera of subf. Linoideae and 37 species of Linum, with data from the chloroplast (ndhF, trnL-F, trnK3′ intron) and the nuclear ITS, with Hugonia (Linaceae subf. Hugonioideae) as outgroup. Sequences of rbcL from 48 species of Linaceae, including five species from Hugonioideae and seven species from other families of Malpighiales, were analyzed independently. Our results suggest that Linaceae and subf. Linoideae are monophyletic, but Linum is not. Anisadenia, Reinwardtia, and Tirpitzia are found to be the basal members of Linoideae. The rest of the subfamily forms two major lineages: a blue-flowered clade (Linum sections Linum and Dasylinum) and a yellow-flowered clade (Linum sects. Linopsis, Syllinum, and Cathartolinum, and the genera Cliococca, Hesperolinon, Radiola, and Sclerolinon). Diversification of Linoideae may have begun 46–51 mya, probably in Southeast Asia. Linum appears to have arisen in Eurasia, from which it spread to Africa, North America, South America, and Australasia. Our analyses indicate that neither heterostyly nor homostyly can yet be confirmed as the ancestral state in Linoideae or Linaceae, but provide strong evidence that breeding system is evolutionarily labile in this group.

Earliest North American occurrence of Polycotylidae (Sauropterygia: Plesiosauria) from the Lower Cretaceous (Albian) Clearwater Formation, Alberta, Canada

2009 ◽  
Vol 83 (6) ◽  
pp. 981-989 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick S. Druckenmiller ◽  
Anthony P. Russell
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Early Cretaceous ◽  
Late Cretaceous ◽  
North American ◽  
Lower Cretaceous ◽  
Marine Deposits ◽  
Clearwater Formation ◽  
New Material

The polycotylidae is a family of short-necked (pliosauromorph) plesiosaurs, with examples known from epicontinental marine deposits of every major landmass except Antarctica. Our knowledge of its diversity and distribution has increased tremendously in the last decade, with new material described from North America (Sato, 2005; Albright et al., 2007; Schumacher, 2007; Schmeisser, 2008), South America (Gasparini and de la Fuente, 2000; Salgado et al., 2007), Africa (Bardet et al., 2003; Buchy et al., 2005), and Asia (Sato and Storrs, 2000; Arkhangel'skii et al., 2007). Polycotylid diversity is greatest in the Late Cretaceous, and particularly so in the Turonian; however, knowledge of the group's initial history in the Early Cretaceous is limited to a handful of specimens from North America (Storrs, 1981; Druckenmiller, 2002) and Australia (Kear 2003, 2005).

Effects of insecticides on adults and eggs of Drosophila suzukii (Diptera, Drosophilidae)

2017 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniele Cristine Hoffmann Schlesener ◽  
Jutiane Wollmann ◽  
Juliano De Bastos Pazini ◽  
Anderson Dionei Grützmacher ◽  
Flávio Roberto Mello Garcia
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Chemical Control ◽  
Stone Fruits ◽  
Drosophila Suzukii ◽  
Ovicidal Effect ◽  
Mere Presence ◽  
South Of Brazil ◽  
Different Cultures ◽  
First Time

Drosophila suzukii (Diptera, Drosophilidae) is an exotic species, endemic to Asia and currently a pest to small and stone fruits in several countries of North America and Europe. It was detected in 2013 for the first time in South America, in the south of Brazil. Unlike most drosophilids, this species deserves special attention, because the females are capable of oviposit inside healthy fruits, rendering their sale and export prohibited. Despite the confirmed existence of this species in different states of Brazil, this insect is yet been to be given the pest status. Nevertheless, the mere presence of this species is enough to cause concern to producers of small fruits and to justify further investigation for it’s control, especially chemical control for a possible change in status. Therefore, the goal of this work was to evaluate, in laboratory, mortality of D. suzukii adults and ovicidal effect when exposed to different insecticides registered for species of the Tephritidae and Agromyzidae families in different cultures. The insecticides deltamethrin, dimethoate, spinosad, fenitrothion, phosmet, malathion, methidathion, and zeta-cypermethrin resulted in mortality to 100 % of the subjects three days after the treatment (DAT). Regarding the effects over eggs, it was  established that the insecticides fenitrothion, malathion, and methidathion deemed 100 % of the eggs not viable, followed by phosmet and diflubenzuron, which also caused elevated reduction in the eclosion of larvae two DAT.

NOVEL INSECT HERBIVORY FROM THE LATE CRETACEOUS OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Augusta Maccracken ◽  
◽  
Ian M. Miller ◽  
Conrad C. Labandeira
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Late Cretaceous ◽  
Insect Herbivory ◽  
Western North America

scholarly journals Co-occurrences of tropical trees in eastern South America: disentangling abiotic and biotic forces

Plant Ecology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma-Liina Marjakangas ◽  
Otso Ovaskainen ◽  
Nerea Abrego ◽  
Vidar Grøtan ◽  
Alexandre A. de Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Environmental Filtering ◽  
Limiting Similarity ◽  
Phylogenetic Relatedness ◽  
Biogeographical Regions ◽  
Dependent Processes ◽  
Occurrence Of Species

AbstractSpecies co-occurrences in local communities can arise independent or dependent on species’ niches. However, the role of niche-dependent processes has not been thoroughly deciphered when generalized to biogeographical scales, probably due to combined shortcomings of data and methodology. Here, we explored the influence of environmental filtering and limiting similarity, as well as biogeographical processes that relate to the assembly of species’ communities and co-occurrences. We modelled jointly the occurrences and co-occurrences of 1016 tropical tree species with abundance data from inventories of 574 localities in eastern South America. We estimated species co-occurrences as raw and residual associations with models that excluded and included the environmental effects on the species’ co-occurrences, respectively. Raw associations indicate co-occurrence of species, whereas residual associations indicate co-occurrence of species after accounting for shared responses to environment. Generally, the influence of environmental filtering exceeded that of limiting similarity in shaping species’ co-occurrences. The number of raw associations was generally higher than that of the residual associations due to the shared responses of tree species to the environmental covariates. Contrary to what was expected from assuming limiting similarity, phylogenetic relatedness or functional similarity did not limit tree co-occurrences. The proportions of positive and negative residual associations varied greatly across the study area, and we found a significant tendency of some biogeographical regions having higher proportions of negative associations between them, suggesting that large-scale biogeographical processes limit the establishment of trees and consequently their co-occurrences.

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