AbstractGraptolite ultrastructural studies using SEM and TEM are now more than a quarter of a century old and have reached the stage of routine procedure where material of suitable preservation is to hand. (Specimens may be chemically isolated from the rock or, in SEM and STEM studies, may be retained in the matrix.) Description of ultrastructural elements has evolved from the purely empirical to a conceptual/biological classification following (a) the recognition of the role of collagen fibrils in skeletal construction, and (b) the realization that at least two models of skeletal secretion are possible, each essentially opposed to the other. In this paper old terminology is explained with reference to current practice and the latter is tabulated and referred to the increasing number of described ultrastructural elements. Some of the outstanding problems of interpretation are outlined; and a set of concise, in some cases revised, ultrastructural definitions is given together with illustration, where appropriate, of the ultrastructural element defined.
Origins of Biogeography: The Role of Biological Classification in Early Plant and Animal Geography.— By Malte Christian Ebach.